• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.76-93
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• 2017

This thesis recapitulates the current status of Nujeongs(樓亭) by the Han River(漢江) from the late Joseon dynasty, and to contemplate the possible options regarding their restoration. The book Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi(沿江亭?記) written by Eom Gyeong-su(嚴慶遂) in 1716 was selected as an object of study. After Hanyang was selected to be the capital of Joseon, Han River was considered to be the greatest venue to visit to take some time off and enjoy the view. The nobleman of the Joseon dynasty built Nujeongs around the riverside and enjoyed boating inthe current status of Nujeongs(樓亭) Han River. Eom Gyeong-su, after traveling on a boat to personally collect information, combined such information with preexisting information to create a well-organized and thorough list of the 29 Nujeongs built by the riverbank, which can be found in his book Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi. It is probable that a closer look into Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi will reveal more information regarding the general atmosphere of the era, which focused on the history and culture of Han River, and will also enable a more thorough research involving the Han River Nujeongs. The Nujeongs listed in Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi were analyzed in this paper. Based on the explanations found in Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi, the locations of the 29 Nujeongs were checked and reconfirmed, and the origins and the meanings behind their names were analyzed. In addition, the history of the Nujeongs were recapitulated with information gained from the basis of the fact that Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi was written in 1716, The origin of each Nujeongs were revisited, and the history of their change and demise were analyzed. Lastly, the sceneries around each Nujeongs were analyzed based on the poetries that were written and read in the respective Nujeongs, and the general taste for the arts in the era was analyzed. Some Nujeongs remain in the form of paintings, enabling us to take a closer look at the institutions and other aspects of the era. The analysis of Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi by this paper has revealed the location of some Han River Nujeongs that were unknown previously. Also, the revelation of some history regarding certain Nujeongs that were unknown previously has created an opportunity for the reinterpretation of the spaces surrounding Han River, and also the opportunity for a new story. Han River has lost most of its old self due to repeated exploitation. However, there are some areas where traces of the original form remains and that may be restored, and some areas may be relocated and restored based on existing paintings. Yeon-gang-jeong-sa-gi in particular may provide us with numerous possible options to reinvigorate and restructure the riverside with a more modern interpretation, especially in relation to the Han River cruise ship, as it is a book written after traveling Han River on a boat.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.485-492
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• 1986

This study was designed to compare the inhibitory effects of algae components such as alginic acid and chlorella extract with the red ginseng saponin and garlic components such as alliin and scordinin on obesity. These components supplemented to basic diet were fed ad libitum to Sprague Dawley rats for 4 weeks, and the inhibitory effects on obesity were evaluated by measuring body weight gain and feed efficiency, the contents of glucose and cholesterol in serum, lipase activity in serum, lipid contents in liver and adipose tissue around epididymis and ovarium, and Lee index, etc. Among the inhibitory effects of these components on obesity, Na-alginate($71\%$) was the most effective (p<0.01), and the others were effective (p<0.001) in the order of scordinin ($76\%$) = chlorella ($76\%$)> alliin ($86\%$) for body weight gain, but Na-alginate ($68\%$) was the most effective, followed by alliin ($79\%$) for feed efficiency (p<0.001). In the inhibitory effects on lipid accumultion in liver and adipose tissue, Na-alginate ($84\%$) among these components was the most effective (p<0.001) in liver, but Na-alginate ($54\%$) was the most effective (p<0.001), followed by alliin ($64\%$), and followed by scordinin ($66\%$) in adipose tissues around epididymis and ovarium (p<0.001). The inhibitory effect on obesity evaluated by Lee index was observed in Na-alginate ($91\%$) only (0.001). The decreasing effects of lipid content in liver by these components were effective in the order of alliin ($40\%$)> saponin ($58\%$)> Na-alginate($62\%$)> chlorella ($64\%$)> scordinin ($74\%$) (p<0.001). G lucose contents in serum were significantly decreased in cases of Na-alginate ($67\%$), saponin ($73\%$), scordinin ($74\%$) and alliin ($83\%$), and cholesterol contents in serum were significantly decreased in cases of Na-alginate ($82\%$), chlorella ($86\%$) and saponin ($89\%$) (p<0.001). The increasing effect of lipase activity in serum was effective in cases of Na-alginate ($109\%$) and saponin ($104\%$), while garlic components such as alliin and scordinin, and chlorella were decreased. It is proved that the inhibitory effect of alginic acid which is the major component of brown algae on obesity was more effective than those of ginseng and garlic components such as saponin, alliin and scordinin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.398-405
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• 2012

