• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 1997

$CO_2$production in fermentation of dongchimi was measured and interrelated with changes in pH and titratable acidity. The effects of salt content and temperature on $CO_2$production rate were analysed. Fermentation of dongchimi showed drastic pH decrease in early stage and subsequent levelling off around 3.9, with linearly increased acidity up to 0.3~0.4% optimum quality. $CO_2$production of dongchimi could be analysed to consist of two consecutive stages of constant rate. The first stage $CO_2$production of higher rate moved to the second stage of lower rate when acidity rose beyond 0.3%. When compared to those of 1 and 2% salt content, dongchimi of 3% salt showed lower $CO_2$production rate in the 1st stage and slower acidity change through the whole fermentation period. However, it resulted in the product of highest $CO_2$accumulation at optimal ripeness because of consistent $CO_2$production of longer 1st stage period and relatively high $CO_2$production rate in 2nd stage. $CO_2$production depended on temperature less compared to acidity change(activation energy: 57.3 and 44.3kJ/mol for $CO_2$production of 1st and 2nd stages, respectively; 79.3kJ/mol for acidity change), which means higher ratio of $CO_2$production rate relative to acidity increase at lower temperature. Slower increase in acidity at low temperature also was shown to extend the period of 1st stage $CO_2$production. Therefore, low temperature fermentation was effective in producing the high $CO_2$content dongchimi at adequate acidity, which is desirable organoleptically.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.280-285
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• 2009

In this paper, we designed a 2-stage CMOS operational amplifier with temperature compensation function using 2-poly 4-metal 0.35 $\mu$m standard CMOS technology. Using two bias circuits, the positive temperature coefficient(PTC) and the negative temperature coefficient(NTC) of the bias circuit are canceled out each other. When reference current circuit is simulated that it has a temperature coefficient of -150 ppm/$^{\circ}C$ with a temperature change from 0 $^{\circ}C$ to 120 $^{\circ}C$. Also the proposed circuit has a temperature coefficient of -0.011 dB/$^{\circ}C$ of DC open loop gain with the same temperature range.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.413-422
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• 2000

Samples of banana were dried in a two-stage heat pump dryer capable of producing stepwise control of the inlet drying air temperature while keeping absolute humidity constant. Two stepwise air temperature profiles were tested. The incremental temperature step change in temperature of the drying air about the mean air temperature of 30 $^{\circ}C$ was 5 $^{\circ}C$. The total drying time for each temperature-time profile was about 300 minutes. The drying kinetics and color change of the products dried under these stepwise variation of the inlet air temperature were measured and compared with constant air temperature drying. The stepwise air temperature variation was found to yield better quality product in terms of color of the dried product. Further, it was found that by employing a step-down temperature profile, it was possible to reduce the drying time to reach the desired moisture content.

• Atmosphere
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-121
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• 2024

In this study, we empirically analyzed the impact of physical risks due to climate change on the soundness and operational performance of the financial industry by combining economics and climatology. Particularly, unlike previous studies, we employed the Seasonal-Trend decomposition using LOESS (STL) method to extract trends of climate-related risk variables and economic-financial variables, conducting a two-stage empirical analysis. In the first stage estimation, we found that the delinquency rate and the Bank for International Settlement (BIS) ratio of commercial banks have significant negative effects on the damage caused by natural disasters, frequency of heavy rainfall, average temperature, and number of typhoons. On the other hand, for insurance companies, the damage from natural disasters, frequency of heavy rainfall, frequency of heavy snowfall, and annual average temperature have significant negative effects on return on assets (ROA) and the risk-based capital ratio (RBC). In the second stage estimation, based on the first stage results, we predicted the soundness and operational performance indicators of commercial banks and insurance companies until 2035. According to the forecast results, the delinquency rate of commercial banks is expected to increase steadily until 2035 under assumption that recent years' trend continues until 2035. It indicates that banks' managerial risk can be seriously worsened from climate change. Also the BIS ratio is expected to decrease which also indicates weakening safety buffer against climate risks over time. Additionally, the ROA of insurance companies is expected to decrease, followed by an increase in the RBC, and then a subsequent decrease.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.286-291
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• 2014

In this study, nanosized TPA-silicalite-1 was synthesized with a suitable molar composition of TPAOH: $SiO_2$: $H_2O$ for the development of zeolite ceramic membranes to utilize as gas separation. As silica sources, TEOS, LUDOX AS-40 and CAB-O-SIL were used with the starting material of TPAOH. $NaH_2PO_4$, and a variety of acids and bases were used as promoters after TPAOH, $SiO_2$, $H_2O$ gel synthesis. To decrease synthesis time, a two step temperature change method was applied to the synthesis of TPA-silicalite-1 at a low temperature. TPA-silicalite-1 synthesized was analyzed with XRD, SEM, BET and TGA. As a result, TPA-silicalite-1 powders with a particle size of 100 nm and a specific surface area of $416m^2/g$ were obtained as optimum synthesis conditions when the two stage temperature change method was used with $NaH_2PO_4$ as promoter.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.245-253
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• 2022

