• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1991

A total of 2,024 quarters of 515 dairy cattle in Kangweon area were examined for incidence of subclinical mastitis. Milk samples from cattle infected with subclinical mastitis were studied bacteriologically and the bacterial strains isolated were further examined for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial agents. And the status of carrying out the mastitis control program in 28 dairy farms was examined. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1. A total of 308(59.8%) of 515 cattle and 656(32.4%) of 2,024 quarters were found to be infected with subclinical mastitis. 2. The 277 strains of etiological agents were isolated from 358 subclinical quarters. These were identified as Staphylococcus aureus(14.4%), other staphylococci(36.5%), Streptoccus agalatiae(8.7%), other streptococci(30.7%), Bacillus spp.(1.8%), Corynebacterium spp.(1.4%) and coliform(0.7%). 3. The 109 strains of streptococci and 141 strains of staphylococci were examined for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial agents. All the strains of streptococci were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin and cephalothin, and they were also sensitive to erythromycin(88.1%), clindamycin(83.5%), enrofloxacin(75.2%), trimethoprim＋sulfamethoxazole(67.9%), The strains of staphylococci were sensitive to cephalothin(97.2%), gentamicin(83.0%). enroflozacin(80.9%), trimethoprim＋sulfamethoxazole(78.0%), erythromycin(71.6%) and clindamycin(71.6%). But all the strains resisted to colistin. 4. In the 28 dairy farms examined, condition of udder before washing was dirty in most of the farms (89.7%). Hygiene of milking equipment was only good in the 5 farms(17.9%). Teat preparation before milking was good in the 6 farms(21.4%). The farms in which teat dipping after milking was conducted were 46.4%. Dry cow treatment for the complete herd was carried out in most of the farms(89.3%) but mastitis checking was only carried out in the 8 farms(28.6%) irregularly.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2015

Purpose: Burkholderia cepacia is an aerobic, glucose-non-fermenting, gram-negative bacillus that mainly affects immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. Burkholderia cepacia has high levels of resistance to many antimicrobial agents, and therapeutic options are limited. The authors sought to analyze the incidence, clinical manifestation, risk factors, antimicrobial sensitivity and outcomes of B. cepacia urinary tract infection (UTI) in pediatric patients. Methods: Pediatric patients with urine culture-proven B. cepacia UTI between January 2000 and December 2014 at Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea, were included in a retrospective analysis of medical records. Results: Over 14 years, 14 patients (male-to-female ratio of 1:1) were diagnosed with B. cepacia UTI. Of 14 patients with UTI, 11 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, and a bladder catheter was present in 9 patients when urine culture was positive for B. cepacia. Patients had multiple predisposing factors for UTI, including double-J catheter insertion (14.2%), vesico-ureteral reflux (28.6%), congenital heart disease (28.6%), or malignancy (21.4%). Burkholderia cepacia isolates were sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and resistant to amikacin and colistin. Treatment with parenteral or oral antimicrobial agents including piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, meropenem, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resulted in complete recovery from UTI. Conclusion: Burkholderia cepacia may be a causative pathogen for nosocomial UTI in pediatric patients with predisposing factors, and appropriate selection of antimicrobial therapy is necessary because of high levels of resistance to empirical therapy, including aminoglycosides.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2010

A 2-year-old female Pomeranian dog was referred with multiple pelvic fractures. The surgical correction was performed for the fractures. However, after the surgery, purulent exudation was occurred in the surgical site. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that the isolated bacteria are resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Bacterial identification and extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL) confirming test indicated that the isolated bacteriae is ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests revealed that meropenem, one of carbapenems, is the only effective antibiotic. The patient was treated with meropenem for 5 days. After 10 days, the exudation was disappeared and the infection was cured. The molecular typing of the ESBL revealed that TEM-1 ESBL is present in the bacteria isolated from the patient. The bacteria isolated from the owner's palm also revealed that TEM-1 and SHV-1 ESBLs are present.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2009

