• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.2589-2599
• /
• 2012

This study was intended to assess fatigue symptoms of nurses working for general hospitals and to reveal its association with the type A behavior pattern. The self-administered questionnaires were given to 306 nurses employed in general hospitals from May, 1st to June, 30th 2011. As a results, The proportion of behavior pattern was 50.7%, of type A, and 49.3% of type B. The distribution of fatigue symptoms was 76.8% of normal group, and 23.2% of high risk group. In terms of the distribution of fatigue symptoms according to the type A behavior pattern, the normal group of fatigue symptoms was higher in the type B behavior pattern group, but the high risk group of fatigue symptoms was higher in the type A behavior pattern group. The type A behavior pattern was significant positive correlation with fatigue symptoms. In logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio of the high risk fatigue symptoms were significantly increased in the group of type A behavior pattern than type B behavior pattern. As a conclusion, fatigue symptoms was higher in the group of type A behavior pattern than the group of type B behavior pattern. Hereafter, the sustainable study would require that the relation between type A behavior pattern and fatigue symptoms to the various study subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.40 no.10
• /
• pp.998-1004
• /
• 2003

With starting materials of two different powder mixtures, $Al_2$(S $O_4$)$_3$+xNa$_2$B$_4$ $O_{7}$$.$10$H_2O$(㏖ ratio; x=0.1, 0.7) and ${\gamma}$-Al$_2$ $O_3$+xNa$_2$B$_4$ $O_{7}$$.$10$H_2O$(㏖ ratio; x=0.1, 0.7), whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles were synthesized by using conventional and microwave heat-treatment. The effects of microwave, amount of flux and temperature on the growth of whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles were investigated by using X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). With increase of heat-treatment temperature and amount of flux, the size of whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles increased in both conventional and microwave heat-treated samples. However, compared to the conventional heat-treated samples, whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles were well grown for the microwave heat-treated samples.ted samples.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.310-312
• /
• 2012

Cytochrome $b_5$ is involved in the reduction of methemoglobin back to hemoglobin, thereby maintaining normal function of the blood to carry oxygen around. Congenital abnormal condition of this enzyme causes a rare disease called methemoglobinemia. At least 4 different retropseudogenes are reported so far for cytochrome $b_5$. However, type III pseudogene has attracted most attention because it contains open reading frame in its structure. Although there is no evidence yet if this pseudogene is actually expressed in the cell or the blood the possibility of its expression needs to be elucidated. We have isolated type III pseudogene by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into pGEX-4T-1 expression vector followed by SDS-PAGE. Protein was expressed and the size of the expressed protein was 28 kDa as expected in its genetic code. This result also shows that the protein is not harmful for the viability of the microorganism. This study may contribute to the genetic diagnosis of cardiac diseases, possibly caused by cytochrome $b_5$.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.206-211
• /
• 1995

Three kinds of soy sauce were prepared using the brick type of conventional menu(A), the brick type of meju of Aspergillus oryzae (B) and the grain type of menu Aspergillus oryzae (C). Organic acid and fatty acid were analyzed In accordance to aging time of those products Citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, butyric acid, oxalic acid, and propionic acid were dejected in all kinds of soy sauce. The content of lactic acid was shown higher than those of any other organic acids. The content of lactic acid was much higher at beginning of preparation and at 180 days in soy sauce B than any other conditions. The content of acetic acid was much higher at beginning of preparation, at 120 days in soy sauce C and at 180 days in soy sauce B than any other conditions. The content of citric acid was highest at beginning preparation in soy sauce C, and that was highest in soy sauce B except beginning preparation to 120 days. Myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoliic, linolenic, arachidonic acid were detected in all kinds of soy sauce after 180 days. The content of oleic acid were shown 32.59∼53.79% in soy sauce B and in soy sauce C. The content of stearic acid was shown 49.7oA In soy sauce A. Linolinec acid and arachidonic acid were detected in only soy sauce C.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.74-79
• /
• 2013

In continuation of our research to find biological components from Panax stipuleanatus, four oleanane-type triterpenes (12 to 15) were isolated successively. Fifteen oleanane-type saponins (1 to 15) were evaluated for nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activity using a luciferase reporter gene assay in HepG2 cells. Compounds 6 to 11 inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$, with $IC_{50}$ values between 3.1 to 18.9 ${\mu}M$. The effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 by compounds 8, 10, and 11 were also examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Three compounds (8, 10, and 11) inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ activity by reducing the concentration of inflammatory factors in HepG2 cells.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.40-46
• /
• 1997

