• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.192-205
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• 2009

The unexpected wind over the Mt. Hwawang on 9 February 2009 was deadly when many spectators were watching a traditional event to burn dried grasses and the fire went out of control due to the wind. We analyzed the fatal wind based on wind flow simulations over a digitized complex terrain of the mountain with a localized heating area using a three dimensional computational fluid dynamics model, CFD_NIMR_SNU (Computational Fluid Dynamics_National Institute of Meteorological Research_Seoul National University). Three levels of fire intensity were simulated: no fire, $300^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$ of surface temperature at the site on fire. The surface heat accelerated vertical wind speed by as much as $0.7\;m\;s^{-1}$ (for $300^{\circ}C$) and $1.1\;m\;s^{-1}$ (for $600^{\circ}C$) at the center of the fire. Turbulent kinetic energy was increased by the heat itself and by the increased mechanical force, which in turn was generated by the thermal convection. The heating together with the complex terrain and strong boundary wind induced the unexpected high wind conditions with turbulence at the mountain. The CFD_NIMR_SNU model provided valuable analysis data to understand the consequences of the fatal mountain fire. It is suggested that the place of fire was calm at the time of the fire setting due to the elevated terrain of the windward side. The suppression of wind was easily reversed when there was fire, which caused updraft of hot air by the fire and the strong boundary wind. The strong boundary wind in conjunction with the fire event caused the strong turbulence, resulting in many fire casualties. The model can be utilized in turbulence forecasting over a small area due to surface fire in conjunction with a mesoscale weather model to help fire prevention at the field.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.162-175
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• 2002

To investigate smoke movement with radiation in a room fires, a numerical and experi-mental analysis were performed. In this paper, results from a field model based on a self-developed SMEP (Smoke Movement Estimating Program) were compared with Stockier's ex-periment and the experiments on various sized pool fires in a room with door The SMEP using PISO algorithm solves conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species, together with those for the modified k- $\varepsilon$ turbulence model with buoyancy term. Also it solves the radiation equation using the S-N discrete ordinates method (DOM). The result of the cal-culated smoke temperature considering radiation effect has shown good agreement compared with the experimental data, although there are large discrepancy in the hot smoke layer be-tween the temperature predicted by the SMEP with only convection effect and obtained by the experimental result. This large discrepancy is caused from the radiation effect of $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ gas under smoke productions. Hence the radiation effect under smoke in fire is the point to be specially considered in order to produce more realistic result.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.117-128
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• 2002

This paper describes the smoke filling process of a fire field model based on a self-deve-loped SMEP (Smoke Movement Estimating Program) code to the simulation of fire induced flows in the two types of atrium space containing a ceiling heat flux. The SMEP using PISO algorithm solves conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species, together with those for the modified k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model with buoyancy production term. Also it solves the radiation equation using the discrete ordinates method. Compressibility is assumed and the perfect gas law is used. Comparison of the calculated upper-layer average tempera-ture and smoke layer clear height with the zone models has shown reasonable agreement. The zone models used are the CFAST and the NBTC one-room. For atrium fires with ceiling glass the ceiling heat flux by solar heat causes a high smoke temperature near the ceiling. However, it has no effect on the smoke movement such as the smoke layer clear heights that are important in fire safety. In conclusion, the smoke layer clear heights that are important in evacuation activity except the early of a fire were not as sensitive as the smoke layer tem-perature to the nature of ceiling heat flux condition. Thus, a fire sensor in atrium with ceiling glass has to consider these phenomena.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.274-284
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• 1991

Mean flows and Reynolds stresses through circular and elliptic wire-mesh screens in the wind tunnel are measured by using the hot-wire system, and flow structures are investigated. Flow in the core of the wake are nearly uniform and the shear layer is developed along the edge of the screen The turbulent kinetic energy in the core decreases at the fast rate. However turbulence components are not in local equilibrium in the shear layer. The shear layer of the circular screen develops outward according to the radial mean motion. On the other hand, 3-dimensional transverse mean motion was turned to the main mechanism for the elliptic shape of the wake to be circular at the downstream.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2000

The present paper is Part 2 of three-part paper for an experimental study on breaking waves generated by a submerged cylinder. Measurements of velocity and head loss profiles at the wakes of cylinder and breaker as well as the turbulent intensities in breaking region were made to elucidate the viscous aspects of breaking waves. Their mutual correlation is also investigated. It is found that the head loss profile is an excellent indicator of the strength and extent of breaker. Very high turbulent intensities measured at and just downstream of the breaker indicate the consequence of energy transfer of wave breaking into turbulence.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.161-172
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• 2012

