• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.269-285
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• 2016

PCK(pedagogical content knowledge) has been frequently discussed in the field of subject matter education as well as education in general. Considering the fact that PCK characterizes teacher professionalism, and the distinction of mathematics education from neighboring disciplines, PCK is one of the core concepts in the discourse of mathematics education. This study focused on KCS(knowledge of content and students) among the areas of PCK. The purpose of this study to investigate the KCS of pre-service teachers attending a private university located in Seoul. An in-depth interview with 30 pre-service teachers was conducted in a semi-structured manner, using four questions dealing with common student errors, students' understanding of content, and student developmental sequences. The pre-service teachers gave mathematical answers while in others they gave priority to pedagogical considerations. The implication drawn from the interview data is that the teacher training program should fully reflect the complexity of mathematical concepts which appeared in school mathematics over several grade levels and content areas.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2016

This study analyzes the content validity of descriptive tests developed for elementary schools, in order to acquire basic data to improve them. Various descriptive tests were collected and tested for differences in proportions between two-dimensional classification of educational objectives and the level of behavioral objectives. Results show that the descriptive tests developed by elementary school teachers mainly focused on "knowledge" and "understanding," and that content validity for behavioral levels to be low. Nine elementary school teachers were interviewed to understand the result. From the interviews, we found both internal and external factors that cause low content validity. The main internal factors were teachers' ability to make two-dimensional classification of educational objectives, the teachers' consideration of students' level, item level of difficulty, the ease of scoring, and path dependence. The main external factors were curriculum, parents, and administration. Based on the results, we suggested the factors related to elementary school teachers' PCK of descriptive tests.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2007

There is now an increased demand for harmony between the peri-implant gingiva and adjacent dentition. In the event of a pending loss of a single tooth in the aesthetic zone with healthy periodontium, expectation for optimal gingival and prosthodontic aesthetics are often very high. Unfortunately, bone resorption is common following the removal of an anterior tooth, compromising the gingival tissue levels for the eventual implant restoration. Also, improper implant placement and inadequate osseous-gingival support potentially deleterious aesthetic result. The creation of an esthetic implant restoration with gingival architecture that harmonizes with the adjacent dentitionis formidable challenge. The predictability of the peri-implant esthetic outcome may ultimately be determined by the patient's own presenting anatomy rather than the clinician's ability to manage state-of-the-art procedures. To more accurately predict the peri-implant esthetic outcome before removing a failing tooth, a considering of diagnostic keys is essential. This presentation addresses the useful diagnostic keys that affect the predictability of peri-implant gingival aesthetics and the overcoming of the risk factors in anterior single-tooth replacement; it also describes a surgical and prosthodontic technique in achieving a long term successful esthetic outcome. Proper diagnosis and understanding of the biological and periodontal variables of failing dentition and their response to surgical and prosthodontic procedures are the essence of predictability. Using a smart protocol that alters the periodontium toward less risk and more favorable assessment of the diagnostic keys before implant placement will provide the most predictable esthetic outcome. Simple diagnostic keys suggested this presentation are useful method to evaluate the overcoming of the risk factors in anterior single implant restoration.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.87-94
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• 1995

At both international and national levels, such as in the Rio Declaration and the EU's Fifth Environmental Action Plan, governments have committed themselves to the adoption of the precautionary principle (UNCED 1992, CEC 1992). These commitments mean that the existence of uncertainty in appraising policies and proposals for development should be acknowledged. Uncertainty arise in both the prediction of impacts and in the evaluation of their significance, particularly of those cumulative impacts which are individually insignificant but cumulatively damaging. The EC network of EIA experts, stated at their last meeting in Athens that indirect effects and the treatment of uncertainty are one of the main deficiencies of current EIA practice. Uncertainties in decision-making arise where choices have been made in the development of the policy or proposal, such as the selection of options, the justification for that choice, and the selection of different indicators to comply with different regulatory regimes. It is also likely that a weighting system for evaluating significance will have been used which may be implicit rather than explicit. Those involved in decision-making may employ different tolerances of uncertainty than members of the public, for instance over the consideration of the worst-case scenario. Possible methods for dealing with these uncertainties include scenarios, sensitivity analysis, showing points of view, decision analysis, postponing decisions and graphical methods. An understanding of the development of cumulative environmental impacts affords not only ecologic but also socio-economic investigations. Since cumulative impacts originate mainly in centres of urban or industrial development, in particular an analysis of future growth effects that might possibly be induced by certain development impacts. Not least it is seen as an matter of sustainability to connect this issue with ecological research. The serious attempt to reduce the area of uncertainty in environmental planning is a challenge and an important step towards reliable planning and sustainable development.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.27-29
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• 1995

