• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.457-470
• /
• 2021

The banking system provides a number of important functions for the economy and is also the lifeblood and financier of the economy in each country. Large amounts of idle money have not been exploited by banks; however, banks still depend on loans, including loans from foreign banks, to meet the growing demand, as such, for banks, the cost of capital is high, the stability and business efficiency are low and banks have not promoted their internal resources to grow steadily. To achieve the goal, this research analyzes the factors affecting the choice of bank for the deposit decisions of customers in Vietnam. The study used a sample data of 250 individuals and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that customer policy has a positive effect on customers' deposit decisions in a bank, and this is new evidence regarding behavioral theory in the case of Vietnam. Results further demonstrated that other factors such as employee image, brand, interest rate, relative influencing, and transaction time positively impact the choice of bank for the deposit decisions of customers. However, the bank's promotion strategies had no impact on the choice of bank for the deposit decisions of customers. Besides, employee image is the most influential factor in the deposit decisions, followed by the bank's brand and interest rate.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
• /
• v.20 no.11
• /
• pp.191-196
• /
• 2022

In the fintech field, financial transactions with smart phones are actively conducted. User authentication technology is essential for safe financial transactions. PIN authentication through the existing security keypads is convenient to input but has weaknesses in security and others. The biometric authentication technique is secure, but there is a possibility of false positive and false negative authentication. To compensate for this, two-factor authentication is used. In this paper, we propose the 1.5-factor authentication that can increase convenience and security through PIN input with biometric authentication. It provides the stability of fingerprint authentication and convenience of two or three PIN inputs, and this makes safe financial transaction possible. Since biometric authentication is performed at the same time when entering PIN, while security is required by applying fingerprint authentication to the area touched while entering PIN. The User authentication is performed while ensuring convenience to input through additional PIN input in situations where high safety is required, and Safe financial transactions are possible.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.115-132
• /
• 2008

Metal industry is one of the most representative heavy industries and the median sales volume of steel and nonferrous metal companies is over one billion dollars in the case America [Forbes 2006]. As seen in the recent business market situation, an increasing number of industrial manufacturers and suppliers are moving from adversarial to cooperative exchange attitudes that support the long-term relationships with their customers. This article presents the results of an empirical study of the antecedent factors of business relationships in metal industry of the United States. Commitment has been reviewed as a significant and critical variable in research on inter-organizational relationships (Hong et al. 2007, Kim et al. 2007). The future stability of any buyer-seller relationship depends upon the commitment made by the interactants to their relationship. Commitment, according to Dwyer et al. [1987], refers to "an implicit or explicit pledge of relational continuity between exchange partners" and they consider commitment to be the most advanced phase of buyer-seller exchange relationship. Bonds are made because the members need their partners in order to do something and this integration on a task basis can be either symbiotic or cooperative (Svensson 2008). To the extent that members seek the same or mutually supporting ends, there will be strong bonds among them. In other words, the principle that affects the strength of bonds is 'economy of decision making' [Turner 1970]. These bonds provide an important idea to study the causes of business long-term relationships in a sense that organizations can be mutually bonded by a common interest in the economic matters. Recently, the framework of structural bonding has been used to study the buyer-seller relationships in industrial marketing [Han and Sung 2008, Williams et al. 1998, Wilson 1995] in that this structural bonding is a crucial part of the theoretical justification for distinguishing discrete transactions from ongoing long-term relationships. The major antecedent factors of buyer commitment such as technology, CLalt, transaction-specific assets, and importance were identified and explored from the perspective of structural bonding. Research hypotheses were developed and tested by using survey data from the middle managers in the metal industry. H1: Level of technology of the relationship partner is positively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H2: Comparison level of alternatives is negatively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H3: Amount of the transaction-specific assets is positively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H4: Importance of the relationship partner is positively related to the level of structural bonding between the buyer and the seller. H5: Level of structural bonding is positively related to the level of commitment to the relationship. To examine the major antecedent factors of industrial buyer's structural bonding and long-term relationship, questionnaire was prepared, mailed out to the sample of 400 purchasing managers of the US metal industry (SIC codes 33 and 34). After a follow-up request, 139 informants returnedthe questionnaires, resulting in a response rate of 35 percent. 134 responses were used in the final analysis after dropping 5 incomplete questionnaires. All measures were analyzed for reliability and validity following the guidelines offered by Churchill [1979] and Anderson and Gerbing [1988]., the results of fitting the model to the data indicated that the hypothesized model provides a good fit to the data. Goodness-of-fit index (GFI = 0.94) and other indices ( chi-square = 78.02 with p-value = 0.13, Adjusted GFI = 0.90, Normed Fit Index = 0.92) indicated that a major proportion of variances and covariances in the data was accounted for by the model as a whole, and all the parameter estimates showed statistical significance as evidenced by large t-values. All the factor loadings were significantly different from zero. On these grounds we judged the hypothesized model to be a reasonable representation of the data. The results from the present study suggest several implications for buyer-seller relationships. Theoretically, we attempted to conceptualize the antecedent factors of buyer-seller long-term relationships from the perspective of structural bondingin metal industry. The four underlying determinants (i.e. technology, CLalt, transaction-specific assets, and importance) of structural bonding are very critical variables of buyer-seller long-term business relationships. Our model of structural bonding makes an attempt to systematically examine the relationship between the antecedent factors of structural bonding and long-term commitment. Managerially, this research provides industrial purchasing managers with a good framework to assess the interaction processes with their partners and, ability to position their business relationships from the perspective of structural bonding. In other words, based on those underlying variables, industrial purchasing managers can determine the strength of the company's relationships with the key suppliers and its state of preparation to be a successful partner with those suppliers. Both the supplying and customer companies can also benefit by using the concept of 'structural bonding' and evaluating their relationships with key business partners from the structural point of view. In general, the results indicate that structural bonding gives a critical impact on the level of relationship commitment. Managerial implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2020