Three-dimensional numerical simulation using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was carried out in order to investigate the formation and dispersion of the plume discharged from the stack of a thermal power station. The simulation was based on the standard ${\kappa}{\sim}{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and a finite-volume method. Warm and moist exhaust from a power plant stack forms a visible plume as entering the cold ambient air. In the simulation, moisture content, emission velocity and temperature of the flue gas, air temperature and wind speed were dealt with the main parameters to analyze the properties of the plume composed mainly of water vapor. As a result of the simulation, the plume could be more apparent in cold winter due to a big difference of latent heat capacity. At no wind condition, the white plume rises 120 m upward from the top of the stack, and expands to 40 m around from the stack in cold winter after flue gas heat recovery. The influencing distance of relative humidity will be about 100 m to 400 m downstream from the stack with a cross wind effect. The decrease of flue gas temperature by heat recovery of thermal energy facilitates the formation of the plume and restrains its dispersion. Wind speed with vertical distribution affects the plume dispersion as well as the density.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1016-1021
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• 2004

The need for developing a mathematical model for pad-pivot friction in tilting pad proceeding bearings has been well-recognized, since previous experimental work about the performances of the bearings hypothesized that the friction in the bearings is closely related to their performances. Especially, the sliding friction between pad and pivot in the ball and socket type of the bearings can influence the performance of the bearing. We propose a mathematical model for pad-pivot friction in the ball and socket type, which considers the geometrics of the pad and pivot of the bearings, by assuming the sliding friction in the ball and socket bearing as Coulomb friction. By utilizing the proposed model for pad-pivot friction, we show the analysis of Reynolds equation and energy equation, which explain the thermo-hydrodynamic characteristics of tilting pad proceeding bearings, by taking into account the turbulence and inlet pressure building as well. The results of the study show that the performance of titling-pad proceeding bearings can be greatly influenced by the pad-pivot friction. In particular, we have shown that the analysis of the pad-pivot friction is useful to explain the static proceeding loci and the dynamic characteristics of the ball and socket type of the bearings. Furthermore, for a given operating condition, we can obtain various equilibrium states which satisfy the static equilibrium conditions, by considering the pad-pivot friction.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1971-1978
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• 1992

A turbulent flow in a conical diffuser with total divergence angle of 8.deg. was numerically studied. The low Reynolds number k-.epsilon. model(Launder-Sharma model) was adopted to simulate the turbulence. The continuity and time averaged Navier-Stokes equations in a nonorthogonal coordinate system were solved by a finite volume method based on the fully elliptic formulation. The low Reynolds number k-.epsilon. model reasonably simulates the pressure recovery and the mean velocity components. However, there are also considerable discrepancies between predicted and measured shear stress distribution on the wall and turbulent kinetic energy distributions. It is necessary to investigate the flow structure at the entry of the diffuser, numerically as well as experimentally.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.600-618
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• 2014

The metadata for urban meteorological observation is standardized through comparison with those established at the World Meteorological Organization and the Korea Meteorological Administration to understand the surrounding environment around the sites exactly and maintain the networks and sites efficiently. It categorizes into metadata for an observational network and observational sites. The latter is again divided into the metadata for station general information, local scale information, micro scale information, and visual information in order to explain urban environment in detail. The metadata also contains the static information such as urban structure, surface cover, metabolism, communication, building density, roof type, moisture/heat sources, and traffic as well as the update information on the environment change, maintenance, replacement, and/or calibration of sensors. The standardized metadata for urban meteorological observation is applied to the Weather Information Service Engine (WISE) integrated meteorological sensor network and sites installed at Incheon area. It will be very useful for site manager as well as researchers in fields of urban meteorology, radiation, surface energy balance, anthropogenic heat, turbulence, heat storage, and boundary layer processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.32-37
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• 2016

In this study, the mixing process of two distinct flow is numerically investigated. Two flow with different physical properties (resin and hardener) are mixed through the opposing mixing jets. At a high pressure mixing process, the high speed flow is provided by two in-line nozzles. In the case of numerical modeling, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) is conducted to model the flow pattern inside the chamber. Additionally, SST k-omega turbulence model is selected to predict the kinetic energy of flow in impingement zone. The results show that mixing of two distinct flows would be efficient if the velocity of jet is high enough and nozzle diameter is a predominant parameter. Also, this velocity would create higher shear stress between two distinct flows which increases the mixing quality as well as strength of formed vortices. Eventually, the histogram of concentration fraction of resin is examined in order to show the quality of mixing and the range of concentration fractions in the output of chamber.