• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2018

Background: The process of language translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of tools for use in multiple countries requires the adoption of well-established, comprehensive, and rigorous methodological approaches. Back translation, which is the most recommended method, permits the detection of errors in the translation and the identification of words or phrases that cannot be accurately or literally translated. Objects: The aim of this study was to verify the content validity of a Korean version of a Balance Evaluation Systems test (BESTest) by using a back-translation method. Methods: This research was conducted in six steps: 1) translation of the BESTest into Korean, 2) evaluation of the translation conformity of Korean-translated BESTest, 3) evaluation of the degree of translation comprehension, 4) back translation of Korean BESTest, 5) evaluation of the technical and conceptual equivalence, and 6) completion of the Korean version of BESTest by the translation verification committee. Results: In this study, Korean version of the BESTest achieved a rating of more than 3 (moderate) for translation comprehension, and technical equivalence and conceptual equivalence of back translation were evaluated as 3 (moderate) or more. Conclusion: The Korean version of the BESTest has proven content validity and is an appropriate tool to measure balance function.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2022

본 연구는 『그 많던 싱아는 누가 다 먹었을까』 중국어 번역본 4종의 번역 전략에 대해 분석하였다. 주지하듯, 박완서의 작품은 인물의 심리 묘사, 추상적인 어휘, 관용어, 속담, 방언 등이 많아 중국어로 번역할 때 이역, 해석역, 창조역 등 다양한 번역 전략이 요구된다. 본고에서 연구한 4종 모두 번역자에 따라 다소 상이하긴 하지만 모든 번역 전략을 복합적으로 활용하였다. 연구결과 4종 모두 지명 명사, 인물 호칭 등을 번역할 시에는 한자어를 활용한 이역 전략을 많이 활용하였다. 역사·사회·문화·지리의 배경적 해석이 필요한 어휘 등에 대한 번역은 해석역 전략을 사용하였으며, 중복, 정치·역사적으로 민감한 문제, 한국어 발음 및 문법과 관련된 문제 등을 번역할 때는 창조역 전략을 활용하였다.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2022

This study analyzed the translation error factors of machine translation services such as Naver Papago and Google Translate through Self-Attention path visualization. Self-Attention is a key method of the Transformer and BERT NLP models and recently widely used in machine translation. We propose a method to explain translation error factors of machine translation algorithms by comparison the Self-Attention paths between ST(source text) and ST'(transformed ST) of which meaning is not changed, but the translation output is more accurate. Through this method, it is possible to gain explainability to analyze a machine translation algorithm's inside process, which is invisible like a black box. In our experiment, it was possible to explore the factors that caused translation errors by analyzing the difference in key word's attention path. The study used the XLM-RoBERTa multilingual NLP model provided by exBERT for Self-Attention visualization, and it was applied to two examples of Korean-Chinese and Korean-English translations.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제15호
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• pp.355-387
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to decide Korean translation and the copying period of "Korean Translation of " and to look all around their characteristics in different versions carefully until now. The "Korean Translation" is a collection of Korean-translated romance and love stories excavated by a professor Kim,Il Geun, and there is not a little meaning in the context of novel history in the point of view of 'Korean translation of a court possession'. Arranging conclusion of the study generally, it is as follows. (1) Considering phonological phenomena, grammar and vocabulary in the study of Korean language, it is presumed that they would be translated into Korean and copied between the regime period of the King Sukjong and the regime period of the King Yungjo in the Joseon Dynasty. For, they were composed of a middle declaration of copied 'Myeoknambon "Korean Translation of Taepyeonggwanggi(태평광기)"' and 'NakseonJaebon(낙선재본)' between the middle of the 17th century and the middle of the 18th century and the regime period of the King Jeongjo in the Joseon Dynasty appointed as the background period of the novels should be excepted. Consequently, through the Korean Translation, we can confirm that the novel scope between the 17th century and the 18th century in Korean novel history was widened until 'The Royal Court' and 'Women'. (2) In the side of vocabulary, the "Korean Translation" also has not a little meaning in the side of a collection translated in the Royal Court. It doesn't have new vocabularies, but partial vocabularies as '(Traces:痕)' '(Clean eyes:明眸)', ' (Sail:帆)', '(Get up:起)', '글이플(Weak grass:弱草)', '쇼록(Owl:? 梟 or 鴉?)', '이 사라심(This life:此生)', and '노혀오매(Look for:訪)' are good data in the study of Korean language. (3) The "Korean Translation" is a valuable data about translation and copying of a court novel and we can discover intentionally changed parts and partially omitted sentences rather in the than in the . There are differences between a translation book and a copying book and we can catch sight of intention of translation and unsettledness of copying in the second work. Therefore, we can know that the "Korean Translation" has a double context which one work is translated and a work in different version is derived, compared to a simple copy. (4) The "Korean Translation" has a close relation with "Hangoldong(閒汨董)", but it doesn't regard the same copy as a foundation. The basic copy of translation of the "Korean Translation" is a different version of the same line as "Hangoldong" and "Jeochobon(저초본:정명기 소장본)" and is more similar line to "Hangoldong", but it is also not the same basic copy. (5) Considering that the "Korean Translation" doesn't has a distinct relation with the "Hangoldong", there is no correlation between the "Korean Translation" and and the "Hangoldong" and . In addition, we could not discover a writer's identity between the two.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.508-524
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• 2021

