• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2010

Explosion limit and flash point are the major combustion properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of the flammable substances. In this study, in order to predict upper explosion limits(UEL), the upper flash point of n-alcohols were measured under the VLE(vapor-liquid equilibrium) state by using Setaflash closed cup tester(ASTM D3278). The UELs calculated by Antoine equation using the experimental upper flash point are usually lower than the several reported UELs. From the given results, using the proposed experimental and predicted method, it is possible to research the upper explosion limits of the other flammable substances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

Explosion limit and flash point are the major combustion properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of the flammable substances. In this study, in order to predict upper explosion limits(UELs), the upper flash point of n-alkanes and aromatic compounds were measured under the VLE(vapor-liquid equilibrium) state by using Setaflash closed cup tester(ASTM D3278). The UELs calculated by Antoine equation and chemical stoichiometric coefficient tusing the experimental upper flash point were compared with the several reported UELs. From the given results, using the proposed experimental and predicted method, it is possible to research the upper explosion limits of the other flammable substances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.70-76
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• 2012

For the safe handling of n-tetradecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs (auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-tetradecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-tetradecane by using closed-cup tester were measured $104^{\circ}C$ and $112^{\circ}C$. The lower flash points and fire point of n-tetradecane by using open cup tester were measured $113^{\circ}C$ and $115^{\circ}C$, respectively. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-tetradecane. The experimental AIT of n-tridecane was $207^{\circ}C$. The calculated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower $104^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $140^{\circ}C$ for n-tetradecane were 0.63 Vol.% and 3.18 Vol%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.53-57
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• 2013

For the safe handling of n-pentadecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs(auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-pentadecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-pentadecane by using closed-cup tester were measured $118^{\circ}C$ and $122^{\circ}C$. The lower flash points and fire point of n-pentadecane by using open cup tester were measured $126^{\circ}C$ and $127^{\circ}C$, respectively. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-pentadecane. The experimental AIT of n-pentadecane was $195^{\circ}C$. The calculated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower $118^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $174^{\circ}C$ for n-pentadecane were 0.54 Vol.% and 6.40 Vol.%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.39-45
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• 2014

For the safe handling of n-hexadecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs(auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-hexadecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-hexadecane by using the Setaflash and the Pensky-Martens closed testers were measured $128^{\circ}C$ and $126^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lower flash points of the Tag and the Cleveland open cup testers were measured $136^{\circ}C$ and $132^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fire points of the Tag and the Cleveland open cup testers were measured $144^{\circ}C$. respectively. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-hexadecane. The experimental AIT of n-hexadecane was $200^{\circ}C$. The calculated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower $128^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $180^{\circ}C$ for n-hexadecane were 0.42 Vol.% and 4.70 Vol.%.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.11-17
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• 2013

For the safe handling of n-undecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs (auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-undecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-undecane by using closed-cup tester were measured $59^{\circ}C$ and $67^{\circ}C$. The lower flash points of n-undecane by using open cup tester were measured $67^{\circ}C$ and $72^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fire point of n-undecane by using Cleveland open cup tester was measured $74^{\circ}C$. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-undecane. The experimental AIT of n-undecane was $198^{\circ}C$. The estimated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower flash point $59^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $83^{\circ}C$ for n-undecane were 0.65 Vol.% and 2.12 Vol.%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.42-48
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• 2016

The usage of the correct combustion properties of the treated substance for the safety of the process is critical. For the safe handling of n-nonane being used in various ways in the chemical industry, the flash point and the autoignition temperature(AIT) of n-nonane was experimented. And, the explosion limit of n-nonane was calculated by using the flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of n-nonane by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $31^{\circ}C$ and $34^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of n-nonane by using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $37^{\circ}C$ and $42^{\circ}C$. The AIT of n-nonane by ASTM 659E tester was measured as $210^{\circ}C$. The lower explosion limit by the measured flash point $31^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 0.87 vol%. And the upper explosion limit by the measured upper flash point $53^{\circ}C$ was calculated as 2.78 vol%. It was possible to predict lower explosion limit by using the experimental flash point or flash point in the literature.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2011

Explosion limit and flash point are the major combustion properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of the flammable substances. In this study, in order to predict upper explosion limits (UEL) for acids and ketones, the upper flash point of these were measured under the VLE (vaporliquid equilibrium) state by using Setaflash closed cup tester (ASTM D3278). The UELs calculated by Antoine equation by using the experimental upper flash point are usually lower than the several reported UELs. From the given results, using the proposed experimental and predicted method, it is possible to research the upper explosion limits of the other flammable substances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.8-14
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• 2018

In the industrial chemical process involving combustible materials, reliable safety data are required for design prevention, protection and mitigation measures. The accurate combustion properties are necessary to safely treatment, transportation and handling of flammable substances. The combustion parameters necessary for process safety are lower flash point, upper flash point, fire point, lower explosion limit(LEL), upper explosion limit(UEL)and autoignition temperature(AIT) etc.. However, the combustion properties suggested in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) are presented differently according to the literatures. In the chemical industries, tetralin which is widely used as a raw material of intermediate products, coating substances and rubber chemicals was selected. For safe handling of tetralin, the lower and flash point, the fire point, and the AIT were measured. The LEL and UEL of tetralin were calculated using the lower and upper flash point obtained in the experiment. The flash points of tetralin by using the Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers measured $70^{\circ}C$ and $76^{\circ}C$, respectively. The flash points of tetralin using the Tag and Cleveland open cup testers are measured $78^{\circ}C$ and $81^{\circ}C$, respectively. The AIT of the measured tetralin by the ASTM E659 apparatus was measured at $380^{\circ}C$. The LEL and UEL of tetralin measured by Setaflash closed-cup tester at $70^{\circ}C$ and $109^{\circ}C$ were calculated to be 1.02 vol% and 5.03 vol%, respectively. In this study, it was possible to predict the LEL and the UEL by using the lower and upper flash point of tetralin measured by Setasflash closed-cup tester. A new prediction method for the ignition delay time by the ignition temperature has been developed. It is possible to predict the ignition delay time at different ignition temperatures by the proposed model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.85-90
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• 2014

For the safe handling of acetic anhydride, this study was investigated the explosion limits of acetic anhydride in the reference data. And the lower flash points, upper flash points, and AITs(auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. The lower and upper explosion limits of acetic anhydride by the investigation of the literatures recommended 2.9 Vol% and 10.3 Vol.%, respectively. The lower flash point of acetic anhydride by using Setaflash closed-cup tester was experimented $49^{\circ}C$. The lower flash point acetic anhydride by using Tag and Cleveland open cup tester were experimented $55^{\circ}C$and $62^{\circ}C$, respectively. Also, this study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 tester for acetic anhydride. The experimental AIT of acetic anhydride was $350^{\circ}C$.