The pWHM220 cosmid with a 24-kb insert cloned from Streptomyces albus ATCC 21838 induces the biosynthesis of a polysther antibiotic similar to salinomycin in Streptomyces invidans. We have analyzed this region by DNA sequencing as well as Southern blot hybridization with type I and type II polyketide synthase (PKS) probes. Surprisingly, we found another set of type II SKS genes only 10-kb from the original PKS genes, salABCDE. The DNA sequence revealed two complete open reading frames (ORFs) named salB2 and salC2, and one partial ORF that does not resemble any known DNA or deduced protein sequence. The salC2 should code for chain length determining factor while the deduced amino acid sequence encoded by salB2 exhibits high similarity to .betha.-ketoacyl synthase from different PKS gene clusters. The highest identity was found for .betha.-keetoacyl synthases from S. argillaceus (MtmP. 59.1% identity), the mithramycin producer and from S. venezuelae ISP5230 (JadA, 52.3% identity), the jadomycin producer. The SalC2 protein clearly resembles its counterparts in order aromatic PKS gene clusters that are believed to influence the length of the polyketide chain. The highest identities observed were to that of S. argillaceus (MtmK, 62.3%) and S. venezuelae ISP 5230 (JadB, 55.1%) proteins, Moreover, the deduced amino acid sequences of the salB2 and salC2 products were 29.0% identical.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.147-152
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to propose the position of maxillary anterior teeth and intercanine width measurements based on the incisive papilla in accordance with the cephalic type and gender of dentate Korean adult with normal teeth alignment. Materials and methods: 42 students with Class I normal occlusion, without crowding or spacing, were selected from the Chonnam National University School of Dentistry. The lateral skull radiographs of the subjects were taken and were classified as different cephalic types, based on their PFH / AFH ratios. 42 casts of their maxilla were prepared and both the distance between the upper central incisors and the middle of the incisor papilla was measured with a vernier caliper (A) and the distance between the maxillary canine cusp tips (B) were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 15 and their significance was investigated. Results: For dolichocephalic group, the mean values for A and B were 8.43 (SD: 0.61) and 36.73 (SD: 2.17), respectively. The mean value for A was 8.51 (SD: 1.27) for the mesocephalic group and 8.76 (SD 1.03) for the brachycephalic group. The mean value for B was 35.91 (SD: 1.86) for the mesocephalic group and 37.34 (SD: 2.23) for the brachycephalic group. For the male group, the mean A value was 8.86 (SD: 1.04) and the mean B value was 37.60 (SD: 0.24). For the female group, the mean A value was 8.41 (SD: 0.93) and the mean B value was 36.18 (SD: 2.01). The difference between male and female group in A values were not statistically significant (P>.05). The B values of the male subjects were greater than those of the female subjects and was statistically significant (P<.05). Conclusion: 42 students with normal dentition and occlusion in korea, the distance from the incisive papilla and the incisal edge of maxillary central incisors had no difference in cephalic type or gender. However, the distance between the cusp tip of both canines had significant difference in gender where the male showed higher values than the female, while having no difference in cephalic types.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.389-396
• /
• 1994

Background : The two most important purposes of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in lung cancer patients are obtaining tissue diagnosis and staging. The direct sign of lung cancer on FOB includes visible tumor, with smooth or nodular surface, with or without necrosis and infiltration. Variant cell types of lung cancer have their characteristic biological behaviors respectively. For example, squamous cell carcinoma grows slowly, invades locally and has easy necrosis resulting in cavitation, whereas adenocarcinoma shows early metastasis, small cell carcinoma shows rapid growth and higher early metastasis rate. Based on this, it could be hypothesized that each cell type may have characteristic bronchoscopic finding. Method : To answer this question, we reviewed 106 cases which were diagnosed as primary lung cancer and had bronchoscopically visible specific cancerous lesions. Results : The results were as follows. 1) Squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 66 cases(62.2%), adenocarcinoma 15 cases(14.2%), large cell carcinoma 3 cases(2.8%). 2) The endobronchial tumor lesion was arbitrarily classified into 5 types according to gross characteristics. Type A, multilobulating mass with necrosis, accounted for 24.5%, type B, multilobulating mass without necrosis, 25.5%, type C, round beefy mass, 9.4%, type D, infiltration with mucosal irregularity, 6.6%, and type E, infiltration without mucosal irregularity, 34%. 3) The analysis of correlation between endobronchial tumor pattern and specific cell type revealed that squamous cell carcinoma had relation with the morphologic type B and small cell carcinoma had relation with the morphologic type E, but adenocarcinoma had no preponderance in morphologic type. The gross appearance had influence on the diagnostic yields of biopsies and the diagnostic yields of lobulating mass types(type A, B) were higher than those of other types. Conclusion : From the above observations, it could be concluded that squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma have relations with specific types of bronchoscopic morphology, but not the case in adenocarcinoma.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 1986

Since Combes' first description of hepatitis B virus associated membranous glomerulonephritis, many reports have shown a strong association of hepatitis B virus infection with various types of nephropathies, especially membranous glomerulonephritis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Recently, the authors experienced a case of membraoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type I in a 16-year-old male patient with persistent HBs and HBe antigenemia. One year prior to admission the patient was told of hepatitis at routine check, but he remained asymptomatic throughout. He was admitted to our hospital with chief complaints of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria found on routine urinalysis. Liver and kidney biopsy revealed chronic persistent hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I, respectively. We report a case of hepatitis B virus associated nephropathy with review of the literatures. Considering the endemic nature of hepatitis B virus infection in Korea, the incidence of hepatitis B viurs associated nephropathy would be proportionally high in comparison with those of other countries. So, the importance of this entity merits special consideration in our country. Further study concerning pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment may be needed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.19 no.9
• /
• pp.1143-1152
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB, dye) and N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (RNO, indicator of the electro-generation of OH radical) in solution using boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The effects of applied current (0.2~1.0 A), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, and $Na_2SO_4$) and electrolyte concentration (0.5~3.0 g/L), solution pH (3~11) and air flow rate (0~4 L/min) were evaluated. Experimental results showed that RhB and RNO removal tendencies appeared with the almost similar thing, except of current. Optimum current for RhB degradation was 0.6 A, however, RNO degradations was increased with increase of applied current. The RhB and RNO degradation of Cl type electrolyte were higher than that of the sulfate type. The RhB and RNO degradation were increased with increase of NaCl concentration and optimum NaCl dosage was 2.5 g/L. The RhB and RNO concentrations were not influenced by pH under pH 7. Optimum air flow rate for the oxidants generation and RhB and RNO degradation were 2 L/min. Initial removal rate of electrolysis process was expressed Langmuir - Hinshelwood equation, which is used to express the initial removal rate of UV/$TiO_$2 process.