과학기술의 발달에 힘입은 혁신적인 번역 환경은 수어 번역의 확대 가능성과 실현성을 높이는 요소가 되고 있다. 한국수어 번역도 새로운 도전과 기회를 맞이하고 있다. 본 연구는 첫째, '한국수어 번역은 한국수어의 역사적 변천과정 속에서 언제 어떻게 나타났는가?', 둘째, '한국수어 번역의 결과로 산출된 번역의 형태와 특성은 무엇인가?', 셋째, '한국수어 번역의 현황과 전망은 어떠한가?'라는 연구 질문들을 제기하고 이에 대한 대답을 찾아간다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 통합적 문헌고찰 방법을 사용해 역사적으로 한국수어 번역이 어떻게 형성되었으며 한국수어 번역의 형태와 특성은 어떠한지를 고찰하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 수어번역 잠재기, 형성기, 확장기로 구분되는 역사적 변천과정에 따른 한국수어 번역의 형태와 특성이 나타났으며, 둘째, 한국수어 말뭉치 사업과 기계번역에 따른 한국수어 번역의 형태와 특성이 도출되었다. 아울러 한국수어 번역의 현황을 파악하고, 향후 전망을 제시하였다.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.67-84
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• 2012

The present study investigated the effect of sentence translation as a production task on short-term and long-term retention of foreign vocabulary. 87 EFL university students at a beginning level, enrolled in reading class participated in the study. The study compared the performance of three groups on vocabulary recall: (1) Control group, (2) Translation group, and (3) Copy group. During the treatment sessions, translation group translated L1 sentences into English, while copy group simply copied given English sentences with each target word. Results of the immediate test were collected each week from week 2 to week 5 and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results revealed that regarding short-term vocabulary retention, participants in rote-copy condition outperformed those in translation group. Four weeks later a delayed test was administered to measure long-term vocabulary retention. In contrast, the results of two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that long-term vocabulary retention of translation group was significantly greater than copy group. The findings suggest that although sentence translation is rather challenging to low-level learners, it may facilitate long-term retention of new vocabulary given the more elaborate and deeper processing the task entails.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2016

Objectives : It aims to establish a basic rule in Korean translation of the pathway of lung meridian in Miraculous Pivot Meridian vessel. Based on the rule, We tried to make standard translation of the pathway of lung meridian in Miraculous Pivot Meridian vessel. Methods : Books needed for this study were collected through searching Kyunghee University Library(http:// khis.khu.ac.kr). Keywords included "Miraculous Pivot of Huangdi's Internal Classic". We also include the book which is generally used as a textbook in Colleges of Korean Medicine. Results : In five Chinese books, the word-spacing was used differently in four phrases. Six Korean-translated books had the different translation in three phrases. We suggested a standard Korean translation of the pathway of lung meridian in Miraculous Pivot Meridian vessel. Conclusions : This result of the study would be expected to not only be published in Korean Journal of Acupuncture but be studied more about Korean translation by experts in this field.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2018

As the artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in machine translation (MT) which has loomed large as a new translation paradigm, concerns have also arisen if MT can produce a quality product as human translation (HT) can. In fact, several MT experimental studies report cases in which the MT product called post-editing (PE) as equally as HT or often superior ([1],[2],[6]). As motivated from those studies on translation quality between HT and PE, this study set up an experimental situation in which Korean literature was translated into English, comparatively, by 3 translators and 3 post-editors. Afterwards, a group of 3 other Koreans checked for accuracy of HT and PE; a group of 3 English native speakers scored for fluency of HT and PE. The findings are (1) HT took the translation time, at least, twice longer than PE. (2) Both HT and PE produced similar error types, and Mistranslation and Omission were the major errors for accuracy and Grammar for fluency. (3) HT turned to be inferior to PE for both accuracy and fluency.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2015

The purpose of this study were to translate the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale into Korean and to verify the content validity by utilizing a back-translation method with a view to assessing balance function and the risk of falling in a clinical research setting. This research was conducted in six steps. First, three Korean physical therapists translated the FAB scale into Korean. Second, two bilingual professors of physical therapy and a physical therapist evaluated translation conformity of Korean-translated FAB scale. In the third and fourth steps, twelve physical therapists evaluated the degree of translation comprehension, and a translator back-translated the Korean FAB scale into the original language. Fifth, a bilingual professor of physical therapy and two native speakers evaluated the technical and conceptual equivalence between the original and translation versions. In this process, inappropriate translated items were revised using recommended substitute words or sentences, and all items were evaluated on the basis of three points or more on a rating scale in terms of translation comprehension, and the technical and conceptual equivalence of the back-translation. In the sixth and last step, the translation verification committee completed the final Korean version. The above process indicated that the content validity of the Korean-translated FAB scale was established by means of systematic translation methods, and it can therefore be used to assess balance function and the risk of falls in a clinical research setting.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2011

Although there have been many endeavors aimed at the standardization and globalization of Korean medicine over a long period of time, the access to information on Oriental medical classics has been relatively poor due to the lack of appropriate translation methodology and standard terminology. In order to overcome existing barriers, continuous effort towards precise translation adopting a standard terminology should be maintained. As a part of this procedure, we planned to publish a part of "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" in three sections, and the first two studies have already been published. Based on the methodology and approaches of previous studies, this third study aims to translate parts of "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" into English, beginning with "The Sixteenth Question", and adopting "WHO-IST" terminology. The outcomes of this study are presented as follows: First, based on the result of existing translation studies and the outcome of "WHO-IST", English translation of "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" from "the Sixteenth Question" to "The Twenty-second Question" is offered, hoping to set a model of translation study which can be communicated universally. Second, in order to pave the way for future success in establishing translation studies, it is natural to verify the effectiveness and practicality of standard terminologies including the outcome of "WHO-IST". Continuous translation studies will be required in order to obtain constant feedback and adopt more suitable guidelines during the standardization process. Taking this into consideration, further translation studies of Oriental medical classics including "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" should be continued.