• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

In former times the protection of our environment didn't play an important role due to the fact that emissions and effluents were not considered as serious impacts. However, opinions and scientific measurements meanwhile confirmed that the impacts are more serious than expected. Thus measures to protect our earth has to be taken into consideration. A part of these measures in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). One of the most important parts of the EIA is the collection of basic datas and the following evaluation. Experience out of the daily business of Gerling Consulting Group shows that the content of the EIA has to be revised and enlarged in certain fields. The historical development demonstrated that in areas in which the population and the industrial activities reached high concentration there is a high necessity to develop strict environmental laws and regulations. Maximum values of the concentration of hazardous materials were fixed concerning the emission into and water. Companies not following these regulations were punished. The total amount of environmental offences increased rapidly during the last decade, at least in Germany. During this development the public consciousness concerning environmental affairs increased as well in the industrialized countries. But it could clearly be seen that the development in the field of environmental protection went into the wrong direction. The technologies to protect the environment became more and more sophisticated and terms as: "state of the art" guided more and more to lower emissions, Filtertechnologies and wastewater treatment for example reached a high technical level-but all these sophisticated technologies has one and the same characteristic: they were end-of-the pipe solutions. A second effect was that this kind of environmental protection costs a lot of money. High investments are necessary to reduce the dust emission by another ppm! Could this be the correct way? In Germany the discussion started that the environmental laws reduce the attractivity to invest or to enlarge existing investments within the country. Other countries seem to be not so strict with controlling the environmental laws which means it's simply cheaper to produce in Portugal or Greece. Everybody however knows that this is not the correct way and does not solve the environmental problems. Meanwhile the general picture changes a little bit and we think it changes into the correct direction "End-of-the-pipe" solutions are still necessary but this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word especially in connection with environmental management and safety. Modern actual environmental management starts in a different way. Thoughts about emissions start in the very beginning of the production, they start with the design of the product and modification of traditional modes of production. Basis of these ideas are detailed analyses of products and processes. Due to the above mentioned facts that the public environmental consciousness changed dramatically a continous environmental improvement of each single production plant has to be guarantied. This question is already an important question of the EIA. But it was never really checked in a wholistic approach. Environmental risks have to be taken into considerations during the execution of an EIA. This means that the environmental risks have to be reduced down to a capable risk-level. Environmental risks have to be considered within the phase of planning, during the operation of a plant and after shut down. The experience shows that most of the environmental relevant accidents were and caused by human fault. Even in highly protected plants the human risk-factor can not be excluded during evaluation of the risk-potential. Thus the approach of an EIA has to regard technical evaluations as well as organizational thoughts and the human factor. An environmental risk is a threat to the environment. An analysis of the risk concerning the organizational and human aspect however never was properly executed during an EIA. A possible solution could be to use an instrument as the actual EMAS (Environmental Management System) of the EC for more accurate evaluation of the impact to the environment during an EIA. Organizations or investors could demonstrate by an approved EMAS or even by showing their installment of EMAS that not only the technical level of the planned investment meets the requested standards but as well the actual or planned management is able to reduce the environmental impact down to a bearable level.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.233-243
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• 1995

A survey has conducted on two hundred high school students of the first and second grade by way of questionnaine in Seoul. The purpose of this study on the information from the survey is to cstimate the level of awareness and probe how they feel and what they wish on sex. X2 inspection is designed to assess general aspects of responded contents by way of percentage and examine degree of satisfaction on previously experienced sex education and demand for sex education. The result is as follows. 1. As a result of the examination of degree of awareness on sex of respondents, 62% delines sex as human relationship including moral values for harmony between men and women. 64% of the men and 70% of the women say that sex is a natural thing. It comes to the conclusion that most of the respondent sgenerally consider sex positive. On chastity, 68.5% of the respondent answer that it means physical chastity, 12.5% that chastity before marriage should be kept, and 43% that it should be kept as far as possible. Most of them pespond that it should be kept. 2. As a result of the examination on the contents of sex, they answer they know well in the order of masturbation(72%), pregnancy(76%), and sex(63%). Contraception, abortion and ejection are contents they poorly informed of. 3. As a result of the examination on experienede of sex education, 83% of men and 100% of women have experienced sex, education, but their degreeof satisfaction to it is very low. And 49% of the whole is dissatisfactory to it. There is some difference between male and female students.