• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.271-280
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• 2001

The aim of the present study was to analyze relationship between dietary habits and dental caries experience in preschool children. All 143 boys and 124 girls living in a chonju city were investigated dmf index by dentists through oral examination and dietary habit by children's mothers through questionaires such as infant diets and food preferences. The statistical analysis were performed to evaluate whether variations in dietary habits are related to dental caries experience. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The average dmf index scores of all children were examined $2.92{\pm}1.05$. The girls had higher than the boys, but no significant differences between the genders were seen the dmf index(P>0.05). 2. The higher were their age of children, the higher dmf index was investigated. The dmf index of 5 and 6-yr old childrens was higher than that in 3 and 4-yr old children(P<0.05). 3. No significant difference was found between the present of mother's occupation (P>0.05) and type of infant dietary habits(P>0.05). 4. The fruits and sea weeds were showed high degree of preference and fats and vegetables were showed low degree generally. Among 13 food groups, there was no significant difference between boys and girls except for sea weeds(P>0.05). 5. Among 13 food groups, the dmf index was positively associated with sugars(r=0.3854, P<0.05), dairy products(r=0.4328, P<0.05) and soft drinks(r=0.2586, P<0.05), and negatively associated with other food groups.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2002

Purpose : Measurement of transmission dose is useful for in vivo dosimetry of QA purpose. The objective of this study is to develope an algorithm for estimation of tumor dose using measured transmission dose for open radiation field. Materials and Methods : Transmission dose was measured with various field size (FS), phantom thickness (Tp), and phantom chamber distance (PCD) with a acrylic phantom for 6 MV and 10 MV X-ray. Source to chamber distance (SCD) was set to 150 cm. Measurement was conducted with a 0.6 co Farmer type ion chamber. Using measured data and regression analysis, an algorithm was developed lot estimation of expected reading of transmission dose. Accuracy of the algorithm was tested with flat solid phantom with various settings. Results : The algorithm consisted of quadratic function of log(A/P) (where A/P is area-perimeter ratio) and tertiary function of PCD. The algorithm could estimate dose with very high accuracy for open square field, with errors within ${\pm}0.5%$. For elongated radiation field, the errors were limited to ${\pm}1.0%$. Conclusion : The developed algorithm can accurately estimate the transmission dose in open radiation fields with various treatment settings.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.367-377
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• 1993

Background: The benefits of combination chemotherapy in unresectable non-small cell lung cancer remain uncertain. But, according to the recent reports, the response rates of cisplatin-based polychemotherapy regimens are higher than those of single agent. Also, the response rates of high-dose cisplatin group are higher than those of low-dose cisplatin group. In attemp to answer the question whether treatments, combination chemotherapy (high VPP) and combination chemotherapy with radiation therapy, improve survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, we begin to study. Method: Thirty-five patients above stage III, diagnosed histologically as non-small cell lung cancer, were enrolled. Among them, nineteen received a combination chemotherapy consisting of VP-16 & high-dose cisplatin (100 $mg/m^2$) and/or radiation therapy. The other group (16 subjects) received no therapy. To investigate the differences of survival and response rates between two groups and the side effects related to therapy, we reviewed patients' records. Results: 1) The overall objective response rate was 47%(9/19) with one complete remission. 2) In patients who received polychemotherapy and radiation therapy, the response rate was 60%(6/10) with one complete remission and survival rates of 3 months, 6 months and 12 months were 100%, 70% and 40%. 3) In patients who received polychemotherapy, the response rate was 33% (3/9) with no complete remission and survival rates of 3 months, 6 months and 12 months were 78%, 67% and 33%. 4) Overall, treated patients survived significantly longer (p<0.05) than non-treated patients (median survival 307 days versus 95 days). 5) Analysis of the various prognostic factors disclosed that good performance status, stage III and squamous cell type showed the good response rates. 6) The toxicities were nausea and/or vomiting (100%), alopecia (90%), anemia (79%), leukopenia (69%), thrombocytopenia (2%), increased creatinine (16%) and neurotoxicity (5%). Conclusion: According to above results, there are relatively good results that high VPP combination chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer improves survival in the treated group than in the non-treated group. Thus, it is considerd that we select the patients with proper indications and treat them with effective chemotherpy and radiation therapy. But, because improvement related to high VPP ploychemotherapy is not marked in this study, it is necessary that we should investigate follow-up studies in many cases.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.317-326
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• 1999