Centralized systems in computing environments have various problems, such as privacy infringement due to hacking, and the possibility of privacy violations in case of system failure. Blockchain, one of the core technologies for the next generation of converged information, is expected to be an alternative to the existing centralized system, which has had various problems. This paper proposes a blockchain-based user authentication system that can identify users using EID in an online environment. Existing identification (ID)/password (PW) authentication methods require users to store personal information in multiple sites, and receive and use their respective IDs. However, the proposed system can be used without users signing up at various sites after the issuing of an EID. The proposed system issues an EID with a minimum of information, such as an e-mail address and a telephone number. By comparing the stability and efficiency of a centralized system, the proposed integrated authentication system proved to be excellent. In order to compare stability against existing systems, we chose attack methods and encroachments on the computing environment. To verify efficiency, the total throughput between the user's app, the issuance and certification-authority's servers, and the service provider's servers was compared and analyzed based on processing time per transaction.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2006

Recently, to efficiently support the real-time requirements of LBS and Telematics services, interest in the spatial main memory DBMS is rising. In the spatial main memory DBMS, because all spatial data can be lost when the system failure happens, the recovery system is very important for the stability of the database. Especially, disk I/O in executing the log and the checkpoint becomes the bottleneck of letting down the total system performance. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to research about the recovery system to reduce disk I/O in the spatial main memory DBMS. In this paper, we study an efficient recovery system for the spatial main memory DBMS. First, the pre-commit log method is used for the decrement of disk I/O and the improvement of transaction concurrency. In addition, we propose the fuzzy-shadow checkpoint method for the recovery system of the spatial main memory DBMS. This method can solve the problem of duplicated disk I/O on the same page of the existing fuzzy-pingpong checkpoint method for the improvement of the whole system performance. Finally, we also report the experimental results confirming the benefit of the proposed recovery system.

• Knowledge Management Research
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.253-271
• /
• 2021

Due to the spread of COVID-19, the use of O2O order·delivery applications are becoming very common. Unlike the past, where customers could choose the desired transaction method and channel, these days, where customers' choices are very limited, it is urgent to consider the concept of shadow labor which has been hindered by the convenience and the benefits of order·delivery app. To this end, in this study, the service quality factors perceived by users of O2O order·delivery app and their shadow work attributes were identified, and priorities according to their relative importance and satisfaction level were suggested. In order to fulfill research objectives, first, after collecting user reviews for an O2O order·delivery app, the subject words were derived using topic modeling. Research variables were selected by linking 11 keywords with the concepts of previous studies on service quality of mobile apps and those about shadow labor. Eight variables of usefulness, ease of use, stability, design quality, personalization, responsiveness, update, and presence were selected. Based on 32 measurement items from the variables, a revised IPA was conducted, and finally, 'keep', 'concentrate', 'low priority', or 'overkill' service quality factors are revealed.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
• /
• v.9 no.9
• /
• pp.819-831
• /
• 2019

The types of properties traded in modern times are rapidly increasing due to changes in consumption patterns. However, as the type of properties traded increases, estimation about the value of properties may become inaccurate. There is a problem that it is difficult for consumers to estimate the right value and the variety of trading forms makes it difficult to guarantee the reliability of value estimation As access to a variety of properties has expanded, these shortcomings are considered to be a factor that hinders the stability of the shared economic market. In this paper, to resolve this issue, we present a blockchain-based property contract service through a trusted broker. The developed service registers trusted brokers into smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain and use them for the evaluation and contract process of properties. In addition, registered contents, proposals and contracts of properties are stored in the blockchain to ensure the reliability of the contract process. Every step of the contract process is stored in the smart contract, recorded in the transaction history of the blockchain, ensuring the reliability of the stored data. In addition, the entire process of registration, proposal, and contract is driven by smart contracts designed by state machine technology, enabling users to more securely control the contract process.