PAHs(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in coastal area and estuary adjacent to urban area and industrial activities region are mainly introduced into marine environment via atmosphere and river. This study which is evaluated the distribution characteristics of PAHs discharge from rivers and sewage disposal water which flowing into Ulsan bay, and were carried out in Jun of dry season and in Auguest of wet season, 2008. The water samples from eight main rivers and Youngyeon WWTP(Wastewater Treatment Plant) flowed into Ulsan bay were taken for analysis of dissolved PAHs. The range and mean values of dissolved PAHs concentrations showed 10.30 to 87.88 ng/L, its mean 36.94 ng/L in dry season and 10.30 to 69.57 ng/L, its mean 24.37 ng/L in wet season. The distribution of dissolved PAHs showd the high concentrations in the Gungcheoncheon which is flowed from urban and industrial area. The ranges and means values of the loading fluxes were estimated with 0.04 to 8.27 g/day, its mean 2.05 g/day in dry season, and 0.03 to 4.77 g/day, its mean 1.61 g/day, in wet season. The loading flux showed the highest value in Taewha river due to the high flow rate and the urban activity. The composition patterns of dissolved PAHs compound showed most of the trend occupying low molecuar weight PAHs than high molecular weight PAHs. These results were due to physical and chemical characteristics of PAHs compound, and were similar to those of other studies. The concentrations of dissolved PAHs in this study are lower than those of other studies, and the level of PAHs pollution appeared to be not serious in reverine waters of Ulsan coast.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.727-734
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrition knowledge and utilization of information on fast food of secondary school students in the two biggest cities, Seoul and Busan. Questionnaires were distributed to a total of 1,265 students (645 at 10 middle schools, 620 at 10 high schools). An average rate of correct answers on nutrition knowledge of fast food was 73.4%. General nutrition knowledge on fast food showed high percentage of correct answers, but the knowledge of vitamin and fiber on fast food was of low percentage. The scores of nutrition knowledge, the fast food (ie. chicken, pizza, gimbab, dukbokki, and ramyon) intake group with $'{\geq}1$ time/week' showed significantly (p<0.01) lower scores than those of the group with $'{\leq}1$ time/month'. The groups with higher interest in health and weight control had significantly (p<0.05) higher scores on nutrition knowledge than those of lower interest groups. Only 19.6% of the subjects had the experience of using the nutrition information for selecting fast food, but 66% of them wanted the developments of the internet-sites to provide information on fast food and on the relationship between fast food and health.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 1985

This study was designed to compare the lipid components between wild and cultured snakehead, Channa argus. The lipid components of cultured snakehead were analyzed and compared with that of wild snakehead. In both edible portion and viscera, the lipid content in cultured, snakehead was higher than that in wild one. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured snakehead were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{22:4}$ lower. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured snakehead were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{22:4}\;and\;C_{22:5}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) and w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid in cultured snakehead were higher than those in wild one, while those of phospholipid lower. The essential fatty acid contents (TEFA) of both neutral and phospholipids in wild snakehead were higher than those in cultured one. In the ratio (A/B) of fatty- acid content (A) in cultured snakehead to that (B) in diet, the A/B ratios of $C_{18:2\;w6},\;C_{18:3\;w3},\;C_{20:5\;w3}\;and\;C_{22:6\;w3}$ were 0.3 to 2.5 times, and it is considered to be related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acids and growth rate of cultured snakehead.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.653-660
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• 2000

In order to study the regional distribution and relative frequency of the immunoreactive endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, the gastrointestinal tract was divided into 9 portions (cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) and immunostained by immunohistochemical (PAP) method using 8 types of specific antisera against cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide(PP), somatostatin, serotonin, glucagon and insulin. CCK-8-, gastrin-, somatostatin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in this study. These immunoreactive cells were found in the gastric gland regions of the pylorus or between parietal and chief cells of the fundus with round to spherical shaped, and in the interepithelial regions of the intestinal tract with spherical to spindle shaped except for jejunum where some of immunoreactive cells were also observed in the intestinal glands with round to spherical shaped. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum with numerous and a few frequency, respectively. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the pylorus with numerous frequency. Similar to those of gastrin-immunoreactive cells, somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to pylorus with moderate frequency. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout whole gastrointestinal tract except for cardia and cecum with moderate or numerous frequency. However, no secretin-, PP-, glucagon- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. From these results, the appearance type, regional distribution and relative frequency of immunoreactive endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Mongolian gerbils were somewhat lowered or restricted compared to those of other mammals and these differences were might be caused by feeding habits and species specification.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.437-442
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• 2015

