• Composites Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2016

Porosity in polymer matrix composites increases rapidly during thermochemical decomposition at high temperatures. The generation of pores reduces elastic moduli and failure strengths of composite materials, and gas pressures in internal pores influence thermomechanical behaviors. In this paper, micromechanical finite element analysis is carried out by using two-dimensional representative volume elements for unidirectionally fiber-reinforced composites with porous matrix. According to the state of the pores, effective elastic moduli, poroelastic parameters and failure strengths of the overall composites are investigated in detail. In particular, it is confirmed that the failure strengths in the transvers and through-thickness directions are predicted much more weakly than the strength of nonpored matrix, and decrease consistently as the porosity of matrix increases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.614-621
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the behavior of vapor phase of fuel mixtures with different piston bowl shapes(F, B and R-type) in a optically accessible engine. The images of liquid and vapor phases were captured in the motoring engine using exciplex fluorescence method. Fuel was injected into atmospheric nitrogen to prevent quenching phenomenon by oxygen. Injection pressure was 5.1MPa. Two dimensional spray fluorescence image of vapor phase was acquired to analyze spray behaviors and fuel distribution inside of cylinder. Four injection timings were set at BTDC 90$^{\circ}$, 80$^{\circ}$, 70$^{\circ}$, and 60$^{\circ}$. With a fuel injection timing of BTDC 90$^{\circ}$, fuel-rich mixture level in the center region was highest in a B-type piston. With a fuel injection timing of BTDC 60$^{\circ}$, R-type piston was best. R-type piston shape was suitable under enhanced swirl ratio and late injection condition and B-type piston shape was right in a weak swirl ratio. It was found that the piston bowl shape affected the mixture stratification inside of cylinder.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.915-920
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the behavior of vapor phase of fuel mixtures with different piston bowl shapes(F, B, and R-type) in a optically accessible engine. The images of liquid and vapor phases were captured in the motoring engine using exciplex fluorescence method. Fuel was injected into atmospheric nitrogen to prevent quenching phenomenon by oxygen. Injection pressure is 5.1MPa. Two dimensional spray fluorescence image of vapor phases was acquired to analyze spray behaviors and fuel distribution inside of cylinder. Four injection timings were set at BTDC $90^{\circ},\;80^{\circ},\;70^{\circ},\;and\;60^{\circ}$. With a fuel injection timing of BTDC $90^{\circ}$, fuel-rich mixture level in the center region was highest in a B-type piston. With a fuel injection timing of BTDC $60^{\circ}$, R-type piston was best. R-type piston shape was suitable under enhanced swirl ratio and late injection condition and B-type piston shape was right in a weak swirl ratio. It was found that the piston bowl shape affected the mixture stratification inside of cylinder.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.501-507
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• 2017

The predictive utility of a damage model depends heavily on its particular choice of a damage variable, which serves as a macroscopic approximation in describing the underlying micromechanical processes of microdefects. In the case of spatially perfectly randomly distributed microcracks or microvoids in all directions, isotropic damage model is an appropriate choice, and scalar damage variables were widely used for isotropic or one-dimensional phenomenological damage models. The simplicity of a scalar damage representation is indeed very attractive. However, a scalar damage model is of somewhat limited use in practice. In order to entirely characterize the isotropic damage behaviors of damaged materials in multidimensional space, a system theory of isotropic double scalar damage variables, including the expressions of specific damage energy release rate, the coupled constitutive equations corresponding to damage, the conditions of admissibility for two scalar damage effective tensors within the framework of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, was provided and analyzed in this study. Compared with the former studies, the theoretical formulations of double scalar damage variables in this study are given in the form of matrix, which has many features such as simpleness, directness, convenience and programmable characteristics. It is worth mentioning that the above-mentioned theoretical formulations are only logically reasonable. Owing to the limitations of time, conditions, funds, etc. they should be subject to multifaceted experiments before their innovative significance can be fully verified. The current level of research can be regarded as an exploratory attempt in this field.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.407-418
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• 2004

Prandtl-Meyer expansion flow with homogeneous condensation is investigated experimentally and by numerical computations. The steady and unsteady periodic behaviors of the diabatic shock wave due to the latent heat released by condensation are considered with a view of technical application to the condensing flow through steam turbine blade passages. A passive control method using a porous wall and cavity underneath is applied to control the diabatic shock wave. Two-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes with the nucleation rate equation are numerically solved using a third-order TVD (Total Variation Diminishing) finite difference scheme. The computational results reproduce the measured static pressure distributions in passive and no passive Prandtl-Meyer expansion flows with condensation. From both the experimental and computational results, it is found that the magnitude of steady diabatic shock wave can be considerably reduced by the present passive control method. For no passive control, it is found that the diabatic shock wave due to the heat released by condensation oscillates periodically with a frequency of 2.40㎑. This unsteady periodic motion of the diabatic shock wave can be completely suppressed using the present passive control method.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1273-1281
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• 2003