Background: Neural control of airway function is through parasympathetic, sympathetic and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic mechanisms. The autonomic nervous system controls the airway smooth muscle tone, mucociliary system, permeability and blood flow in the bronchial circulation and release of mediators from the mast cells and other inflammatory cells. The cardiovascular and respiratory autonomic efferent fibers have a common central origin, so altered cardiovascular autonomic reflexes could reflect the altered respiratory autonomic status. Therefore, we performed this study to assess the autonomic abnormality and determine the correlating factors of severity of autonomic neuropathy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) using easily reproducible cardiovascular autonomic reflex function test. Method: The study included 20 patients with COPD and 20 healthy persons obtained on Health Promotion Center in Yeungnam university hospital. All the patients had history and clinical features of COPD as defined by the American Thoracic Society. Any patients with myocardial ischemia, cardiac arrythmia, hypertension, central or peripheral nervous system disease, diabetes mellitus, or any other diseases known to produce autonomic neuropathy, has excluded. The autonomic nervous system function tests included three tests evaluating the parasympathetic system and two tests evaluating the sympathetic system. And also all subjects were subjected to pulmonary function test and arterial blood gas analysis. Results: Autonomic dysfunction was more commonly associated with patients with COPD than healthy person The parasympathetic dysfunction was frequent in patient with COPD, but sympathetic dysfunction seemed preserved. The severity of parasympathetic dysfunction in patients with COPD was correlated with the degree of duration of disease, smoking, reductions in the value of $FEV_1$ and FVC, and arterial hypoxemia but no such correlation existed for age, type of COPD, $FEV_1$/FVC, or $PaCO_s$. Conclusion: There is high frequency of parasympathetic dysfunction associated with COPD and the parasympathetic abnormality in COPD is increased in proportion to severity of airway disease. In COPD, parasympathetic dysfunction probably does not the cause of disease, but it may be an effect of disease progression.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.976-986
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• 1996

BACKGROUND : Dyspnea is common among patients with cardiopulmonary disease, and "daily disability" is defined as a functional impairment resulting from exercise intolerance. The maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max) during exhausting work is not only the best single physical indicator of the capacity of a man for sustaining hard muscular work, but also the most objective method by which one can determine the physical fitness of an individual as reflected by his cardiovascular system. However, the expense, time and personnel requirements make this procedure prohibitive for testing large group. The walking test is well-known type of exercise and it cost nothing to perform and have good reproducibility. Thus we performed the walking test and investigated correlations with spirometry, ABG and exercise test. METHOD: We observed the walking test and exercise test by cycle ergometer in 37 patients who visited our hospital because of dyspnea. Arterial blood gas analysis and spiromety, dyspnea index were performed, too. RESULT : (1) The VO2max was significantly lower in patients with COPD and cardiovascular disease than asthma and dyspnea on exertion group(p<0.05). The walking test distance was also lower in former. (2) The 12 minute walking test was significantly correlated with VO2max, PaCO2, FVC(%), FEV1(%) in all patients(p<0.05), and the walking test was only conelated with VO2max in patients with COPD(p<0.05). (3) In COPD patients, the VO2max was best correlated with FEV1(%) and FVC(%) and significantly correlated with walking test. But there was no correlation between walking test and FEV1(%) & FVC(%). (4) The 6 minute walking test was well correlated with 12 minute walking test(r=0.92. p<0.01). CONCLUSION : The walking test is the simple method for assessing exercise performance in patient with cardiopulmonary disease and a reliable indicator for VO2max. And the walking test is practical method for assessing on everyday disability rather than maximal exercise capacity. The 6 minute walking test is highly correlated with 12 minute walking test and a less exhausting for the patients and a time-saving for the investigator.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.378-387
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• 2003