(p=0.000) That result translates that female studeuts are educated on sex tjhrough more systematic subjects than male ones. In addition, it turns out that teenagers get most information on sex through friends, seniors, and mass media such as videos, TV and radios. Correct and systematic sex education is need because wrong information on sex culd be taught and bring them to misbehave. 4. 87.5% of the respondents answer that sex education is necessary, so that degree of necessity for sex education, turns out to be very high. Also the main subject that should perform sex education is in the order of school(50%), Society(24.5), home(18.5%). They respond that most appropriated period for the beginning of sex education is about elementary school age(43%), and 34% believes it to be put ahcad of elementary school age. Anurse teacher accounts for 54% for the main subject that addresses sex education, to male students visit teachers are most favored for 50%. As a result of those, it could be concluded that most high school students want sex education from responsible persons who have systematic and professional knowledge on sex. 5. In order to perform proper sex education by the above results, better educational effects are obtained when characteristics and natures of teenagers are known and most wanted knowledge by them is taught in priority in times of planning sex education. Besides, the contents of sex education suitable for each school should be planned before elementary school age and sex education should be performed in accordance with students' demand. In addition, sex education should be attentively performed by home, all organizations of society as well as school. Therefore, sex education will play a great role in making teenagers reestablish their conception on sex when the traditional and moral value systems of our country and the new value systems which are being formed under the influence of the western culture are in harmony.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1997년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.176-178
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• 1997

To make a long story short I made up my mind to experiment with a multimedia approach to my classroom presentations two years ago because my ways of giving instructions bored the pants off me as well as my students. My favorite ways used to be sometimes referred to as classical or traditional ones, heavily dependent on the three elements: teacher's mouth, books, and chalk. Some call it the 'MBC method'. To top it off, I tried audio-visuals such as tape recorders, cassette players, VTR, pictures, and you name it, that could help improve my teaching method. And yet I have been unhappy about the results by a trial and error approach. I was determined to look for a better way that would ensure my satisfaction in the first place. What really turned me on was a multimedia CD ROM title, ELLIS (English Language Learning Instructional Systems) developed by Dr. Frank Otto. This is an integrated system of learning English based on advanced computer technology. Inspired by the utility and potential of such a multimedia system for regular classroom or lab instructions, I designed a simple but practical multimedia language learning laboratory in 1994 for the first time in Korea(perhaps for the first time in the world). It was high time that the conventional type of language laboratory(audio-passive) at Hahnnam be replaced because of wear and tear. Prior to this development, in 1991, I put a first CALL(Computer Assisted Language Learning) laboratory equipped with 35 personal computers(286), where students were encouraged to practise English typing, word processing and study English grammar, English vocabulary, and English composition. The first multimedia language learning laboratory was composed of 1) a multimedia personal computer(486DX2 then, now 586), 2) VGA multipliers that enable simultaneous viewing of the screen at control of the instructor, 3) an amplifIer, 4) loud speakers, 5)student monitors, 6) student tables to seat three students(a monitor for two students is more realistic, though), 7) student chairs, 8) an instructor table, and 9) cables. It was augmented later with an Internet hookup. The beauty of this type of multimedia language learning laboratory is the economy of furnishing and maintaining it. There is no need of darkening the facilities, which is a must when an LCD/beam projector is preferred in the laboratory. It is headset free, which proved to make students exasperated when worn more than- twenty minutes. In the previous semester I taught three different subjects: Freshman English Lab, English Phonetics, and Listening Comprehension Intermediate. I used CD ROM titles like ELLIS, Master Pronunciation, English Tripple Play Plus, English Arcade, Living Books, Q-Steps, English Discoveries, Compton's Encyclopedia. On the other hand, I managed to put all teaching materials into PowerPoint, where letters, photo, graphic, animation, audio, and video files are orderly stored in terms of slides. It takes time for me to prepare my teaching materials via PowerPoint, but it is a wonderful tool for the sake of presentations. And it is worth trying as long as I can entertain my students in such a way. Once everything is put into the computer, I feel relaxed and a bit excited watching my students enjoy my presentations. It appears to be great fun for students because they have never experienced this type of instruction. This is how I freed myself from having to manipulate a cassette tape player, VTR, and write on the board. The student monitors in front of them seem to help them concentrate