The susceptibilities of major enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains to antimicrobial agents and the cytotoxicity of these agents were examined using a total of 38 strains of E. coli O26, O111, and O157, which are the major serogroups of EHEC. Among the 38 strains, 35, 36, and 36 were susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and norfloxacin, respectively. These antimicrobial agents were further examined to determine their cytotoxicity on Vero cells as well as their effect on the release of Shiga toxins along with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Each of the E. coli O26, O111, and O157 strains containing both the stx1 and stx2 genes were grown in the absence or presence of these agents at 1/4 minimal inhibitory concentration for 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h. At the concentrations used in this study, none of the agents significantly altered cell count compared with the control group. The level of cytotoxicity in the imipenem group was lower at 12 hand 18 h than their respective controls. In contrast, the level of cytotoxicity in cultures treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, and amikacin was increased. The strains were also examined for the release of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 following treatment with the agents, which were measured by the reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) method. The RPLA assay showed a suppression of release of Shiga toxin 2 in the strain cultures containing imipenem. These results indicate that imipenem may be a safe and effective agent for inhibition of these bacteria, which has clinical implications for the treatment of EHEC infections.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.507-516
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• 1994

The purposes of this investigations were survey of the occurred bacterial diseases, development of new animal health drug, guidance to formers on the treatment and control methods of diseases. Some series of investigations have been carried out by microbiological, pathological and serological examinations. The results could be summarized as follows. 1. A total of 953 cases of outbreaked swine diseases have been diagnosed in Clinical pathology laboratories, Bayer Vet Res Institute during 8 years (from 1986 to 1993). The high incidence diseases were colibacillosis, pleuropneumonia, streptococcal infection and pasteurellosis in decreasing order. 2. Pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was the most important respiratory diseases and pasteurellosis by Pasteurella multocide could be confirmed in several cases. 3. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 50 strains were isolated and identified by biochemical and serological tests. In serotyping test, 22 isolated strains were serotype 5, 21 strains as serotype 2, each 2 strains as serotype 3 and 7 by the coagglutination test. 4. Colibacillosis and edema discase caused by Escherichia coli has been the most predominant outbreaked disease in this investigations. The 100 isolates of E coli strains were sensitive to amikacin, colistin, enrofloxacin, gentamycin and trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole. 5. Swine erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was confirmed 25 cases as acute septicemic forms. Isolates of E rhusiopathiae were highly sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, enrofloxcin, penicillin and tetracycline. 6. The 49 cases of hemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis in piglets were observed and 13 strains of Clostridium perfringens could be isolated and confirmed by biological and serological test. Isolates of Clostridium perfringens type C were highly sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, enrofloxacin, penicillin and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. 7. The 14 strains of Streptococcus suis type II could be isolated from meningitis of piplets. 8. Polyserositis caused by Haemophilus parasuis and salmonellosis were observed and confirmed. Also Corynebacterial infections and several parasitosis have been also observed in this investigations.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.254-257
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• 2011

A 2-year-old bearded dragon was referred to the Veterinary Medical Center at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University with reduced activity and anorexia. On fecal examination, over growth of a bacteria and the proliferation of a yeast-like organism were found. The patient diagnosed with enteritis. By using fungal cultures and molecular typing, the yeast was identified as Pichia (P.) burtonii. The bearded dragon was treated with oral ketoconazole and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. After 3 days, the dragon was recovered and fecal examination showed that the yeast had disappeared from the feces. The strain P. burtonii is supposed opportunistic pathogen in bearded dragon with enteritis according to its reports in a human. This report is the first paper about overgrowth of P. burtonii in a bearded dragon.

• Korean Journal of Transplantation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.92-103
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• 2018

Background: Currently, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is used for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis, but it is associated with frequent adverse effects. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the current protocol and proposes an individualized risk-based prophylaxis protocol. Methods: The PJP incidence and risk factors during the first 6 months (early PJP) and afterwards (late PJP) was assessed in renal transplant recipients with (prophylaxis group) and without (no-prophylaxis group) 6-month PJP prophylaxis. Results: In 578 patients, there were 39 cases of PJP during a median follow-up of 51 months. Renal adverse events were encountered frequently during trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis, leading to premature discontinuation. Patients without the prophylaxis had a significantly higher incidence of early PJP (n=27, 6.6%) compared to patients with the prophylaxis (n=0). The incidence of late PJP was 2.2%, without between-group differences. The factors associated with early PJP were preoperative desensitization and acute rejection within 1 month, whereas late PJP was associated with age, deceased donor transplant, and acute rejection requiring antithymocyte globulin treatment. Conclusions: Based on the simulation results of several risk-based scenarios, the authors recommend universal prophylaxis up to 6 months post-transplant and extended selective prophylaxis in patients aged ${\geq}57$ years and those with a transplant from deceased donors.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.393-398
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• 2023