Background : Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes is one of the key epigenetic changes in many human cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the promoter methylation status of the Death-associated protein(DAP) kinase gene, which played an important role in lung cancer, in the serum DNA of primary lung cancer patients. Methods : This study investigated the aberrant methylation of DAP kinase in the serum of 65 primary lung cancer patients by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Results : Methylation in the serum was detected in 29 of 65(44.6%) for DAP kinase. There was no statistical association between methylation of DAP kinase and age, smoking history, histologic type, or stage. Methylation of DAP kinase was found more frequently in men (p=0.044). Conclusions : This study suggests that the aberrant methylation of the DAP kinase promoter is readily detectable in the serum DNA of lung cancer patients using MSP analysis.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.233-245
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the appropriate way of essay writing education which helps the learners perceive and express a stream of knowledge through Home Economics education curriculum by themselves. While one-way type, which teachers just give instructions to students and students just learn from them, has dominated the education, new education focuses on interactive and reciprocal way in thinking and researching together. This new stream requires appropriate and various education method as well as the new concept of education curriculum. This study applies the curriculum of the German practical philosophy that recently has been a debated topic in Home Economics education. The purpose of the curriculum pursuits improving students' practical and critical thinking competence and essay writing is the center of it. In the curriculum learners write essays by asking and answering the questions through seven areas which students can experience based on three angles such as individual, social, and idealogical viewpoints. In this process learners don't remain in the individual angles and are able to be trained as intellectuals who can lead the social and cultural change as well as the individual growth by getting an insight into the idealogical angles. The Germany curriculum what is mentioned in advance presents one possibility that essay education can be introduced in Home Economics education that has accessed the education process by the practical inference based on the practical philosophy. That is, Home Economics education shares the context with essay education whose purpose is the intellect enlightenment because the former is the curriculum to make students build the abilities to access in many-sided angles not just one point, to deal with problems wisely, and to deduce the solutions. Therefore, students are expected to participate in the class dynamically by being satisfied intellectually abreast of practical essay education that helps learners read the stream of knowledge through Home Economics education. In this manner the category of Home Economics education will enlarge by making efforts to diversify the education methodology not staying only one method.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-63
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the interrelation of influential factors in organizational conflict and organizational commitment. The data for this study were collected through a self-administered survey with a structured Questionnaire to 1,167 subjects from several nursing staff members, administration staff members and medical technicians of six hospitals. In this analysis frequency test, t-test, ANOVA, hierarchical multiple regression and structural equation model were used. The main findings of this study are as follows. 1. Factors which influence organizational conflict were analyzed. The type of occupation and the year of service were socio-demographic variables which influenced organizational conflict positively. Adjusted R square was 0.03. Perceptions on organizational structure and organizational culture were analyzed with two- level variables that were added. The findings were as follows. Adjusted R square increased to 0.25. The year of service, internal process culture and rational goal culture were positive variables. The design of organizational structure, human relations culture and open system culture were negative variables. 2. Variables which influence organizational commitment were analyzed. Age and the year of service were positive variables, while academic background based on high school education was a negative variable. Adjusted R square was 0.16. Perceptions on organizational structure and organizational culture were analyzed with two-level variables that were added. The findings were as follows. The characteristics of organizational structure, human relations culture and organizational culture were positive variables. Adjusted R square increased to 0.55. The variables of organizational conflict were added in 3 steps. Findings were as follows. The variables of hierarchical conflict showed negative influence and were included in two-level influential variables. Adjusted R square increased to 0.56. 3. Structural equation model was analyzed in order to examine the relation between organizational structure and the variables of organizational culture, organizational conflict and organizational commitment. Thirteen path coefficients out of seventeen path coefficients were significant. Age had negative influence on organizational conflict and positive influence on organizational commitment. The year of service had positive influence on organizational conflict and organizational commitment. The design of organizational structure, human relations culture and open system culture had negative influence on organizational. conflict. They had positive influence on organizational commitment. Internal process culture and rational goal culture had positive influence on organizational conflict. Organizational conflict had negative influence on organizational commitment. The squared multiple correlation of this model was 25.1% in organizational conflict and 52.7% in organizational commitment. The conclusion of this study is as follows. Factors in organizational structure and organizational culture, rather than socio-demographic factors, had a stronger influence on the organizational conflict and organizational commitment of hospitals. In order to decrease organizational conflict, to increase organizational commitment and to maximize the effectiveness of hospital management, it is necessary to understand the overall relation between organizational structure, organizational culture, organizational conflict and organizational commitment, with the effort of improving personalized factors and individual factors of organization management.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.97-121
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• 2013

