• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.277-288
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• 2010

The multi-level $H_2O/CO_2$ profile system has been widely used to quantify the storage and advection effects on energy and mass fluxes measured by eddy covariance systems. In this study, we expanded the utility of the profile system by accommodating air sampling devices for isotope analyses of water vapor and $CO_2$. A pre-evacuated 2L glass flask was connected to the discharge of an Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA) of the profile system so that airs with known concentration of $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ can be sampled. To test the performance of this sampling system, we sampled airs from 8 levels (from 0.1 to 40 m) at the KoFlux tower of Gwangneung deciduous forest, Korea. Air samples in the 2L flask were separated into its component gases and pure $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ were extracted by using a vacuum extraction line. This novel technique successfully produced vertical profiles of ${\delta}D$ of $H_2O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ of $CO_2$ in a mature forest, and estimated ${\delta}D$ of evapotranspiration (${\delta}D_{ET}$) and ${\delta}^{13}C$ of $CO_2$ from ecosystem respiration (${\delta}^{13}C_{resp}$) by using Keeling plots. While technical improvement is still required in various aspects, our sampling system has two major advantages over other proposed techniques. First, it is cost effective since our system uses the existing structure of the profile system. Second, both $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ can be sampled simultaneously so that net ecosystem exchange of $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ can be partitioned at the same temporal resolution, which will improve our understanding of the coupling between water and carbon cycles in terrestrial ecosystems.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2017

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-hodgkin lymphoma. Advances in the chemotherapeutic treatment of this disease have improved the outcomes of DLBCL; nonetheless, many patients still die of DLBCL, and therefore, a better understanding of this disease and identification of novel therapeutic targets are urgently required. In a recent gene expression profiling study, PDE (phosphodiesterase) 4B was found to be overexpressed in chemotherapy-resistant tumors. The major function of PDE4B is to inactivate the second messenger cyclic 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP) by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP to 5'AMP. It is known that cAMP induces cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in B cells, and PDE4B abolishes cAMP's effect on B cells. However, the mechanism by which PDE4B is overexpressed remains unclear. Here, we show that the aberrant expression of miRNA may be associated with the overexpression of this gene. The PDE4B 3' untranslated region (UTR) has three functional binding sites of miR-23b, as confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Interestingly, miR-23b-binding sites were evolutionarily conserved from humans to lizards, implying the critical role of PDE4B-miR-23b interaction in cellular physiology. The ectopic expression of miR-2 3b repressed PDE4B mRNA levels and enhanced intracellular cAMP concentrations. Additionally, miR-23b expression inhibited cell proliferation and survival of DLBCL cells only in the presence of forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, suggesting that miR-23b's effect is via the downregulation of PDE4B. These results together suggest that miR-23b could be a therapeutic target for overcoming drug resistance by repressing PDE4B in DLBCL.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2006

Autistic children have difficulties in communication. They tend to have more difficulties in general expression than in understanding sentences. This thesis tested the effect of music activities on children who have difficulties in language expression. As a research method, a group of autistic middle school students was selected who were attending normal schools. Three male students were selected for the test of K-ABC and CARS. Music treatments on the selected students were applied fifteen times, twice a week, for thirty minutes every time. The total treatment process could be divided into two stages. The stage one included the first twelve treatments and the stage two included following three treatments. In the stage one, the selected autistic students learned twenty four musics under real-world-like social circumstances. In the stage two, the students repeatedly learned the twenty four musics. A week before beginning the music treatment, the students were tested by PRES and a test developed by the author of this thesis. And a week after all treatments were completed, the students were tested again with the same test method to check if the students' expressive language ability got improved. The results of the research were as the following: First, the music treatment helped improve the autistic student's ability of expressing themselves such as 'requesting', 'rejecting', 'applying social customs' and 'providing information'. Second, the author of this thesis first had a hypothesis that the tested students might show different levels of achievements according to their intellectual ability or expressive language ability in K-ABC test, PRES and CARS. But it was not true. The student's level of achievement by music activities was proved not to have a significant correlation with their intellectual or expressive language abilities in the tests. Third, it was found that, through pre- and post-test of PRES, the music treatments could improve the receptive language ability as well as the expressive language ability. It saw great effect that musical data that utilize in specially this research investigator according to children's ability, autistic children write lyrics setting in social circumstance that is revealed much routinely and composes. To front, expect that suitable a lot of musics are developed in function and ability of subject person for elevation of expressive language ability.