• Knowledge Management Research
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.89-109
• /
• 2022

Due to COVID-19 and soaring participation of individual investors, large-scale transactions exceeding system capacity limits have been reported frequently in the capital market. The capital market IT systems, which the impact of system failure is very critical, have encountered unexpectedly tremendous transactions in 2020, resulting in a sharp increase in system failures. Despite the fact that many companies maintained large-scale system capacity planning policies, recent transaction influx suggests that a new approach to capacity planning is required. Therefore, this study developed capital market IT system capacity planning models using machine learning techniques and analyzed those performances. In addition, the performance of the best proposed model was improved by using sentiment index that can promptly reflect the behavior of investors. The model uses empirical data including the COVID-19 period, and has high performance and stability that can be used in practice. In practical significance, this study maximizes the cost-efficiency of a company, but also presents optimal parameters in consideration of the practical constraints involved in changing the system. Additionally, by proving that the sentiment index can be used as a major variable in system capacity planning, it shows that the sentiment index can be actively used for various other forecasting demands.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.139-157
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to derive implications for Korean home economics curriculum to emphasize consumer competency of adolescents by analyzing the content components of consumer competency presented in 'consumer life' area of middle school home economics curriculum of 3 states in the U.S. The analysis results and implications are summarized as follows: First, the U.S. home economics curriculum is composed of various contents, including credit management, savings/investment/ insurance, taxes, and financial situation, and financial decision-making, to improve adolescent's understanding of finance. In the next revision of Korean curriculum, for financial stability in prolonged life after retirement, it is would be necessary to include contents on basic financial knowledge and technology for financial information utilization so that students can establish financial plans for different life stages in consideration of various variables such as changes in economic environment, etc. Second, the U.S. home economics curriculum was developed to help students make better purchase decisions by applying economic concepts such as prices and interest rates, economic trends and the impact of demand and supply, purchase methods and contract conditions, etc. However, Korean home economics curriculum only focus on purchase plan and purchase decision-making process. It would be necessary to foster consumer transaction competency by introducing economic concepts suitable middle school level. Third, to emphasize "consumer civic competency", Ohio was focusing on "claim of consumer rights" and Wisconsin was focusing on the "acceptance of consumer responsibility." In order to enhance adolescent's consumer civic competency, it would be necessary for Korean curriculum to balance the claim of right and the acceptance of consumer responsibility in the following term, and to emphasize the contents on consumer policies, laws and consumer advocacy to create a consumer environment where consumer sovereignty is realized.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2010