on what they see, combined with what they hear. All I have to do is to simply click a mouse to give presentations and explanations, when necessary. I use a remote mouse, which prevents me from sitting at the instructor table. Instead, I can walk around in the room and enjoy freer interactions with students. Using this instrument, I can also have my students participate in the presentation. In particular, I invite my students to manipulate the computer using the remote mouse from the student's seat not from the instructor's seat. Every student appears to be fascinated with my multimedia approach to English teaching because of its unique nature as a new teaching tool as we face the 21st century. They all agree that the multimedia way is an interesting and fascinating way of learning to satisfy their needs. Above all, it helps lighten their drudgery in the classroom. They feel other subjects taught by other teachers should be treated in the same fashion. A multimedia approach to education is impossible without the advent of hi-tech computers, of which multi functions are integrated into a unified system, i.e., a personal computer. If you have computer-phobia, make quick friends with it; the sooner, the better. It can be a wonderful assistant to you. It is the Internet that I pay close attention to in conjunction with the multimedia approach to English education. Via e-mail system, I encourage my students to write to me in English. I encourage them to enjoy chatting with people all over the world. I also encourage them to visit the sites where they offer study courses in English conversation, vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, reading, and writing. I help them search any subject they want to via World Wide Web. Some day in the near future it will be the hub of learning for everybody. It will eventually free students from books, teachers, libraries, classrooms, and boredom. I will keep exploring better ways to give satisfying instructions to my students who deserve my entertainment.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1973

This study is designed to meet the following objectives: (1) To study attitude and behavior regarding marriage and age at marriage, (2) To learn correlates of age at marriage and to examine their relations, (3) To measure relative importance of the correlates of age at marriage, and (4) To study relations of age at marriage and family planning practice to fertility and their relative importance as correlates of fertility. The data are obtained by an independent cross-sectional survey in three study areas purposively selected to represent metropolitan. semihuman. rural population. The study population is confined to women age 17-50 as of survey. The overall response rate is 90%. Reliability of data is measured by . individual and aggregate inconsistency based upon a 15% subsample of the original interviews. The individual inconsistency (31%) is found to be high compared to the aggregate inconsistency (6%) for all 85 variables. However, the magnitude of differences between means is small, and the mean absolute shifts and proportional shifts are also small on the whole. In a word respondents did not change their answers too extremely or radically. The study populations of each study area are compared on some basic characteristics. It is found that the three study populations have more dissimilarities than similarities. The findings on seven different attitudinal positions of women toward marriage indicate that there have been tremendous changes in all study areas Iron "traditional" attitudes which have been prevalent for a long time in Korean society to "liberalized" or "modernized" attitudes. An apparent tendency is that women generally take a position of a "golden mean" attitude by not preferring either extreme of marriage attitudes. Nevertheless, the young, single, educated, and urbanite appears more "liberalized. " There has been some increase in ideal age at marriage from 1958 to 1970 for both sexes. No age group, marital status, or study area differentials in ideal age at marriage are found, the average ideal age at marriage in every sub-group being 24-25. Awareness of existing legal marriageable ages is low; only 4.4% are aware that "with parental permission: minimum age for males is 18 years and for females 16 years,"and only 3.7% are aware that "without parental permission: 27 years for males and 23 years for females." People in Korra tend to marry spouses who are in various social ways like themselves: the similarities include (a) education, occupational status of father, (c) economic status, (d) usual residence before marriage, and (e) religion. Both singulars and actual mean ages at marriage in this study confirm the trend of rising age at marriage previously established by other independent studies. The urban-rural differential in age at marriage is observed, but the differential narrows down gradually from 1935 to 1970. All socio-economic, demographic, and other variables pertaining to wife before and at first marriage, excluding (a) religion, (b) father′s of occupation, and (c) as: of menarche, are correlated with respondent's age at first marriage, whereas only three variables out of all socio-economic variables relating to husband before and at wife′s first marriage, viz., (a) education, (b) usual residence, and (c) economic level of his old home, are correlated with respondent′s age at marriage. Among socio-economic and modernity variables related to either husband or wife at the time of survey, only education and duration of residence are correlated with wife′s age at first marriage. Among the correlates of respondent′age at first marriage, education is in general the most important variable. However, it is found that wife′s education is more important than husband′s. The combined effects or the correlates studied explain no more than about 40% of variance for any of the selected groups of variables. Points which might counteract