• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

A connection was made between a single stretcher and 2 headers with 2 threaded nails (Type-A), and another one between 2 stretchers and 2 headers with 4 threaded nails (Type-B) to use as specimens. Type-C was the stretchers that are connected with 2 threaded nails by half lap joint at end-distance 5D to reinforce Type-B, Type-C1 the stretchers that are connected by half lap joint at end-distance 10D, and Type-C2 with 3 threaded nails at end-distance 10D. Compressive shear strength of Type-C, the supplementation of Type-B, was decreased by 30%, compared with that of Type-B. Those of Type-B and Type-C1 that used longer end-distance than Type-C were about the same, and that of Type-C2 connected with 3 threaded nails was 1.28-times stronger than that of Type-C1. Connection of the retaining wall using existing square timber has a problem between long and short stretchers and 2 headers. So it was investigated in the experiment to replace it. Therefore, if Type-B is replaced with Type-C2 in constructing the retaining wall, the crack and the rupture of timber caused by threaded nail as well as construction period can be reduced, and also it can be expected to increase their own strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

In this paper, the bearing strengths and fracture behaviors of the pin-jointed carbon fiber/epoxy composites were investigated through pin loading test with acoustic emission technique. The composites were fabricated by a filament winding process, and three types of laminated patterns were considered. Type 1 was fabricated with stitch, Type 2 was fabricated without stitich and Type 3 was fabricated with prepregs. According to the results, bearing strength of Type 1 was 3.3% lower than that of Type 2 and that of Type 3 was highest. Type 1 and Type 2 revealed a net-tension failure mode, respectively, whereas Type 3 pattern exhibited a bearing failure mode. Also, acoustic emission energy of the Type 3 was higher than that of the Type 1 and Type 2. Therefore, the Type 3 was found to be structurally safer than the Type 1 and Type 2.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 1995

Cultivation using rain shelter is very popular in summer because rain shelter has a simple structure using less materials than any other regular greenhouse. Although it has a main advantage of easy construction in terms of labour, time and cost, it has some disadvantage of poor ventilation and rain fall inflow. Therefore, the rain shelters being able to overcome the problems, to some extent, are necessary to propagate for practical purpose. Three characteristic types of rain shelter were analyzed using measured and simulated environment data. Type 1 was a conventional type with an arched roof, and Type 2 and Type 3 were improved ones which were designed to have three arched roofs and three sawtooth like roofs with the openings for ventilation, respectively. The distribution of inside temperature measured was relatively uniform in Type 2 and 3 by the natural ventilation through the openings of the roof compared to Type 1 which had no openings. The relative light transmittance measured in Type 2 and 3 showed lower than that in Type 1, which suppressed the rise of inside temperature, For more accurate comparison, the differences between inside and outside temperatures to various wind speeds were calculated by the model. The difference in Type 1 was the greatest at lower wind speed below 1 ㎧, that is, the highest in inside temperature, but decreased rapidly as wind speed increased above 1 ㎧. Measured temperatures generally showed the same trends as calculated ones by the model. As a whole, the improved rain shelters(Type 2 and 3) showed better performance than the conventional one in ventilation as well as inside temperature.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 2018

Objective : Sometimes a vertebral artery (VA) enters the spinal canal via the C1-2 intervertebral space, a variation regarded as a C2 segmental-type VA. This paper describes the anatomy of the C2 segmental-type VA and reviews its clinical importance. Methods : Between March 2014 and November 2015, 3386 patients underwent computed tomographic angiography. I identified C2 segmental-type VAs, associated vascular variation, the origin of ipsilateral posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICAs), and the clinical symptoms associated with C2 segmental-type VAs. The origin of an ipsilateral PICA is divided into 5 types. A type 1 PICA originates from ipsilateral VAs coursing suboccipitally (IVASO), a type 2 originates from ipsilateral proximal C2 segmental-type VAs, a type 3 originates from ipsilateral distal C2 segmental-type VAs. For type 4, the PICA does not originate from an ipsilateral VA. For type 5, the PICA is the terminal end of an ipsilateral C2 segmental-type VA. Results : One hundred thirteen patients had 121 C2 segmental-type VAs; 47 were associated with an IVASO, and 74 were not. Four type 1, 13 type 2, 60 type 3, 42 type 4, and two type 5 PICAs were identified. Only one patient showed symptoms associated with a C2 segmental-type VA, being a 71-year-old man presenting with a C2 segmental-type VA infarction. Conclusion : For C2 segmental-type VAs, the ipsilateral IVASO and origin of the PICA are important for predicting the outcome of this type of VA infarction.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of temperature variation by the different ventilation methods on the growth and quality of oriental melon in greenhouse of tunnel type 1. The dropping effect in temperature by ventilation types was best at type 3 and those of type 2, type 1 were in order. 2. The temperature distribution in type 3 was uniformed as air- inflow and air- outflow by wind ventilation were easier than others. Whereas the temperature of type 1 having lateral ventilation hole and type 2 having the zenith ventilation tube and lateral ventilation hole was ascended, because small ventilation area of ventilation tube and hole could not make the gravity and wind ventilation successfully. 3. When compared with air amount of three types ventilated by the temperature difference of outside and inside of tunnel type house, that of type 3 was more than those of type 1 and type 2. 4. Type 3 was better than type 2 and type 1 in lear numbers, leaf area, fruit weight, flesh thickness, malformed fruit rate, and marketable fruit rate. 5. Marketable fruit rate of all treatment at each harvesting stages was rised, as goes to the latter periods.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.1624-1632
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• 2009

