• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.354-360
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• 2018

This study presents a method validation for extraction and quantitative analysis of trichothecene mycotoxins in nuts based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach for extraction and enhanced matrix removal (EMR)-lipid-disperive-SPE (d-SPE) cleanup method, with detection and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive- and negative-ion modes. Linearity, precision, and accuracy were validated for LC-MS/MS methods. Results obtained with LC-MS/MS were linear, with correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of 0.998. Limits of detection and quantification for mycotoxins were $0.41-3.57{\mu}g/kg$ and $1.23-10.82{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD, %) were 0.40-8.44% and 1.93-12.46%, respectively. Results indicated to be rapidly and accurately identifying trichothecene mycotoxins and may be used as a suitable safety management method for nuts and nuts related commodities.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2011

The filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum is an important cereal pathogen. Although quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR) is commonly used to analyze the expression of important fungal genes, no detailed validation of reference genes for the normalization of qRT-PCR data has been performed in this fungus. Here, we evaluated 15 candidate genes as references, including those previously described as housekeeping genes and those selected from the whole transcriptome sequencing data. By a combination of three statistical algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder), the variation in the expression of these genes was assessed under different culture conditions that favored mycelial growth, sexual development, and trichothecene mycotoxin production. When favoring mycelial growth, GzFLO and GzUBH expression were most stable in complete medium. Both EF1A and GzRPS16 expression were relatively stable under all conditions on carrot agar, including mycelial growth and the subsequent perithecial induction stage. These two genes were also most stable during trichothecene production. For the combined data set, GzUBH and EF1A were selected as the most stable. Thus, these genes are suitable reference genes for accurate normalization of qRT-PCR data for gene expression analyses of F. graminearum and other related fungi.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

식품과 사료에서 곰팡이독소 오염은 세계적으로 중요한 문제이다. 곰팡이독소는 곰팡이의 이차대사산물로서 인축중독증을 야기하며 경제적인 손실을 초래한다. Aflatoxin, ergot alkaloid, fumonisin, ochratoxin, tremorgenic toxin, trichothecene 및 zearalenone 등이 식품과 사료에서 흘러 발생하는 곰팡이독소이다. 어떤 곰팡이는 하나 이상의 곰팡이독소를 생산하고, 또 어떤 곰팡이독소는 여러 종의 곰팡이에서 생성되기 때문에 여러 곰팡이독소가 함께 발견된다. 곰팡이독소의 발생에 영향을 끼치는 요인으로는 인위적으로 조절할 수 있는 보관과 환경적 조건도 포함된다. 기후와 같은 비본질적인 요인, 진균류의 계통 특이성 및 계통 변이와 같은 본질적인 요인 및 독소발생의 불안정성은 조절하기 어렵다. 곰팡이독소는 한 종의 동물에 있어서의 감수성과 종에 의존하며 인간에게 갖가지의 만성적 또는 급성적인 영향을 미친다. 그러나 반추동물은 곰팡이독소에 저항력을 가지고 있으며, 이는 반추동물의 위에 존재하는 미생물들이 곰팡이독소의 활성을 억제할 수 있기 때문이다. 곰팡이독소 피해의 경제적인 파급효과는 인축의 수명 단축, 축산물 생산감소, 오염된 식량과 사료의 처리 및 곰팡이독소의 문제점 해결을 위한 연구비용 등을 포함한다. 곰팡이독소 피해감소를 위한 국제적인 노력이 계속 진행되고 있지만 최근에 World Trade Organization이 발효되면서 동 식물이 지역간 자유로운 이동으로 곰팡이독소 피해 경감대책뿐만 아니라 피해측정이 어려워지고 있다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2010

We performed diagnostic PCR assays and a phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of TEF1 (translation elongation factor-1) to determine the trichothecene chemotypes and genetic diversity of F. graminearum isolates from maize and rice samples collected in 2009 in Korea. PCR using a species-specific primer set revealed a total of 324 isolates belonging to the putative F. graminearum species complex. PCR with trichothecene chemotypespecific primers revealed that the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype was predominant among the fungal isolates from rice (95%) in all provinces examined. In contrast, the predominant chemotype among the corn isolates varied according to region. The deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotype was found more frequently (66%) than the NIV chemotype in Gangwon Province, whereas the NIV chemotype (70%) was predominant in Chungbuk Province. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all DON isolates examined were clustered into lineage 7, while the NIV isolates resided within lineage 6 (F. asiaticum). Compared with previous studies, the lineage 6 isolates in rice have been predominantly maintained in southern provinces, while the dominance of lineage 7 in maize has been evident in Gangwon at a slightly reduced level.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.73-73
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• 1996