the effects of late marriage on fertility are not serious in Korea. For each of the correlates of the three fertility indices chosen for this study. namely, (a) number of living children, (b) number of live births, and (c) number of pregnancies, age at marriage is the major contributor to the variance in all age groups except the age group of 20-29 in which the index of family planning practice is the major contributor. The proportion of variability in fertility indices accounted for by the correlates is never more than 40% of the total variance in any age group. Based upon the findings from this study, it could be concluded that in the foreseeable future (a) celibate group will no! be increased to a point that would slow down population growth rate in Korea, (b) age at marriage will not increase continually, (c) although education stands out as the major contributing variable which independently explains the variation in age at marriage, it seems probable that education may not be the major variable in the near future, and (d) despite the fact found by this study that age at marriages has been the major contributor to the variance of each of the fertility indices used, family planning practice will play a more important role in the reduction of fertility in the Korean society. Therefore, factors interrupting practice of family planning must be eliminated and family planning program should be strengthened if further fertility reduction is needed.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제10권
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• pp.183-218
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• 2006

Colors change in time corresponding with the value system and aesthetic consciousness of the time. The roles that colors play in painting can be divided into the formative role based on the contrast and harmony of color planes and the aesthetic role expressed by colors to represent the objects. The aesthetic consciousness of the orient starts with the Civility(禮) and Pleasure(樂), which is closely related with restrained or tempered human feelings. In the art world of the orient including poem, painting, and music, what are seen and felt from the objects are not represented in all. Added by the sentiment laid background, the beauty of the orient emphasizes the beauty of restraint and temperance, which has long been the essential aesthetic emotion of the orient. From the very inception of oriental painting, colors had become a symbolic system in which the five colors associated with the philosophy of Yin and Yang and Five Forces were symbolically connected with the four sacred animals of Red Peacock, Black Turtle, Blue Dragon, and White Tiger. In this color system the use of colors was not free from ideological matters, and was further constrained by the limited color production and distribution. Therefore, development in color expression seemed to have been very much limited because of the unavailability and unreadiness of various colors. Studies into the flow in oriental painting show that color expression in oriental painting have changed from symbolic color expression to poetic expression, and then to emotional color expression as the mode of painting changes in time. As oriental painting transformed from the art of religious or ceremonial purpose to one of appreciation, the mast visible change in color expression is the one of realism(simulation). Rooted on the naturalistic color expression of the orient where the fundamental properties of objects were considered mast critical, this realistic color expression depicts the genuine color properties that the objects posses, with many examples in the Flower & Bird Painting prior to the North Sung dynasty. This realistic expression of colors changed as poetic sentiments were fused with painting in later years of the North Sung dynasty, in which a conversion to light ink and light coloring in the use of ink and colors was witnessed, and subjective emotion was intervened and represented. This mode of color expression had established as free and creative coloring with vivid expression of individuality. The fusion of coloring and lyricism was borrowed from the trend in painting after the North Sung dynasty which was mentioned earlier, and from the trend in which painting was fused with poetic sentiments to express the emotion of artists, accompanied with such features as light coloring and compositional change. Here, the lyricism refers to the artist's subjective perspective of the world and expression of it in refined words with certain rhythm, the essence of which is the integration of the artist's ego and the world. The poetic ego projects the emotion and sentiment toward the external objects or assimilates them in order to express the emotion and sentiment of one's own ego in depth and most efficiently. This is closely related with the rationale behind the long-standing tradition of continuous representation of same objects in oriental painting from ancient times to contemporary days. According to the thoughts of the orient, nature was not just an object of expression, but recognized as a personified body, to which the artist projects his or her emotions. The result is the rebirth of meaning in painting, completely different from what the same objects previously represented. This process helps achieve the integration and unity between the objects and the ego. Therefore, this paper discussed the lyrical expression of colors in the works of the author, drawing upon the poetic expression method reflected in the traditional Flower and Bird Painting, one of the painting modes mainly depending on color expression. Based on the related discussion and analysis, it was possible to identify the deep thoughts and the distinctive expression methods of the orient and to address the significance to prioritize the issue of transmission and development of these precious traditions, which will constitute the main identity of the author's future work.