We identified mastitis-causing pathogens using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) in an organic dairy farm and evaluated the effects of antimicrobial restriction on antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 43 Holstein cows without any clinical sign of mastitis were used in this study, and 172 quarter milk samples were cultured on blood agar plates for 24 hours at 37℃. Subsequently, bacterial species were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. The subclinical mastitis infection rates in the cows and quarters were 58.1% (25/43) and 25.6% (44/172), respectively. In the species identification, Staphylococcus aureus (40.9%) was the most prominent isolate, followed by S. chromogenes (22.7%), S. epidermis (18.2%), S. simulans (11.4%), S. haemolyticus (2.3%), S. muscae (2.3%), and S. xylosus (2.3%). In the antimicrobial susceptibility test, all isolates were 100% susceptible to 24 of 28 antibiotics, except for benzylpenicillin, cefalotin, cefpodoxime, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The resistance rates of S. aureus, S. chromogenes, and S. muscae isolates to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were 27.8%, 10%, and 100%, respectively, and the resistance rates of S. epidermis and S. xylosus to benzylpenicillin were 50% and 100%, respectively. S. chromogenes, S. epidermis, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, and S. xylosus were resistant to cefalotin and cefpodoxime. In conclusion, restrictions on antimicrobial use for organic dairy farm certification have resulted in a high Staphylococcus spp. infection rate. Therefore, our study indicates the importance of mastitis management strategies implemented by farmers together with veterinary practitioners, even if mastitis does not appear clinically in organic dairy farms.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.346-353
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• 2002

Purpose : Penicillin- and multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae poses a serious threat to clinicians because the rate of resistance of S. pneumoniae to penicillin in Korea has surged up to the world's highest level. This study was performed to assess the carriage rate, serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae isolated from oropharynx in children. Methods : From March to July 1998, 209 children under 5 years of age were recruited from five day care centers. The carriage rate for pneumococci was obtained. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined with the E-test and agar dilution methods. Serogrouping was performed on 48 of the pneumococcal isolates by the Quellung reaction. Results : The carriage rate of S. pneumoniae was 30.1%. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were available for 59 of the isolates. Sixty-six percent of isolates were not susceptible to penicillin, and multidrug-resistance was observed in 76.3% of the isolates. A high proportion of the penicillin-resistant strains showed associated resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, erythromycin, and oxacillin. The most prevalent oropharyngeal serogroups were 19, 6, 3, 23, and 29. Resistance of the pneumococcal isolates to penicillin was different according to the serogroups. All of the strains of serogroup 19, 23, and 29 was resistant to penicillin but 87.5% of serogroup 3 strains were susceptible to penicillin. Conclusion : The resistance rate of S. pneumoniae isolated from oropharynx in children was very high to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. For the reduction of the drug-resistant rate of S. pneumoniae, clinicians should be required to be more judicious in their use of antimicrobial agents.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1055-1063
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• 2018

The aim of study was to investigate the correlation between the level of 17 antibiotic residues and 6 antibiotic resistances of Escherichia coli isolates in chicken meats. A total of 58 chicken meats were collected from retail grocery stores in five provinces in Korea. The total detection rate of antibiotic residues was 45% (26 out of 58). Ten out of 17 antibiotics were detected in chicken meats. None of the antibiotics exceeded the maximum residue level (MRLs) in chicken established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). The most detected antibiotics were amoxicillin (15.5%), followed by enrofloxacin (12.1%) and sulfamethoxazole (10.3%). In a total of 58 chicken meats, 51 E. coli strains were isolated. E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (75%), followed by tetracycline (69%), ciprofloxacin (65%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (41%), ceftiofur (22%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (12%). The results of study showed basic information on relationship between antibiotic residue and resistance for 6 compounds in 13 chicken samples. Further investigation on the antibiotic resistance patterns of various bacteria species is needed to improve food safety.