• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.588-597
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• 2004

In this research, we investigated the variation of transmembrane pressure and permeate water quality with pre coagulation and sedimentation with iron based coagulant and chlorination of feed water for PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) based MF membrane filtration. NaCIO was fed to the membrane module with dosage of 0.5mg/L and maintained during filtration. To observe the effect of raw water, three types of raw and processed waters, including river surface water, coagulated water and coagulated-settled water, were applied. In case of river surface water, the transmembrane pressure increased drastically in 500 hours of operation. On the contrary, no significant increase in transmembrane pressure was observed for 1,200 hours of operation for coagulated water and coagulated-settled waters. The turbidity of permeate was lower than a detection limit of equipment for all raw waters. The removal efficiency of humic substances of coagulated water and coagulated-settled water was approximate ten times of that of surface river water. And, the removal efficiency of TOC and DOC was approximate two times of that of surface river water. From the results of plant operation, stable operation was maintained at $0.9m^3/m^2{\cdot}day$ filtration flux through the combination of pre-coagulation and pre-chlorination. However, the water quality of permeate was the best when pre-coagulation-sedimentation process was combined with pre-chlorination.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.181-181
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• 1996

The (Na, K) ATPase is a membrane ion transporting ATPase composed of an ${\alpha}$ catalytic subunit and a ${\beta}$ glycoprotein subunit. The topology of the rat ${\alpha}$1 and ${\beta}$1 subunits has been studied by insertion of epitope(s) : at the NH2-terminus and COOH-terminus and between Glu117 and Glul18, Lys828 and Arg829, Gln900 and Trp901, and Va1939 and Phe940 of the ${\alpha}$ subunit; and at the NH2-terminus and COOH-terminus and between Glu228 and Tyr229 of the ${\beta}$ subunit. The epitope-tagged ${\alpha}$l, constructs were expressed in HeLa cells to select for stable cell lines expressing a functional (Na, K)ATPase. All constructs, except for the one tagged between Gln900 and Trp901, resulted in ouabain-resistant colonies indicating that modified proteins retained functional integrity. The epitope-tagged ${\beta}$ constructs were transiently expressed in Cos-7 cells. The orientation of the epitopes with respect to the cell membrane was revealed by indirect immunofluorescence performed on permeabilized and non-permeabilized cells expressing the (Na, K)ATPase chains. The results indicate that the ${\alpha}$ subunit has 4 transmembrane segments in the COOH terminal membrane bound domain between residues 760 and 938, and that both the NH2-terminus and the COOH-terminus are in the cytosol; it was not determined whether there are more transmembrane segments between residue 938 and the COOH-terminus. The ${\beta}$ subunit has only one transmembrane spanning region with the NH2-terminus in the cytosol and the COOH-terminus on the extracytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.412-417
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• 2006

We examined the intracellular localization of NS5 protein of Dendrolimus punctatus cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (DpCPV) by expressing NS5-GFP fusion protein and proteins from deletion mutants of NS5 in baculovirus recombinant infected insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells. It was found that the NS5 protein was present at the plasma membrane of the cells, and that the N-terminal portion of the protein played a key role in the localization. A transmembrane region was identified to be present in the N-terminal portion of the protein, and the detailed transmembrane domain (SQIHMVWVKSGLVFF, 57-71aa) of N-terminal portion of NS5 was further determined, which was accorded with the predicted results, these findings suggested that NS5 might have an important function in viral life cycle.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2009

Kawasaki disease (KD) is believed to be infectious but etiology and the mechanism of development remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between transmembrane channel-like 1 (TMC1) gene and KD. One hundred nine KD patients and 424 normal controls were enrolled. Of all KD patients, 34 developed coronary artery lesions (CALs). Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within TMC1 gene were selected and SNP genotyping was performed by the direct sequencing. Genotype frequencies were analyzed with the SNPAnalyzer, Helixtree, and SNPStats programs. In the present study, six SNPs (rs7851577, rs10781105, rs2589615, rs1663743, rs1373628, and rs1373626) were significantly associated with the risk of KD. In further haplotype analysis, one haplotype (CGGACCCT) showed a significant association between KD and control groups. These results suggest that TMC1 gene may be a susceptibility gene for KD in Korean population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3713-3716
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• 2012

Objective: Transmembrane protein 166 (TMEM166) expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and remote normal esophageal tissues was examined to assess any role in tumour biology. Methods: TMEM166 mRNA expression in 36 cases with ESCC (36 tumour samples, 36 remote normal esophageal tissue samples) was detected by RT-PCR. TMEM166 protein expression was analysed in paraffin-embedded tissue samples from the same cases by immunohistochemistry. Results: Semi-quantitative analysis showed TMEM166 mRNA expression in ESCCs to be significantly lower than in remote normal esophageal tissues ($0.759{\pm}0.713$ vs. $2.622{\pm}1.690$, P=0.014). TMEM166 protein expression was also significantly reduced (69.4% vs. 94.4%, P<0.01). Conclusion: TMEM166 mRNA and protein expression demonstrated significant reduction in ESCCs compared with remote esophageal tissues, albeit with no correlation with tumour size, differentiation, stage, and lymph node metastasis, suggesting a role in regulating autophagic and apoptotic processes in the ESCC.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 1996

