• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.80 no.2
• /
• pp.210-219
• /
• 1991

This study is to diagnose the drought tolerance of twenty broad-leaved tree species by the pressure-volume(P-V) curves. As for the diagnosis of drought tolerance, the valuable water relations parameters obtained from P-V curves are the osmotic potential at full turgor, ${\Psi}_0{^{sat}}$, osmotic potential at incipient plasmolysis, ${\Psi}_0{^{tlp}}$, maximum bulk modulus of elasticity, $E_{max}$, and relative water content at incipient plasmolysis, $RWC^{tlp}$. Also, the figures related to the diagnosis of drought tolerance are the free water content (FWC) versus leaf water potential(${\Psi}_L$), volume-averaged turgor pressure ($P_{vat}$) versus leaf water potential (${\Psi}_L$), and H$\ddot{o}$fler diagram. In this study, the relatively high drought tolerant species are Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata, Quercus aliena, and Populus alba${\times}$glandulosa ; the relatively low drought tolerant species are Fraxinus mandshurica, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Populus euramericana, Kalopanax pictum, Carpinus loxiflora, Carpinus cordata, Prunus sargentii, Prunus leveilleana, and Cornus controversa ; medium species are Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, Acer triflorum, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Ulmus davidiana, and Zelkova serrata.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.618-623
• /
• 2014

Sarijang, a soy sauce made from fermented black soybean (Rhynchosia nulubilis), sulfur fed duck, dried bark of Ulmus davidiana, Allium sativum, and bamboo salt, has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the antioxidant properties of Sarijang have not yet been elucidated. In this study, the antioxidant effects of Sarijang were investigated by determining total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH RSA), total radical trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC). The inhibitory effects of Sarijang on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage (200 ${\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$, 250 ${\mu}M$ Fe-NTA, and 200 ${\mu}M$ HNE) in human leukocytes were evaluated by comet assay. The TPC of Sarijang was $1.04{\pm}0.01$ mg GAE/mL. DPPH RSA, TRAP, and ORAC values of Sarijang increased in a dose-dependent manner. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA of Sarijang was $11.2{\pm}0.3$ mg/mL, whereas $IC_{50}$ of TRAP was $209.5{\pm}2.0$ mg/mL. 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were effectively abrogated by all tested concentrations of Sarijang (1~100 ${\mu}g/mL$). These results suggest that Sarijang has antioxidative activity and protective effects against oxidative DNA damage.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.48-64
• /
• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the free vibrational properties of traditional and replaceable species for sounding board, using piezoelectrical accelerometer and signal analyzer. In the study, the frequency equations of free-free beam carrying a concentrated mass in the transverse vibration and of free-mass beam in the longitudinal vibration were used. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Average values of dynamic modulus of rigidity of Korean commercial species measured were as follows. Paulownia tomatosa (Thunb.) Steudel: $5.590\times10^9\;dyne/cm^2$ Tilia amurensis Rupr.: $5.414\times10^9\;dyne/cm^2$ Macckia amurensis Rupr.: $10.044\times10^9\;dyne/cm^2$ Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.: $8.876\times10^9\;dyne/cm^2$ Ulmus davidiana var.japonica Nakai: $8.677\times10^9\;dyne/cm^2$ Pinus rigida Miller: $6.33\times10^9\;dyne/cm^2$ Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance: $4.666\times10^9\;dyne/cm^2$ 2. The ratio of dynamic transverse Young's modulus to dynamic modulus of rigidity, $E_T/G_{LT}$, was 24.922 for Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance, which was the highest, 7.317 for Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steudel, which was the lowest among Korean commercial species measured. 3. The value of longitudinal dynamic Young's modulus was about 3.7% and 19.8%, respectively, higher than those of transverse dynamic and static Young's modulus. The value of transverse dynamic Young's modulus was about 15.5% higher than that of static Young's modulus. 4. Predicted value of MOR in terms of correlation coefficient by transverse dynamic Young's modulus was slightly higher than that of static Young's modulus, but no significance was found out. 5. Transverse dynamic Youne's modulus was $(2.002\pm0.288)\times10^{11}\;dyne/cm^2$ for Fraxinus mandshurlca Rupr., which was the highest, $(0.601\pm0.100)\times10^{11}\;dyne/cm^2$ for Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steudel, which was the lowest among Korean commercial species measured. The sound velocity of sitka spruce was 5,685 m/sec, which was the highest. 6. Internal friction of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steudel was shown the lowest value among Korean commercial species, $(8.795\pm1.795)\times10^{-3}$, but was higher than that of sitka spruce, $(7.331\pm0.991)\times10^{-3}$. Internal friction was shown negative correlation with density and dynamic Young's modulus, respectively. 7. K value was affected largely by internal friction and was the highest, $2.225\times10^8$ for Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steudel and was the lowest, $0.550\times10^8$ for Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance. K value of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steudel was higher than that of sitka spruce and K values of melapi and cottonwood, which have been considered to be replaceable species with sitka spruce in the piano industry, were lower than those of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steudel and mill amurensis Rupr.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.82-91
• /
• 2007