• 감성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2006

현재 휴대폰 산업은 국내 경제에 미치는 비중이 매우 크고, 앞으로도 상당 기간 한국 경제를 책임져야 하는 핵심 아이템으로 자리잡았다. 휴대폰의 시장이 거대해지면서 휴대폰을 사용하는 연령층이 넓어졌으며, 가입자 수가 늘어나 소비자 계층, 다양한 연령층 별 선호하는 기능이나 디자인 등이 더욱 다양해지고 있다. 이렇듯 휴대폰이 우리 일상생활에 미치는 영향력과 의미가 크게 변화함에 따라 휴대폰 수요자들이 휴대폰에 갖는 기대도 날로 커지고 있다. 이제 휴대폰의 음성통화라는 핵심기능은 소비자들에 있어 중요한 관심사항이 아니며, 단순한 음성통화 차원을 넘어 편리하고 보다 친근한 정보 입출력, 처리, 저장 등의 기능과 보다 세련되고 사용자 환경에 최적화된 디자인을 요구하고 있다. 그리고 현대 디자인은 일상적으로 소비하는 대상들의 전통적인 고급예술(high art)의 대상들과 비슷해져 감에 따라 인간의 정신적 감성적 가치를 형상화 하여 삶의 질을 향상시키는 새로운 가치를 창출하기 위한 디자인의 심미성은 중요한 제품 차별화 요소로서의 역할을 할 수 있으며, 소비자의 구매의사는 가장 선호하는 디자인이 좌우한다. 이렇듯 디자인 과정에서 가장 중요한 요소라고 할 수 있는 소비자 선호요인을 심미성분석을 통하여 규명함으로써, 소비자가 가장 선호하는 새로운 차원의 휴대폰 디자인의 전개가 절실히 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 국가 간의 사용자 선호 휴대폰의 심미성요소 분석을 통해 공통적으로 선호와 상이한 심미성요소는 무엇이고, 중요하게 고려되는 심미성요소의 조형요소는 무엇인지를 알아내어 실제 휴대폰 디자인에 활용할 수 있는 휴대폰의 심미성 가이드라인을 제시하는 데 있다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.153-169
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• 2011

오늘날 기업의 마케팅에 있어 인터넷 환경의 이용은 필수적이며, 좀 더 효율적인 마케팅을 위해 다양한 방법들이 시도되고 있다. 기업들은 온라인마케팅을 통해 다양한 경품이나 포인트 등의 마케팅 비용을 사용하는 것으로 제품이나 서비스를 알려왔다. 특히 웹 2.0의 등장과 함께 기업은 좀 더 적극적으로 고객과 소통하기 위한 노력을 아끼지 않고 있다. 고객들은 회사의 웹사이트에 개인정보를 제공하는 형태로 회원가입을 하여 회사가 제공하는 혜택을 받으면서 제품 광고나 프로모션에 참여하게 된다. 그러나 온라인 마케팅의 운영측면에서 볼 때 현재의 회원관리 시스템은 회원의 모집과 운영에 있어서 효과적이지 못한 문제점이 나타나고 있다. 온라인 환경에서의 고객들은 오프라인 환경에서보다 명확한 자아를 덜 드러내기 때문에 회원가입 과정 중에 일부 악의적인 목적을 가진 고객들이 주변인의 개인정보를 이용하거나 조작하여 중복 아이디를 만들어 활동할 수 있게 된다. 이러한 취약점을 이용하여 중복가입 회원들은 고객들에게 돌아가야 할 경품이나 포인트 등을 가로채어 기업 마케팅 비용의 효율을 떨어뜨리고 있다. 그러나 증가하고 있는 마케팅 비용에 비해 중복회원의 선별 및 이들에 대한 제재를 위한 효과적 방법은 뚜렷하게 제시되지 않고 있다. 따라서 이를 방지하기 위한 체계적인 회원관리 시스템이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 소셜 네트워크 분석 기법을 이용한 중복회원 식별방법을 제시하고 실제 온라인 고객데이터를 이용하여 그 효과성을 검증한다. 소셜 네트워크는 노드들의 관계를 표현하며, 관계의 유무, 방향 및 강도 등으로 연결 형태를 나타낼 수 있다. 특히 컴포넌트 분석방법은 소셜 네트워크 하위그룹 분석방법으로 네트워크의 내부 그룹을 구분하여 다양한 네트워크 특성을 식별하여 준다. 회원정보 분석에 있어 컴포넌트 분석방법은 전제회원 데이터 내의 의미 있는 정보를 이루고 있는 그룹을 식별하게 된다. 본 연구는 H사의 서로 다른 회원가입 기준을 가진 3개 웹사이트의 회원정보를 사용하여 진행되었다. 제안된 분석방법은 중복회원의 실체를 분석하고 시각화함으로써, 실무적인 측면에서 효율적인 마케팅의 증진을 도울 뿐만 아니라 신뢰성 있는 고객의 의견수렴 및 의사결정에도 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

40여종의 한약재 추출물을 제조하여 가금 질병에 관련이 있는 세균에 대한 한약재의 항균 활성을 조사하였다. S. gallinarum에서는 오미자, 천연자, 소목 및 오배자가 높은 항균성을 보였으며 S. epidermidis에서는 천연자와 오배자가 높은 항균성을 보였다. 최소 저해 농도는 S. gallinarum에서 천연자, 소목 및 오배자가 0.0012 g/mL, epidermidis에서 오배자가 0.0042 g/mL로 가장 낮은 농도에서 항균성을 보였다. 가열에 의한 항균성의 변화에서 S. gallinarum에서는 오미자와 오배자가 유의적 감소를 보였으며 S. epidermidis에서는 변화가 없었다. pH에 의한 항균성의 변화에서 S. gallinarum에서 오미자가, S. epidermidis에서는오배자가유의적으로증가하였다. 항균력이 가장 우수한 오배자와 소목 추출물의 미생물 증식 억제 효과를 조사하기 위해 증식 배지에 0, 100, 300 및 500ppm의 추출물을 첨가하여 균주의 증식을 조사하였다. 배양 후 24시간에 오배자 추출물 무첨가구의 $OD_{620}$값이 0.30~0.45인 반면 100 ppm 이상의 추출물 첨가 시 0.06~0.18정도로 균 증식을 현저히 억제하였고 소목추출물 무첨가구의 $OD_{620}$값이 0.3~0.55인 반면 300 ppm 이상의 추출물 첨가 시 0.05~0.15정도로 균 증식을 현저히 억제하였다.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 1985