The present study is mainly motivated to investigate the vaporization, auto-ignition, and combustion of liquid fuel spray injected into high pressure environment. The unsteady, multi-dimensional models were used for realistic simulation of spray as well as prediction of accurate ignition delay time. The Separated Flow (SF) model which considers the finite rate of transport between liquid and gas phases was employed to represent the interactions between spray and gas field. Among the SF models, the Discrete Droplet Model (DDM) which simulates the spray using finite number of representative samples of discrete droplets was adopted. The Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation was used to analyze the two-phase interactions. In order to predict an evaporation rate of droplet in high pressure environment, the high pressure vaporization model was applied using thermodynamic equilibrium and phase equilibrium at droplet surface. The high pressure effect as well as high temperature effect was considered in the calculation of liquid and gas properties. In case of vaporization, an interaction between droplets was studied through the simulation of spray. The interaction is shown up differently whether the ambient gas field is at normal pressure or high pressure. Also, the characteristics of spray behavior in high pressure environment were investigated through the comparison with normal ambient pressure case. In both cases, the spray behaviors are simulated through the distributions of temperature and reaction rate in gas field.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1347-1355
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• 2009

This paper demonstrates the validity of spectral element analysis for modeling the high-frequency dynamic behaviors of a beam with a surface-bonded piezoelectric wafer through a laboratory test. In the spectral element analysis, the high-frequency electro-mechanical interaction can be considered properly with relatively low computational cost compared to the finite element analysis. In the verification test, a cantilever beam with a surface-bonded piezoelectric wafer is forced to be in steady-state motion by exerting the harmonic driving voltage signal on the piezoelectric wafer. A laser scanning vibrometer is used to obtain the overall dynamic responses of the structure such as resonance frequencies, the associated mode shapes, and frequency response functions up to 20 kHz. Then, these dynamic responses from the test are compared to those computed by the spectral element analysis. A two-dimensional finite analysis is conducted to obtain the asymptotic solutions for the comparison purpose as well.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2002

This present study experimentally investigates the behavior of liquid and vapor phase of fuel mixtures with changing the in-cylinder air motion in an optically accessible engine. The conventional MPI/DOHC engine was modified to gasoline direct injection engine with swirl motion. The images of liquid and vapor phases were captured in the motoring operation condition using exciplex fluorescence method. Two dimensional spray fluorescence images of liquid and vapor phases were acquired to analyze spray behaviors and fuel distribution inside of cylinder respectively, In early injection timings $(BTDC\;270^{\circ},\;180^{\circ})$, tumble flow transported most of vapor phase to the lower region and the both sides of cylinder, so vapor phase didn't become uniform distribution up to the half of the compression stroke. In the case of swirl flow, the fuel mixture was confined near the swirl origin in upper region of cylinder. In late injection timings $(BTDC\;90^{\circ})$, tumble flow transported vapor phase to the intake valve and swirl flow to the exhaust valve.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 1990

Suspended materials during maritime construction works may cause surrounding environmental changes Therefore, it is important to know the behavior of the muddy water lumps caused by dropping soil in coastal areas. Two-dimensional behaviors of the muddy water moving along the inclined boundaries are investigated experimentally, which are the change of height, length, and moving velocity, the properties of movement at the head of muddy water, the coefficient of entrainment and shape, and the accumulation shape. The shape of the muddy water lumps was similar with the slope thermal. Therefore, the moving characteristics were found to be described using turbulence theory.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1997

This paper presents an approximate analytical solution to a two-region one-dimensional model for the charging process of stratified thermal storage tanks with variable inlet temperature in the presence of momentum-induced mixing. Based on the superposition principle, an arbitrary-varying inlet temperature is decomposed into inherent discontinuous steps and continuous intervals approximated as a finite number of piecewise linear functions. This approximation allows the temperature of the upper perfectly-mixed layer to be expressed in terms of constant, linear and exponential functions with respect to time. Applying the Laplace transform technique to the model equation for the lower thermocline layer subject to each of three representative interfacial conditions yields compact-form solutions, a linear combination of which constitutes the final temperature profile. A systematic method for deriving solutions to the plug-flow problem having polynomial-type boundary conditions is also established. The effect of adiabatic exit boundary on solution behaviors proves to be negligible under the actual working conditions, which justifies the assumption of semi-infinite domain introduced in the solution procedure. Finally, the approximate solution is validated by comparing it with an exact solution obtained for a specific variation of inlet temperature. Excellent agreements between them suffice to show the necessity and utility of this work.