Recently concerns have been raised due to the unbalanced supply of crops: the price of crops has been unstable and at one point the price went up so high that the word Agflation(agriculture+ inflation) was coined. Korea, in particular, is a small-sized country and needs to secure the stable supply of crops by investing in the produce importation at a national level. Investment in foreign produce importation is becoming more important as a measure for sufficient supply of crops, limited supply of domestic crops, weakened farming conditions worldwide, as well as recent changes in the use of crops due to the development of bio-fuels, influence of carbon emission on crops, the price increase in crops, and influx of foreign hot money. However, there are many problems with investing in foreign produce importation: lack of support from the government; lack of farming information and technology; difficulty in securing the capital; no immediate pay-off from the investment and insufficient management. Although foreign produce is originally more price-competitive than domestic produce, it loses its competiveness in the process of importation (due to high tariffs) and poor distribution system, which makes it difficult to sell in Korea. Therefore, investment in foreign produce importation is being questioned for feasibility; to make it possible, foreign produce must maintain the price-competitiveness. Especially, harvest of agricultural products depends on natural and geographical conditions of each country and those products have indigenous properties, so distribution system according to import and export of agricultural products should be treated more carefully than that of other industries. Distribution costs are differentiated into each item and include cost of sorting and wrapping, cost of wrapping materials, cost of domestic transport, cost of international transport and cost of clearing customs for import and export. So transporting and storing agricultural products generates considerable costs compared with other products. Also, due to upgrade of dietary life, needs for stability, taste and visible quality toward food including agricultural products are being raised and wrong way of storage causes decomposition of food and loss of freshness, making the storage more difficult than that in room temperature, so storage and transport in distribution of agricultural products needs specialty. In addition, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. However, existing distribution system of agricultural products is exposed to various problems including problems in distribution channel, making distribution and strategy for distribution and those problems are as follows. First, in case of investment in overseas agricultural industry, stable supply of the products is difficult because areas of production are dispersed widely and influenced by outer factors due to including overseas distribution channels. Also, at the aspect of quality, standardization of products is difficult, distribution system is quite complicated and unreasonable due to long distribution channels according to international trade and financial and institutional support is not enough. Especially, there are quite a lot of ineffective factors including multi level distribution process, dramatic gap between production cost and customer's cost, lack of physical distribution facilities and difficulties in storage and transport due to lack of wrapping containers. Besides, because import and export of agricultural products has been manages under the company's own distribution according to transaction contract between manufacturers and exporting company, efficiency is low due to excessive investment in fixed costs and lack of specialty in dealing with agricultural products causes fall of value of products, showing the limit to lose price-competitiveness. Especially, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. Second, among tangible and intangible services which promote the efficiency of the whole distribution, a function building distribution environment which includes distribution information, system for standard and inspection, distribution finance, system for diversification of risks, education and training, distribution administration and tax system is wanted. In general, such a function building distribution environment is difficult to be changed and supplement innovatively because its effect compared with investment does not appear immediately despite of its necessity. Especially, in case of distribution of agricultural products, as a function of collecting and distributing is performed individually through various channels, the importance of distribution information and standardization is getting more focus due to the problem of repetition of work and lack of specialty. Also, efficient management of distribution is quite difficult due to lack of professionals in distribution, so support to professional education is needed. Third, though effort to keep self-sufficiency ratio of staple food, rice is regarded as important at the government level, level of dependency on overseas of others crops is high. Therefore, plan for stable securing food resources aside from staple food is also necessary. Especially, governmental organizations of agricultural products distribution in Korea are production-centered and have unreasonable structure whose function at the aspect of distribution and consumption is quite insufficient. And development of new distribution channels which can deal with changes in distribution environment and they do not achieve actual results of strategy for distribution due to non-positive strategy for price distribution. That is, it implies the possibility that base for supply will become vulnerable because it does not mediate appropriate interests on total distribution channels such as manufacturers, wholesale dealers and vendors by emphasizing consumer protection excessively in the distribution of agricultural products. Therefore, this study examined fundamental concept and actual situation for our investment to overseas agriculture, drew necessities, considerations, problems, etc. of overseas agricultural investment and suggested improvements at the level of distribution for price competitiveness of agricultural products cultivated in overseas under five aspects; government's indirect support, distribution's modernization and distribution information function's strengthening, government's political support for distribution facility, transportation route, load and unloading works' improvement, price competitiveness' securing, professional manpower's cultivation by education and training, etc. Here are some suggestions for foreign produce importation. First, the government should conduct a survey on the current distribution channels and analyze the situation to establish a measure for long-term development plans. By providing each agricultural area with a guideline for planning appropriate production of crops, the government can help farmers be ready for importation, and prevent them from producing same crops all at the same time. Government can sign an MOU with the foreign government and promote the importation so that the development of agricultural resources can be stable and steady. Second, the government can establish a strategy for an effective distribution system by providing farmers and agriculture-related workers with the distribution information such as price, production, demand, market structure and location, feature of each crop, and etc. In order for such distribution system to become feasible, the government needs to reconstruct the current distribution system, designate a public organization for providing distribution information and set the criteria for level of produce quality, trade units, and package units. Third, the government should provide financial support and a policy to seek an efficient distribution channel for foreign produce to be delivered fresh: the government should expand distribution facilities (for selecting, packaging, storing, and processing) and transportation vehicles while modernizing old facilities. There should be another policy to improve the efficiency of unloading, and to lower the cost of distribution. Fourth, it is necessary to enact a new law covering exceptional cases for importing produce in order to maintain the price competitiveness; currently the high tariffs is keeping the imported produce from being distributed domestically. However, the new adjustment should be made carefully within the WTO regulations since it can create a problem from giving preferential tariffs. The government can also simplify the distribution channels in order to reduce the cost in the distribution process. Fifth, the government should educate distributors to raise the efficiency and to modernize the distribution system. It is necessary to develop human resources by educating people regarding the foreign agricultural environment, the produce quality, management skills, and by introducing some successful cases in advanced countries.