In this study, we introduce the design methodology of an optimized Interval Type-2 fuzzy controller. The fixed MF design of type-1 based FLC leads to the difficulty of rule-based control design for representing the linguistically uncertain expression. In the Type-2 FLC as the expanded type of Type-1 FLC, we can effectively improve the control characteristic by using the footprint of uncertainty(FOU) of membership function. Type-2 FLC has a robust characteristic in the unknown system with unspecific noise when compared with Type-1 FLC. Through computer simulation as well as practical experiment, we compare their performance by applying both the optimized Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy cascade controllers to ball and beam system. To evaluate each controller performance, we consider controller characteristic parameters such as maximum overshoot, delay time, rise time, settling time and steady-state error.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 1982

The systematic school dental health programmes have been recognized as one of the most effective national dental health measures. This study was conducted to estimate the number of dentists required for the systematic school dental programmes in Korea applying the methodology recommended by WHO. Information necessary for the study was obtained by a mass oral examination to the 1241 primary and middle school students in Kang Wha area. First and 6th grade students from primary school and 3rd year students from middle school were specifically selected for the examination. The results are summarized below: 1) For the Type I program recommended by WHO, 1.8 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. For the Type II program 2.5 dentists, Type III program 2.0 dentists, Type IV program 3.6 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend the systematic school dental programmes to the middle students, 2.0 dentists for the Type I program and 2.4 dentists for the Type II program 2.2 dentists for the Type III program, 3.6 dentists for the Type IV program per 10,000 students were estimated to be necessary. 2) If we assume that prophylaxis are done by hygienist, for the Type I program 1.3 dentists and 0.5 hygienist, for the Type II program 1.8 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 1.3 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienists per 10,000 primary school students were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend this program to the middle school, 1.4 dentists and 0.6 hygienist for the Type I program, 1.6 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type II program, 1.4 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type III program, 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienist for the Type IV program per 10.000 students were estimated to be necessary.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.180-194
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• 2013

Objectives Impaired lung function(ILF) and sasang constitution(SC) is associated with metabolic syndrome(MS). However, the relationship between ILF and SC is unclear. So, we assessed the relationship between ILF and MS according to SC, and examined whether SC is an independent risk factor for ILF. Methods This study included 1,148 subjects 40years and older who were performed the health examination at Kyung Hee University Hospital in Korea between December 2011 and February 2013. We defined ILF if FVC or $FEV_1$ value were less than lower limit of normal(LLN), and classified ventilatory patterns as obstructive pattern and restrictive pattern. MS was assessed according to AHA/NHLBI criteria. We used multivariate logistic regression to analyze the association of ILF with MS respective to SC types, and to identify the risk of SC types for ILF. Odds ratio(OR) was calculated by adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, drinking, physical activity, and BMI. Results In whole subjects, ILF was associated with MS [OR (95% CI), 1.69 (1.24-2.31) for FVC, 1.67 (1.20-2.33) for $FEV_1$]. And in Taeeum type(TE type) and Soeum type(SE type), ILF was associated with MS [1.63 (1.10-2.42) for FVC, 1.48 (1.01-2.24) for $FEV_1$ in TE type; 6.93 (1.14-42.00) for FVC in SE type], while in Soyang type(SY type), it wasn't. The restrictive pattern was associated with MS in TE type and SE type, while in SY type, it wasn't. Furthermore, TE type and SY type had more risk for ILF than SE type [1.71 (1.12-2.59) for SY type, 1.95 (1.23-3.08) for TE type in FVC; 2.06 (1.26-3.36) for TE type in $FEV_1$; 1.85 (1.21-2.85) for SY type, 2.17 (1.35-3.49) for TE type in Restrictive pattern]. Conclusions These results show that SC is an independent risk factor for ILF, especially TE type and SY type than SE type, and the prevalence of MS is an independent risk factor for ILF in TE type.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.46-55
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop the better fitting and more comfortable slacks pattern for women. 10 types of slacks pattern were made and worn compared with the sensory evaluations method. The main results of this study were as follows 1. Sensory evaluation for appearance; According to the result of means among the 10 slacks patterns, Type 2 method slacks was most satisfactory, and the next was the Type 4 slacks followed by Type 3, Type 5,6, Type 8, Type 1, Type 7, Type 9 Type 10 method slacks. 2. Sensory evaluation for comfort; The result of means showed that the Type 5 method slacks was most comfortable, and the next was the Type 3,8 slacks followed by Type 6,9 Type 7, Type 1,2,3, Type 10 method slacks.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.133-138
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• 1989

Identification of blood group from the saliva and calculus of the Purpose of individual identification would play a significant role in a practical legal medicine. The author made a study of blood group with saliva and in non-secretor type with dental calculus. The following results were obtained. 1. In the blood typing with saliva obtained from 50 people, secretor type was found 22.4% and non-secretor type was found 27.6%. 2. In Sexual difference, secretor type 70.9%, non-secretor type 29.1% in male and secretor type 73.8%, non-secretor type 26.2% in female were found. 3. In blood group difference, secretor type 80.2% nonsecretor type 19.8% in A blood group, secretor 70.4%, nonsecretor type 29.6% in B blood group, secretor type 66.7% nonsecretor type 33.3% in AB blood group, secretor type 68.2% nonsecretor type 31.8% in O blood group were found. 4. The blood group identification with dental calculus in nonsecretor type proved to be possible. 5. The blood group substance was found in the composition of dental calculus itself regardless of that in saliva.