With the growing importance of knowledge for sustainable competitive advantages and innovation in a volatile environment, many researches on knowledge sharing have been conducted. However, previous researches have mostly relied on the questionnaire survey which has inherent perceptive errors of respondents. The current research has drawn the relationship among primary participant behaviors towards the participation level in knowledge sharing, basically from online user behaviors on Wikipedia, a representative community for online knowledge collaboration. Without users' participation in knowledge sharing, knowledge collaboration for creating knowledge cannot be successful. By the way, the editing patterns of Wikipedia users are diverse, resulting in different revisiting periods for the same number of edits, and thus varying results of shared knowledge. Therefore, we illuminated the participation level of knowledge sharing from two different angles of number of edits and revisiting period. The behavioral dimensions affecting the level of participation in knowledge sharing includes the article talk for public discussion and user talk for private messaging, and community registration, which are observable on Wiki platform. Public discussion is being progressed on article talk pages arranged for exchanging ideas about each article topic. An article talk page is often divided into several sections which mainly address specific type of issues raised during the article development procedure. From the diverse opinions about the relatively trivial things such as what text, link, or images should be added or removed and how they should be restructured to the profound professional insights are shared, negotiated, and improved over the course of discussion. Wikipedia also provides personal user talk pages as a private messaging tool. On these pages, diverse personal messages such as casual greetings, stories about activities on Wikipedia, and ordinary affairs of life are exchanged. If anyone wants to communicate with another person, he or she visits the person's user talk page and leaves a message. Wikipedia articles are assessed according to seven quality grades, of which the featured article level is the highest. The dataset includes participants' behavioral data related with 2,978 articles, which have reached the featured article level, with editing histories of articles, their article talk histories, and user talk histories extracted from user talk pages for each article. The time period for analysis is from the initiation of articles until their promotion to the featured article level. The number of edits represents the total number of participation in the editing of an article, and the revisiting period is the time difference between the first and last edits. At first, the participation levels of each user category classified according to behavioral dimensions have been analyzed and compared. And then, robust regressions have been conducted on the relationships among independent variables reflecting the degree of behavioral characteristics and the dependent variable representing the participation level. Especially, through adopting a motivational theory adequate for online environment in setting up research hypotheses, this work suggests a theoretical framework for the participation level of online knowledge sharing. Consequently, this work reached the following practical behavioral results besides some theoretical implications. First, both public discussion and private messaging positively affect the participation level in knowledge sharing. Second, public discussion exerts greater influence than private messaging on the participation level. Third, a synergy effect of public discussion and private messaging on the number of edits was found, whereas a pretty weak negative interaction effect of them on the revisiting period was observed. Fourth, community registration has a significant impact on the revisiting period, whereas being insignificant on the number of edits. Fifth, when it comes to the relation generated from private messaging, the frequency or depth of relation is shown to be more critical than the scope of relation for the participation level.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.29-39
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• 2011

Recent interests in the quality of urban space have raised awareness on the role and importance of landscape planning. Although laws and guidelines are officially ready to be imposed as for landscape planning, we do not have concrete materials that can be utilized in the course of practices. The aim of this paper in this regard is to disclose the possible difference in awareness on 'visual landscape control elements' among experts engaged with urban space planning. The expert groups are distinguished to three which are for a planning, design and engineering and the survey is made by questionnaires. The results are analyzed through basic technology statistics in SPSS and independent-sample t-test provided. The survey is done by tens of 'control elements' and the result is that specially, group 1 and group 2 in mixed landscape has the most discrepancy in awareness on those elements but relatively, they has less discrepancy in awareness on compare with other groups through all landscape area. In case of artificial landscape and mixed landscape in 'landscape controled area', the result for comparing between G1 and G2 is that there are the most discrepancy in awareness which are 7 control elements. In case of mixed landscape in 'landscape promoted area', there are 4 control elements for discrepancy in awareness between G2 and G3 which is quite different. The control elements which show the most discrepancy in awareness is height, floor space and building to land ratio in order. The shape elements has only discrepancy in awareness for comparing between G1 and G2 of artificial landscape in 'landscape controled area'. In terms of the average evaluation score of the appropriateness of these control elements, G1 seems to appreciate the role of these elements in systematic landscape planning more than the other group does. In other words, relatively low scores are given by G2 as for the overall functionality of visual landscape control elements. The texture, floor space and building of land ratio has low evaluation score for all area and types. It means that it should reverify for appropriateness of performance for landscape planning as visual landscape control elements.