A two-layer beam consisting of an elastoplastic layer and a functional layer made of shape memory alloy (SMA) TiNi is considered. Constitutive relations for SMA are set by a microstructural model capable to calculate strain increment produced by arbitrary increments of stress and temperature. This model exploits the approximation of small strains. The equations to calculate the variations of the strain and the internal variables are based on the experimentally registered temperature kinetics of the martensitic transformations with an account of the crystallographic features of the transformation and the laws of equilibrium thermodynamics. Stress and phase distributions over the beam height are calculated by steps, by solving on each step the boundary-value problem for given increments of the bending moment (or curvature) and the tensile force (or relative elongation). Simplifying Bernoulli's hypotheses are applied. The temperature is considered homogeneous. The first stage of the numerical experiment is modeling of preliminary deformation of the beam by bending or stretching at a temperature corresponding to the martensitic state of the SMA layer. The second stage simulates heating and subsequent cooling across the temperature interval of the martensitic transformation. The curvature variation depends both on the total thickness of the beam and on the ratio of the layer's thicknesses.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2013

Closed-loop J-T (Joule-Thomson) refrigeration cycle is advantageous compared to common open loop $N_2$ decompression system in terms of nitrogen consumption. In this study, two closed-loop pure $N_2$ J-T refrigeration systems with sub-atmospheric device for cooling High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) power cable are investigated. J-T cooling systems include 2-stage compressor, 2-stage precooling cycle, J-T valve and a cold compressor or an auxiliary vacuum pump at the room temperature. The cold compressor and the vacuum pump are installed after the J-T valve to create sub-atmospheric condition. The temperature of 67 K is possible by lowering the pressure up to 24 kPa at the cold part. The optimized hydrocarbon mixed refrigerant (MR) J-T system is applied for precooling stage. The cold head of precooling MR J-T have the temperature from 120 K to 150 K. The various characteristics of cold compressor are invstigated and applied to design parameter of the cold compressor. The Carnot efficiency of cold compressor system is calculated as 16.7% and that of vacuum pump system as 16.4%. The efficiency difference between the cold compressor system and the vacuum pump system is due to difference of enthalpy change at cryogenic temperature, enthalpy change at room temperature and different work load at the pre-cooling cycle. The efficiency of neon-nitrogen MR J-T system is also presented for comparison with the sub-atmospheric devices. These systems have several pros and cons in comparison to typical MR J-T systems such as vacuum line maintainability, system's COP and etc. In this paper, the detailed design of the subcooled $N_2$ J-T systems are examined and some practical issues of the sub-atmospheric devices are discussed.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.493-498
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of environment factors on full bloom stage and fruit width in four peach cultivars. The average temperature in March was the main factor to determine the date of full bloom in 'Kurakatawase'($-0.6871^*$) and 'Changhowon Hwangdo'($-0.5270^*$). The fruit growth curve after 35 days from full bloom was the double sigmoid shape in 'Changhowon Hwangdo' cultivar. Environmental factors affecting fruit width were mean diurnal range(BIO2) and temperature annual range(BIO 7) in 'Kurakatawase', growing degree days(GDD) after 30 days from full bloom and July precipitation in 'Yumyeong', and annual mean temperature(BIO1), BIO7, and July precipitation in 'Kawanakajima Hakuto'. Of these, major environmental factors affecting fruit width in more than two cultivars were BIO7 and July precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.266-269
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• 1995

Methane emission was measured every two hours for a whole day at heading stage of rice plantsby using a closed static chamber installed in NPK(11-70-80 kg/ha) plot and NPK+rice straw(5 ton/ha) plots. The effect of air and soil temperature on methane emission was studied. In NPK plot the diel change of methane emission was synchronized better with soil temperature than air temperature because of abrupt rise of air temperature from 11 : 00 to 17 : 00 hours. In NPK+rice straw plot diel methane emission showed proportionally increased with increase of soil temperature except for times from 11 : 00~17 : 00 hours when air temperature was very high, but showed a closer relation with change of air temperature. It was suggested that the diel change of methane emission was closely related to that of air temperature where organic matter was abundant, while to that of soil temperature where organic matter was limited.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.7-14
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• 2011

Currently high power Light Emitting Diode (LED) is in the limelight due to its characteristics of long durability, low maintenance costs, and high efficiency. Furthermore, it does not emit pollutants or poisonous gases and is a light source not using mercury, so it holds a high status in eco-friendly terms as well. In this paper, we studied a two-stage LED power drive circuit that can compensate only voltage regulation through LED output current, in order to improve efficiency of LED drive with constant current control in accordance with changes in temperature. The proposed LED drive has an advantage of reducing LED drive's voltage losses by controlling only voltage change of input power, compared with an existing circuit which controls input voltage. The suggested non-insulation compensating circuit for voltage change was verified to have improved efficiency relative to a LED drive using existing DC/DC converter.