Within regional and municipal planning we are using several levels or types of EIA in the city of Dresden. Some of these types, practical aspects and some experiences of our work will be presented in this contribution. Firstly I may introduce you to some general conditions for your better understanding of our principles of work. Surely you know about. the destruction of the political and economical structures in Eastern Germany since 1989. Until today our not quite simple task is to build up new ones. At the same time people were in great expectation of freedom and high standard of living as soon as possible. Economical difficulties increased in association with the breakdown of the market in Eastern Europe. How to rebuild industrial estatements and how to renew the traffic systems? We had to find answers to all these complex question. Should we only repair the former damages or could we reach a really environmental sound production for the future? The demand for a rapid economic growth is an incredible challenge for the application of new environmental ideas. I am truly not sure whether you know the city of Dresden or not. So I would like to give you a short introduction. Dresden is situated in a valley shaped by the river Elbe. There live about 500,000 people. Dresden has a great reputation for arts and sciences. Its also well know as a town of high technology industries such as electronics and optics. We restored the power plant and therefore we don't need any atomic power plants actually we haven't got one. Since 1990 there were founded many official agencies in Dresden because it is the capatal of Saxony. Considering nature and environment we there is a large forest area called "Dresdner Heide". The river Elbe and the meadows are situated on both sides of the river. There are a lot of green and free places in the city area too. Furtheron there is something unusual for a large city: about 50% of the drinking water resources mostly take place within the city itself. The origin is the ground water as well as water from the river Elbe after filtration of course.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.401-420
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• 2014

This study aims to analyze middle school students' systemic thinking to express organic relations between different organ systems about the movement of food and air and teachers' reflective thinking about science teaching through their reflective journals after the lesson of digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion. Firstly, when investigating the moving route of hamburger eaten inside the body, students expressed the names, locations and forms of organs in the digestive system more than those in the circulatory system or the excretory system. When investigating the moving route of a painkiller taken inside the body, students seemed to have more difficulty in expressing the related organ systems than when investigating the moving route of other things, and they mostly drew pictures of organs in the digestive system as done for the moving route of hamburger. However, when investigating the moving route of water drunk inside the body, students mostly described organs in the digestive system but drew more pictures of organs in the excretory system, than when investigating the moving route of other things. When investigating the moving route of air inhaled inside the body, students mostly drew pictures of organs in the respiratory system, but the rate of their drawing pictures of circulatory organs was low. Secondly, this study analyzed one of the teachers' reflective journals, named Mr. Park. According to his journal, students showed different levels of understanding of organ names, depending on their degrees of familiarity with each organ, and in regard to the locations of organs, science teachers mostly aim to achieve learning objectives so much that they often forget to instruct the locations of organs in fact. As for the forms of organs, science teachers mostly spend so much time explaining the functions of organs that they often forget to describe the exact form of each organ.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

Objectives: We describe the development of a smoking and drinking prevention program for adolescents, using intervention mapping. Methods: The study sample consisted of 1,000 high school second-grade students from 6 high schools in Seoul. The PRECEDE model was applied for the needs assessment. We carried out a social diagnosis by assessing the factors such as the quality of life, happiness level, and satisfaction with school life; an epidemiological diagnosis on the perceived health status, stress levels, and priority of health issues; a behavioral diagnosis on the smoking and drinking rate and the intention to smoke and drink; and an educational diagnosis on knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social norms and life skills. Results: The development process included a needs assessment, identifying factors that influence smoking and drinking among adolescents. Intention, knowledge, perceived norms, perceived benefit, perceived cost, perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and life skills were identified as determinants. Three performance objectives were formulated to describe what an individual needs to do in order to avoid smoking and drinking. Subsequently, we constructed an intervention matrix by crossing the performance objectives with the selected determinants. Each cell describes the learning objectives of the smoking and drinking prevention program. The program used methods from the transtheoretical model, such as consciousness raising, outcome expectations, self-reevaluation, self-liberation, counterconditioning, environmental reevaluation, and stimulus control. The program deals with the effects of smoking and drinking, self-improvement, decision making, understanding advertisements, communication skills, social relationships, and assertiveness. Conclusions: By using the process of intervention mapping, the program developer was able to ensure a systematical incorporation of empirical and new data and theories to guide the intervention design. Programs targeting other health-related behavior and other methods or strategies can also be developed using this intervention mapping process.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