In a continuing screening of selected medicinal plants native to South Korea, the antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of an aqueous methanolic extract from the heartwood of Aquilaria agallocha were investigated. Eighty percent of the methanolic extract of A. agallocha was further divided into $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc and n-BuOH in order to yield four solvent-soluble portions, namely $CH_2Cl_2$-soluble, EtOAc-soluble, n-BuOH-soluble and $H_2O$ residue. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by employing radical scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ($ABTS^+$) radicals, while the anti-obesity efficacy of A. agallocha extracts and solvent-soluble portions were tested by porcine pancreatic lipase assay. All tested samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities. Among the tested extracts and solvent-soluble portions, the $CH_2Cl_2$-soluble portion showed much higher radical scavenging activity and pancreatic lipase inhibitory properties when compared with other solvent-soluble portions. This result suggested that there was a significant relationship between the total phenolic content and biological efficacies, and A. agallocha extract might be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidants and as a pancreatic lipase inhibitory source. A more systematic investigation of this biomass will be performed for further investigation of activity against antioxidative and anti-obesity effects.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the research trends of Ophthalmic Optic by targeting the papers published in the Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society and serve it as a basis for future researches. Methods: This study was conducted through a statistical analysis of the general characteristics, researcher characteristics, research characteristics and the research trends from total 990 papers, from the first issue to the last issue in 2014, published in the Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society. Results: Most common number of the authors of the published papers were two or three, respectively 26.8%. Most of the lead authors belong to the schools in Jeolla-do province (31.3%). Most of the educational system of which lead authors belong to is four-year-course system (43.0%). Most common research methods were optometric tests (40.9%). The most common subjects of researches are about the field of optometry (29.8%). The study shows that there were significant differences in the research methods depending on the school systems of the universities to which the lead authors belong (p=0.000). There also were significant differences in the school systems of the universities to which the lead authors belong, and research methods depending on the research subjects (p=0.000). There were meaningful differences according to the period divisions (1996 to 2004 and 2005 to 2014), i.e. the number of authors has been growing, and it is the same case for the number of the authors who belong to four-year-course universities (p=0.000). The number of papers on optometry and contact lenses have increase. The benefits of the research funds have also increased (p<0.005). In addition, the number of the lead authors in the Seoul and Chungcheong province have increased (p=0.000). Conclusions: For the development of the Ophthalmic Optics, it is necessary to broaden the stratum of researchers and deal with various research topics, And joint efforts between eyewear industry and academia and international cooperations are needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.482-494
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• 1994

Most of carotenoprotein complexes have been extracted by using buffered solutions. However, in this study carotenoprotein from the muscle of Blue mussel(Mytilus edulis) was extracted by a detergent such as Triton X-100. It was purified and characterized by $20\%$ (w/v) $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. The carotenoprotein(${\lambda}_{max}=462nm$) had an approximate M. W. of 372KDa(gel filtration). SDS-PAGE analysis of the carotenoprotein indicated the presence of four polypeptides of 60KDa($23.70\%$), 46.9KDa($9.14\%$), 26KDa($49.14\%$) and 13KDa($18.02\%$). Carotenoprotein denaturated by treatment with SDS to a final concentration of $0.2\%$ (w/v) caused a hypsochromic shift of ${\lambda}_{max}$ from 462nm to 456nm. The carotenoprotein contained lipids as structure units. The amino acid composition of the carotenoprotein contained large essential amino acid amounts of $62.8\%$, and the content of threonine($35.9\%$) was higher than other amino acids, but histidine, methionine and proline were not present. In the carotenoprotein, the major fatty acids were $C_{16:4},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$. The percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids($62.4\%$) were higher compared to other fatty acids(saturated fatty acids $19.6\%$, monounsaturated fatty acids $18.0\%$). Carotenoid was extracted from the carotenoprotein by acetone and it was separated into five different components by preparative TLC(benzene:petroleum ether:acetone=69:17:14). The major components of carotenoid were mytiloxanthin($74.79\%$) and 3,4,3'- trihydroxy-7',8'-didehydro-${\beta}$-carotene($18.26\%$), and they were at least presented as prosthetic groups of carotenoprotein.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Genomic DNA isolated from two geographical populations of pond-smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) was amplified for RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis. The populations were obtained from Chungju (CJ), in the inland area, and Dangjin (DJ), in the vicinity of the West Sea in Korea. Seven arbitrarily selected primers, OPB-06, OPB-10, OPB-13, OPB-17, OPC-09, OPC-17 and OPC-20, were used to generate the shared loci, polymorphic, and specific loci. Three hundred and eighty-three loci observed per primer were identified in the CJ population, and 287 were identified in the DJ population. Among them, 91 polymorphic loci or 23.8% were polymorphic in the CJ population, and 47 (16.4%) in the DJ population. The number of shared loci observed was 198 in the CJ population and 176 in the DJ population. Forty-four and 75 specific loci were detected in the CJ and DJ populations, respectively. Especially, 99 numbers of shared loci by the two populations, with an average of 14.1 per primer, were observed in the two pond-smelt populations. The average bandsharing value between the two geographical pond-smelt populations was $0.700{\pm}0.008$, ranging from 0.600 to 0.846. Compared separately, the bandsharing value of individuals within the CJ population was higher than that of the DJ population. The dendrogram obtained using the data from the seven primers indicated three genetic clusters: cluster 1, CJ 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, and 11; cluster 2, DJ 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, and 09; and cluster 3, DJ 10 and 11. The genetic distance between the two geographical populations ranged from 0.040 to 0.545. Thus, RAPD-PCR analysis revealed a significant genetic distance between the two pond-smelt populations.