Rural areas dominate country landscape, where the population is rich in traditional and natural heritage. Dangsan forests and Rural community forests (RCF) have been maintained by local residents for hundreds of years. However, many of these forests have been disturbed, and only small amount of Dangsan forests and the RCF remain due to the efforts of local residents. Recently, the remnants of Dangsan forests and RCF have been regarded as living traditional landscapes representing the cultural and rural background of Korea. But the value of Dangsan forests and the RCFs has not been recognized by many. This study aims to understand the characteristics and management status of Dangsan forests in Sungnam-ri, Wonju. Sungnam-ri has four villages, each of which is bordered by a Dangsan forest at the riparian buffer. Sungnam-ri has been selsected as a site for a rural village development project by the Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry of Korea. Sunghwanglim (the Upper Dangsan forest) is designated as Natural Monument No.93 and entrance is limited in this area. The size of Sunghwanglim is $21,133m^2$, and the major tree species are Kalopanax pictus (Dangsan tree, Divine tree), Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Acer triflorum, Ulmus davidiana, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Quercus serrata. In total, 124 trees with more than 40 cm in DBH are at this site. As for cultural activities, the Dangsan festival is held on April 8th and September 9th of the lunar calendar at shrines in the forests. Although other Dangsan forests are smaller than Sunghwanglim, they also have similar cultural activities. The landscape of the Dangsan forests have been managed for several hundred years by the local people, and they intend to continue maintaining the Dangsan forests for the purpose of festivals and other cultural activities. The findings in this study suggest that Dangsan forests have the potential for the development of rural villages and for the improvement of cultural and natural landscapes in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.80 no.4
• /
• pp.360-368
• /
• 1991

Utilizing chi-square test statistics, inter-species association and covariation were analyzed for the 37 woody plant species in a deciduous forest dominated by Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis. within 50 temporarily established $20m{\times}20m$ square quadrats, the association for each pair of species was presented based on the presence-absence parameters. Acer palmatum had significant positive association with Acer mono and Kalopanax pictus, but negative association with Pinus densiflora. Other positively associated species pairs were Prunus sargentii-Macckia amurensis, Quercus serrata-Kalopanax pictus, Symplocos chinensis var. pilosa-Euonymus oxyphyllus, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica-Lindera obtusiloba. The covariation far each pair of species was evaluated based on the quantitative measures, density and basal area. Overall results showed that the association and covariation values among species generally agreed with each other. Because covariation was calculated by density and basal area of the tallied species in the sample plots, the number of species pairs of covariation tended to be greater than those of association. Especially, Pinus densiflora, considered to be pioneer species in the successional stage, had negative covariation with most of climax species. These ecological information could be applied to silvicultural practices, such as ecosystem classification, establishment of mixed hardwood forest, and tending operations for marking crop trees and desirable species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.227-244
• /
• 2013