Objective: The goal of this study is to design a creative tutoring service, which helps children gain confidence and creativity through learning activities. Background: Nowadays most kids are growing up in a very competitive environment under their parents' zeal for education. A stressful environment can deter a child from the confident undertaking of challenges, leading to depression, anxiety, and feelings of inadequacy. Art therapy helps children work through these issues, however the process led by instructors or parents, and kids still feel anxious studying adults' face to read their thought. Method: To help children address challenges, a creative tutoring service application can provide images with certain tasks instead of asking them to fill in blank areas. The tasks asked by the service system are 1) to visualize children's own experience utilizing visually associated images from given images and 2) to create an illustrated story modifying and re-composing given images. Another task is to learn basic math and words with numbers and alphabets in customized colors. By completing each task children collect awards, which allow them graduate to higher levels of challenges. The outcomes from the tasks are sent to the main server system and reviewed by analysts. Those results are sent to children's parents as a text message on smart phone. Results: Visual implication using images inspires children to make creative stories based on their own experience. Also, children can find their own patterns of reaching answers by using synaesthetic imagery through repetitive practices of creative thinking tasks. Conclusion: Understanding how they feel about doing tasks in certain environments and assessing them in varied situations should be carefully considered when designers approach service design for kids. By focusing on how to tutor children in creative ways, as opposed to focusing on the expected outcome, creative service applications can be designed to reduce children's stress and encourage self expression. Children are predicted to gain confidence through using the service without the concern of comparison by others. Application: The creative tutoring service needs to be developed and tested by varying types of children.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.128-136
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the level of PCK which middle school science teachers have on the concept of density and to analyze the characteristics of science teachers' content representation on the concept of density by their PCK level. For that purpose, 20 science teachers were selected and asked to answer the questionnaire on the eight aspects of CoRe. Results of this study indicated that the science teachers' PCK levels were low in general and evaluated as below average. The differences among the characteristics of science teachers' content representation by their PCK level were high in seven aspects of CoRe but the one aspect of the understanding of learner's preconception. These differences were analyzed and the patterns shown by the science teachers in eight aspects of CoRe were drawn in this study. It was also found that the characteristics drawn in eight aspects of content representation shown by the teachers whose PCK level was medium were close to those whose PCK level was low rather than high in most aspects of CoRe.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.279-287
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• 2020

Purpose: Some of the adolescent drinks more sugar-sweetened beverages. However, there is little evidence on the effect of eating behavior on emotional state and neurochemical changes under stress, especially on the levels of typical inhibitory neurotransmitters and gamma-aminobutyric acid. This article demonstrates that sucrose or saccharin drink reduces stress-related behavior responses and GABAergic deficits in adolescent rats. Methods: We randomly assigned 7-weeks-old Sprague-Dawley male rats to three groups: control group (Control), restraint stress only group (Stress), and restraint stress with unrestricted access to saccharin solution (Saccharin) and sucrose solution (Sucrose) as a positive control. We evaluated both anxious and depressive moods using an open field test and forced swim test, respectively. Using western blot analyses, the expression of a GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) and GABAergic markers, including calbindin and parvalbumin was assessed in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Results: We found that both the drinks alleviated anxiety and depressive moods, induced significant attenuation in GAD67 level, and reduced calbindin level under stress in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Conclusion: The results provide an understanding of the effect of sucrose or saccharin drink on stress-related responses. We propose the consumption of sweet drinks as a plausible strategy to alleviate stress-related alterations in adolescents.