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.97.2-98
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• 2002

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.320.3-321
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• 2002

Nuclear factor ${\kappa}$B (NF-${\kappa}$B) represents a family of eukaryotic transcription factors participating in the regulation of various cellular genes. Since aberrant regulation of NF-${\kappa}$B has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including inflammation. asthma. atherosclerosis. AIDS. septic shock. arthritis, and cancer. this transcription factor has been shown to be an interesting target of new drug discovery. (omitted)

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.949-955
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• 2009

Mucosal epithelia sense external stress signals and transmit them to the intracellular cascade responses. Ribotoxic stress-producing chemicals such as deoxynivalenol (DON) or other trichothecene mycotoxins have been linked with gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases by Fusarium-contamination. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that DON evokes the epithelial sentinel signals of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and early growth response gene 1 (EGR-1), which together contribute to the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) in human intestinal epithelial cells. PKR suppression by the dominant negative PKR expression attenuated DON-stimulated interleukin-8 production. Moreover, 1L-8 transcriptional activation by DON was also reduced by PKR inhibition in the human intestinal epithelial cells. Treatment with the PKR inhibitor also suppressed EGR-1 promoter activity, mRNA and protein induction, although mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases such as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2, p38, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (INK) were little affected or even enhanced in presence of a PKR inhibitor. These patterns were also compared in the EGR-1-suppressed cells, which showed much more suppressed production of 1L-8. All things taken into consideration, DON-activated sentinel signals of EGR-1 via PKR mediated interleukin-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells, which provide insight into the possible general mechanism associated with mucosal inflammation as an intestinal toxic insult by ribotoxic trichothecene mycotoxins.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2015

Podostroma cornu-damae is a rare species of fungus belonging to the Hyocreaceae family. Its fruit body is highly toxic, as it contains trichothecene mycotoxins. The morphology is similar to that of immature Ganoderma lucidum, making identification difficult for non-experts. We experienced such a case of a 56- year-old male who picked and consumed podostroma cornu-damae, and consumed. Later that day, he developed digestive system symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. He presented to the emergency room (ER), there were no abnormal physical findings, symptoms improved after gastric lavage, and the patient voluntarily discharged himself on the same day. The following day, as the symptoms gradually deteriorated, he was admitted via the ER. He was presented with severe pancytopenia, alopecia, desquamation of skin, and acute renal failure. He recovered without any complications after conservative care, antibiotics therapy, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor administration. The most commonly reported complications of podostroma cornu-damae intoxication were reported pancytopenia, infection, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute renal failure, etc. since Prevention is especially important because its toxicity can be lethal and there is no particular treatment to date, prevention is especially important. Promotion and education for the public are needed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.123.2-124
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• 2003

Fusarium graminearum (telomorph：Gibberella zeae), an important fungal pathogen of cereal crops with ubiquitous geographic distribution, produces mycotoxins on diseased crops that has threaten human and animal health. Recently severe epidemics of scab diseases of barley and rice by this fungus occurred in Korea, causing serious economic losses. To determine genetic diversity of F. graminearum from rice in Korea, a total of 269 isolates were obtained from Southern part of Korea during 2001-2002. A phylogenetic tree of the isolates was constructed by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Population structure of the rice isolates consists of a single lineage (lineage 6). Frequency of female fertility among these Isolates was relatively low (37％) compared to that among lineage 7 isolates from Korean corn. PCR amplification using chemotype specific primers derived from Tri7 and Tri13 genes at the trichothecene biosynthesis gene cluster revealed that most isolates (260) were NIV chemotype；9 isolates were identified as DON chemotype by Tri13 but as either NIV chemotype or unknown by Tri7. The result of chemical analysis also supported the chemotype determination；all of the NIV chemotype isolates produced NIV, whereas the 9 isolates produce either DON or no toxin.