The vascular plants in the trail from Jangansan to Palgongsan were listed 389 taxa (8.0% of all 4,881 taxa of Korean vascular plants); 84 families, 226 genera, 325 species, 1 subspecies, 55 varieties and 8 forms. Furthermore, hemicryptophytes (H) were 110 taxa (28.3%), geophytes (G) were 77 taxa (19.8%), megaphanerophytes (MM) were 48 taxa (12.3%), nanophanerophytes (N) were 47 taxa (12.1%) showed high proportional ratio in life form. So, resource plants of 237 taxa of edible (60.9%), 278 taxa of medicinal (71.5%), 229 taxa of ornamental (58.9%) and 178 taxa of the others (45.8%). Based on the list of rare plants, 7 taxa (1.8% of all 389 taxa of flora and 1.2% of all 571 taxa of rare plants); Paeonia japonica (VU), Viola albida, Viola diamantica, Lilium distichum, Disporum ovale, Tricyrtis dilatata, Iris ensata var. spontanea (LC), etc. Based on the list of endemic plants, 7 taxa (1.8% of all 389 taxa of flora and 2.1% of all 328 taxa of endemic plants); Salix koriyanagi, Aconitum pseudolaeve var. erectum, Thalictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, Philadelphus schrenckii, Asperula lasiantha, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, etc. Based on the list of specific plants, 46 taxa (11.8% of all 389 taxa of flora and 4.3% of all 1,071 taxa of specific plants); 2 taxa (Wisteria floribunda for. floribunda, Cardamine yezoensis, etc.) in class IV, 6 taxa (Acer palmatum, Ulmus davidiana, etc.) in class III, 14 taxa (Ligularia fischeri, Cymopterus melanotilingia, etc.) in class II, 24 taxa (Ilex macropoda, Fraxinus mandshurica, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 6 families, 16 genera, 18 taxa (Phytolacca americana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Oenothera odorata, Erechtites hieracifolia, Festuca arundinacea, etc.) and invasive alien plants were 3 taxa; Rumex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus. Naturalization rate (NR) was 4.6% of all 389 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index (UI) was 5.6% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.4
• /
• pp.579-591
• /
• 2012

Berchemia berchemiaefolia is a rare and endangered species and important as a honey resource. The purposes of this study were to investigate physical environmental factors and the population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia stands at Mt. Gunja in Sogrisan National Park in Chungcheongbuk-do. The B. berchemiaefolia stands belonged to deciduous forests in mid-temperate zone and were $5{\sim}25^{\circ}$ in slope, 30~90% in rock ratio, and 6.37 in soil pH. They had 656 trees within the area of 36 ha and their average density was 18.2 trees per ha. The trees within the stands were 11.8 m in tree height, 22.6 cm in DBH and 56 years old. The number of branched stems was the maximum 8 and 32.9% of the trees were branched. B. berchemiaefolia trees over 12 cm diameter occupied 89.9%, but young B. berchemiaefolia did only 11%. The structure of B. berchemiaefolia stands were classified into three groups as Acer pseudo-sieboldianum & A. mono community group, A. pseudo-sieboldianum & Quercus aliena community group, and B. berchemiaefolia & Quercus serata community group. The mean importance value of B. berchemiaefolia was 10.9%, while species diversity of the community ranged 0.77~1.31 and interspecific competition ranged 0.78~0.94. The dominance of the community ranged of 0.07~0.29 and the evenness ranged 0.71~0.93. Although B. berchemiaefolia was dominant in the habitat, but the species was already in natural successional stage to Cornus controversa or Ulmus davidiana var. japonica.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.31-50
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the plants status of the woody landscape plants species of 38 elementary, middle, and high school in Iri city, and to obtain some fundamental information for development and use of native species of trees. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Landscape plants species of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city was 55 families, 164 species, and 85, 045 trees and the average of landscape plants species of 17 elementary schools was 50.5 families, 3, 010 trees, on the other hand, middle and high school was 42.4 families, 1, 609 trees. 2. Plants species by type was Deciduous Broadleaved Tree 32.9%, Deciduous Broadleaved Shrub 25.6%, Evergreen Coniferous Tree 14.6%, Evergreen Broadleaved Shrub 9.7%, Vine 4.8%. Evergreen Trees on the other hand, according to the utilization rate 'others' was 32.2%. 3. The rate of plants species of the Evergreen Trees to the Deciduous (except Vine and 'others') was 34:66. on the other hand, rate of quantity was 50.5:49.5 and the rate of the trees to the shrubs(except Vine and 'others') was 58:42. to the plants species and to the quantity of the number of trees was 25.9:74.1. 4. Plants species of fruit plants of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city was 31 species to the 164 species. The rate of frequency was Poncirus trifoliata 27.8%, Lycium chinense 25.1%, Ginkgo biloba 16.7%, to the quantity of the number of trees, fruit plants was 2, 605 trees to the 85, 045 trees and the frequency was 3%. 5. School trees and flowers of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city were appointed 17 elementary school, on the other hand, middle and high schools were only 4 middle and high schools. Plants species of the best of frequency school tree was Zelkova serrata and school flower was Rosa spp.. 6. The rate of the native species to the introduced species was 73.8:26.2. on the other hand, the rate of quantity by the number of trees was 84.7:15.3 to the type, the rate of frequency of plants of native species Evergreen trees was Thuja orientalis, deciduous was Ginkgo biloba, Vine was Wisteria floribunda and 'others' was Sasa borealis. on the other hand, to the introduced species, Evergreen Trees was Juniperus chinensis. Deciduous Trees was Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Vine was Vitis labrusca and 'others' was Phyllostachys pubescens. 7. As the fundament of the results of above the optimum selecting of woody landscape plants according to native species of trees was 29 families, 58 species. on the basis of 30 points, 28 points was 8 species Ginkgo biloba, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Elaeagnus umbellata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Weigela subsessilis, Koelreuteria paniculata, Lonicera japonica, 26 points was 27 species Thuja orientalis, Zelk ova serrata, Euonymus japonica etc., and 24 points was 23 species Populus tomen tiglandulosa, Juglans sinensis, Sophora japonica etc..