• Fiber Technology and Industry
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.490-508
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• 1998

One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.449-460
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• 2013

This study analyzes the processes of change in oral health behaviors induced by oral health education for 23 university students. To this end, we analyzed the changing patterns of the stages of change and motivational components for each oral health behavior. Additionally, we performed an in-depth interview-based investigation of the factors influencing such motivational components. Oral health education was performed twice with a concrete purpose of changing the participants' behaviors in complying with the practice of proper brushing and flossing as the main oral health management, and checking the nutrient facts as a good dietary habit. Upon completion of these two sessions of oral health education, the level of change in oral health behavior was assessed by measuring the stages of change and motivational components for each oral health behavior. In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons for the changes that were demonstrated more markedly during the second education session than during the first session, collective interview surveys were carried out after the second session. The contents of the recorded interviews were categorized into subscales of distinctive concepts on the basis of the items of a health behavior model. The study had the findings as below. First, after the first and second education sessions, some behaviors showed positive changes from lower to higher levels of practice. Second, self-efficacy about oral health behavior was high or perceived barriers were low when its necessity and benefits were clearly perceived. Third, educational features such as the practice and participation-centered education, and examining their own oral conditions influenced the participants' oral health awareness and behavioral changes. There is a need for oral health education capable of leading to practical behavioral changes by establishing concrete strategies of deriving various motivational components at each stage of the processes of change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1287-1292
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare knowledge on hypertension and blood parameters through blood pressure control of hypertensive patients commuting to a public health center. Hypertensive subjects were classified according to their blood pressures into a well-controlled group (SBP<140 mmHg and DBP<90 mmHg, n=44) and an uncontrolled group ($SBP\geq140mmHg\;or\;DBP\geq90mmHg$, n=41). All subjects were interviewed for clinical characteristics, effort for health maintenance and knowledge on hypertension and nutrition. Biochemical measurement of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were obtained from subjects. The knowledge about hypertension and effort for health maintenance were not significantly different between the groups. However, the nutrition knowledge score of the well-controlled group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the uncontrolled group. On the test of nutrition knowledge, 97.7% of the well-controlled group answered correctly to the item, 'Medication is an easy way to control blood pressure'. This result was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the uncontrolled group of whom 82.9% answered correctly. Participants in both groups had only a little understanding about the importance of a balanced diet. Blood parameters were in the normal range and there was not a significant difference between the groups. However total cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood glucose levels of the uncontrolled group were higher than those of the well-controlled group. Therefore, education programs about the continuous control of hypertension through careful monitoring, medication, and exercise are required. The uncontrolled group was especially in need of strengthening education. Also more effective nutrition education programs about low salt, high fiber, low cholesterol, and balanced diets are required for hypertensive patients commuting to public health center.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-67
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• 1992

Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Preschool children's pain perception related to painful procedures can increase due to elevated anxiety and fear because they do not have understanding logical of their disease and hospitalization. In particular, they are distressed about needle - related procedures which are feared because they are seen to be a cause of bodily damage. This descriptive study attempted to identify pain perception levels in preschool children and their mothers. A self-reporting measurement and behavioral observation were used to collect the data. A total of 25 hospitalized preschool children and their mothers were investigated and data were collected about 60 painful procedures. Data collection was carried out by the researcher and two trained investigators from November first to December tenth. Three insruments were used to collect the data : Faces Pain Rating Scale(FPRS) developed by Beyer was used to measure the degree of preschool children's pain perception about painful procedures. The Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) devised by Huskisson was used to assess the degree of mothers' pain perception about their children's painful procedures. A Pain Behavioral Checklist based on the Procedure Behavior Check List by LeBaron and Zelter and modified by the researcher was used to observe behaviors of preschool children, their mothers, and nurses when the painful procedures took place. The data were analyzed by an SPSS program, and were tested using real numbers, percentages, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Of all the painful procedures, the mean score for the FPRS for the preschool children's pain perception was 4.02 points, and the mean score for the VAS of mothers' pain perception was 10.92 points. 2. A Positive correlation which was statistically significant was found between the pain perception of preschool children and their mothers (r＝.53, p＜.01). that is, the higher the children's pain perception was, the higher their mothers' pain perception was. 3. The characteristics of the painful procedures related with children's pain perception as follows : The type of painful procedure was found to be statistically significant (F＝23.44, p＜.01), Among the three procedures Ⅳ starting was found to be perceived as the most painful procedures to the children. The greater the number of times that the procedure had been done, the higher the pain perception was (F＝4.44, p＜.01), and the longer the duration of the procedure, the higher the pain perception wa(r＝.30, p＜.05). Pain perception in the treatment room was higher than in the children's room(t＝6.30, ＜.01), pain perception in the mother's presence was the higher than when the mother was not present (t＝2.91, p＜.01). 4. The characteristics of the painful procedures related with the mothers' pain perception as follows : The type of painful procedure was found to be statistically significant(F＝6.01, p＜.01). Among the three procedures Ⅳ sampling was found to be perceived as the most painful procedures to the mothers. The greater the number of times that the procedure had been done, the higher the pain perception was (F＝5.95, p＜.01), and the longer the duration of the procedure, the higher the pain perception was (r＝.31, p＜.05). Pain perception in the treatment room was higher than in the children's room (t＝3.51, p＜.01), but pain perception in the mother's presence showed statistically significant no difference. 5. Of all of the 19 children's behaviors during the painful procedures, the most frequent behaviors observed Were as follows in order of frequency “crying”, “screamirig”, “facial grimacing”, “physical resistance”, Of all of the nine methers' behaviors, the most frequent by observed in “console children”, “hold children”, “applaud children”, Of all of the 11 nurses' behaviors during the painful procedures, the mast frequent in order were “smiling”, “physical restraint”, “console children”, “praise children”. 6. A positive correlation between children's and mothers' pain perception and children's behaviors was found to be statistically significant (r＝.65, p＜.01, r＝67, p＜.01). Also the relationship between children's and mothers' pain percertion, and mothers' behavior was found to be statistically significant (r＝.57, p＜. 01, 4＝.60, p＜.01). The relationship between children's pain perception and nurses' behaviors was also found to be statistically significant (r＝.46, p＜.01), but there was difference between mothers' pain perception and nurses' behaviors.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.445-455
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to identify the structural relationship among students' grit, interest, self-regulation ability, task-commitment and achievement within science learning. Our concern is understanding how grit is related to the other non-cognitive variables, i.e., interest, self-regulation ability, and task-commitment, which are widely known as significant predictors of science achievement. Based on literature review, we evaluated two hypothetical models in the frame of structural equation modeling as follows: first, grit was assumed to mediate relations of interest and self-regulation ability, and interest and task-commitment. Second, grit was assumed to have a direct effect on self-regulation ability and task-commitment independent of interest. In both models, grit was assumed to be indirectly associated with science achievement. A total number of 180 high school students (77 boys, 103 girls) participated in surveys on grit, interest, self-regulation ability, and task-commitment and reported their science test scores on mid-term/final exams. Results revealed that students' grit and interest were indirectly associated with their science achievement with the mediation of their self-regulation and task-commitment. We also found that task-commitment was highly correlated with interest and self-regulation. Furthermore, we found different patterns of correlations within the five variables between female and male students. From these results, we suggested that researchers need to investigate whether students' grit and task-commitment can explain their interest decreasing as they move to higher grade levels, how teachers can help students to maintain their interest in learning science from early childhood, and relationships of these non-cognitive variables and science achievement.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 1978

In afforestation of denuded forest land soil conditions play a very important role in early growth of cover vegetations. This study was designed for understanding the effect of soil moisture regime on growth and nutrient uptake of some seedlings. Cover vegetations such as Pinus rigida Miller, Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. were planted in pot with the soil transported from denuded forest land in Musu-ri Sannae-Myeon. Daedeog-Kun, Chungnam Province. There were 3 moisture treatments and 4 fertility levels in $P_2O_5$ with 4 replications. Influence on growth was observed by the variation in dry weight and nutrient uptake was studied in nitrogen, phosphate and kalium. Results are as follows: 1. For Pinus rigida seedlings decrease in soil moisture tension increases growth of dry weight and enhance the uptake of kalium. Increase in $P_2O_5$ fertility level tends to decrease the uptake of kalium rather than increase in $P_2O_5$ uptake. 2. In Robinia pseudoacacia increase in soil moisture content stimulates the uptake of nitrogen and kalium. Increase in $P_2O_5$ level enhances the uptake of $P_2O_5$ and increases growth of dry weight. 3. In Lespedeza bicolor increase in soil moisture content has a tendency of decrease in nitrogen uptake. Increase in $P_2O_5$ level increases the growth of dry weight as well as the uptake of $P_2O_5$.