To investigate whether human $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor devoid of the C-terminal two transmembrane helices retain its ligand binding activity and specificity, 5'780-bp DNA fragment of the receptor gene which encodes amino acid 1-260 of human $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor was subcloned into the bacterial fusion protein expression vector and expressed as a form of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein in E. coli DH5$\alpha$. The receptor fusion protein was expressed as a membrane bound form which was verified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The fusion protein expressed in this study specifically bound $\beta$-adrenergic receptor ligand [$^3$H] Dihydroalprenolol. In saturation ligand binding assay, the $K_{d}$ value was 7.6 nM which was similar to that of intact $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor in normal animal tissue ( $K_{d}$=1~2 nM) and the $B_{max}$ value was 266 fmol/mg membrane protein. In competition binding assay, the order of binding affinity of various adrenergic receptor agonists to the fusion protein was isoproterenol》epinephrine norepinephrine, which was similar to that of intact receptor in normal animal tissue. These results suggest that N-terminal five transmembrane helices of the $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor be sufficient to determine the ligand binding activity and specificity, irrespective of the presence or absence of the C-terminal two transmembrane helices.s.s.s.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2741-2744
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• 2016

The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) is a novel family of genes first reported at international level by Peking University Human Disease Gene Research Center. The gene products act between chemokines and the transmembrane-4 superfamily. Located in several human chromosomes, the CMTMs CKLF and CMTM1 to CMTM8 may be unregulated in tumors and act as potential tumor suppressor genes with important roles in the immune, male reproductive and hematopoietic systems. In-depth studies in recent years established a close relation between CMTMs and tumorigenesis and metastasis. The CMTM family has a significant clinical value in diagnosis and treatment of diseases linked to tumors and the immune system.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.877-887
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• 2016

Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) is a retinoic acid-inducible protein that is considered a putative tumor suppressor. The expression of TIG1 is decreased in malignant prostate carcinoma or poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma, but TIG1 is present in benign or well-differentiated tumors. Ectopic TIG1 expression led to suppression of growth in cancer cells. However, the function of TIG1 in cell differentiation is still unknown. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we found that transmembrane protein 192 (TMEM192) interacted with TIG1. We also found that both TIG1A and TIG1B isoforms interacted and co-localized with TMEM192 in HtTA cervical cancer cells. The expression of TIG1 induced the expression of autophagy-related proteins, including Beclin-1 and LC-3B. The silencing of TMEM192 reduced the TIG1-mediated upregulation of autophagic activity. Furthermore, silencing of either TIG1 or TMEM192 led to alleviation of the upregulation of autophagy induced by all-trans retinoic acid. Our results demonstrate that the expression of TIG1 leads to cell autophagy through TMEM192. Our study also suggests that TIG1 and TMEM192 play an important role in the all-trans retinoic acid-mediated upregulation of autophagic activity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2008

A monoclonal antibody against Toxoplasma gondii of Tg556 clone (Tg556) blotted a 29 kDa protein, which was localized in the dense granules of tachyzoites and secreted into the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) after infection to host cells. A cDNA fragment encoding the protein was obtained by screening a T. gondii cDNA expression library with Tg556, and the full-length was completed by 5'-RACE of 2,086 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 669 bp. The ORF encoded a polypeptide of 222 amino acids homologous to the revised GRA3 but not to the first reported one. The polypeptide has 3 hydrophobic moieties of an N-terminal stop transfer sequence and 2 transmembrane domains (TMD) in posterior half of the sequence, a cytoplasmic localization motif after the second TMD and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrival motif in the C-terminal end, which suggests GRA3 as a type III transmembrane protein. With the ORF of GRA3, yeast two-hybrid assay was performed in HeLa cDNA expression library, which resulted in the interaction of GRA3 with calcium modulating ligand (CAMLG), a type II transmembrane protein of ER. The specific binding of GRA3 and CAMLG was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. The localities of fluorescence transfectionally expressed from GRA3 and CAMLG plasmids were overlapped completely in HeLa cell cytoplasm. In immunofluorescence assay, GRA3 and CAMLG were shown to be co-localized in the PVM of host cells. Structural binding of PVM-inserted GRA3 to CAMLG of ER suggested the receptor-ligand of ER recruitment to PVM during the parasitism of T. gondii.

• Clean Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 1999

Separation characteristics of cutting oil-in-water emulsions were studied experimentally by using various kinds of flat-type microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. For ultrafiltration membranes the permeation behavior of cutting oil emulsions obeys the film model, whereas a significant deviation from the model was observed for ASYPOR microfiltration membranes. The experimental data obtained for all the membranes showed that the effect of operating pressure on the permeation flux of oil-in-water emulsions is not very significant. At low transmembrane pressures the permeation flux decreased gradually with increasing filtration time, whereas the permeation flux at high transmembrane pressures decreased steeply for early filtration time. However, every flux eventually reached a constant value that depends only on the applied transmembrane pressure. For the hydrophobic polycarbonate microfiltration membrane the permeation flux increased with the filtration time. The critical permeation pressures were also determined from the data obtained from unstirred cell experiments.