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.303-310
• /
• 2005

Vegetation composition and structure of forest community around Mt. Kumbong, Uiseong-Gun, Korea, were studied using a qualitative and a quantitative approach. Vegetation types and various ecological characteristics including constancy classes, relative coverage, species diversity and interspecific similarity of the major component species were analyzed. Seventy relatives were sampled in $100 m^2$ plots. Forest communities were grouped into mountain vegetation and lower-valley vegetation. The former were divided into 3 communities (Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata communities). The latter was an Acer mono community. Vegetation units were classified into ten groups. Woody vegetation coverage was $50\~65\%$. The lower-valley vegetation type showed from $2.06\pm0.25\;to\;2.31\pm0.26$ in the species diversity. The species showing interspecific similarity over 0.5 with Quercus mongolica appeared to be Pinus densiflora, Quercus dentata and Tilia amurensis in the tree and subtree layer, and Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Carex humilis and Carex siderostica in the shrub and herb layer, The species showing higher interspecific similarity with Acer mono were Cornus controversa and Ulmus davidiana in the tree and subtree layer, and Philadelphus schrenchkii and Aristolochia manshuriensis in the shrub and herb layer.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.63-72
• /
• 1995

The growth, size and morphology of leaves, which foliated on the same shoot and time in the early growth season, were studied in 12 woody species in temperate deciduous forests of Korea, and the equation for the index of heteromorphism of leaves was fonnulated. The numbers of leaves per shoot were from 3 to 7 in early growth season and the numbers of synchronous leafing were from 2 to 6. All the leaves on a shoot were reached maximum values of specific leaf arells at the SIlme time nearly. The differences of the length (L) and breadth (B) of leaves along leaf rank (plastochron) were conspicuous, except for Quercus variabilis. Especially, in 10 species, the ~fferences of the neighbouring leaves were significant at 0.001 or 0.05 level. The index of leaf heteromorphism was calculated from the data based on $L\;{\times}\;B$ and LIB, and similar to differences of actual leaves along leaf rank. The values of index of heteromorphism were high in Carpinus tschonosldi, Styrax obassia, Ulmus davidiana, Rhamnus yoshinoi and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, and low in Sorbus alnifolia and Tilia amurensis. The index of heteromorphism had no relation to other characters of the leaf or life fonn of the species. It was thought that the differences along leaf rank were related to the degree of adaptation to environment, especially to changing air temperature in early growth season.season.