Though the tradition of Korean mathematics since the ancient time up to the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century had been under the influence of the Chinese mathematics, it strove to develop its own independent of Chinese. However, the fact that it couldn't succeed to form the independent Korean mathematics in spite of many chances under the reign of Kings Sejong, Youngjo, and Joungjo was mainly due to the use of Chinese characters by Koreans. Han-gul (Korean characters) invented by King Sejong had not been used widely as it was called and despised Un-mun and Koreans still used Chinese characters as the only "true letters" (Jin-suh). The correlation between characters and culture was such that , if Koreans used Han-gul as their official letters, we may have different picture of Korean mathematics. It is quite interesting to note that the mathematics in the "Enlightenment Period" changed rather smoothly into the Western mathematics at the time when Han-gul was used officially with Chinese characters. In Koryo, the mathematics existed only as a part of the Confucian refinement, not as the object of sincere study. The mathematics in Koryo inherited that of the Unified Shilla without any remarkable development of its own, and the mathematicians were the Inner Officials isolated from the outside world who maintained their positions as specialists amid the turbulence of political changes. They formed a kind of Guild, their posts becoming patrimony. The mathematics in Koryo is significant in that they paved the way for that of Chosun through a few books of mathematics such as "Sanhak-Kyemong, "Yanghwi - Sanpup" and "Sangmyung-Sanpup." King Sejong was quite phenomenal in his policy of promotion of mathematics. King himself was deeply interested in the study, createing an atmosphere in which all the high ranking officials and scholars highly valued mathematics. The sudden development of mathematic culture was mainly due to the personality and capacity of King who took any one with the mathematic talent onto government service regardless of his birth and against the strong opposition of the conservative officials. However, King's view of mathematics never resulted in the true development of mathematics per se and he used it only as an official technique in the tradition way. Korean mathematics in King Sejong's reign was based upon both the natural philosophy in China and the unique geo-political reality of Korean peninsula. The reason why the mathematic culture failed to develop continually against those social background was that the mathematicians were not allowed to play the vital role in that culture, they being only the instrument for the personality or politics of the King. While the learned scholar class sometimes played the important role for the development of the mathematic culture, they often as not became an adamant barrier to it. As the society in Chosun needed the function of mathematics acutely, the mathematicians formed the settled class called Jung-in (Middle-Man). Jung-in was a unique class in Chosun and we can't find its equivalent in China of Japan. These Jung-in mathematician officials lacked tendency to publish their study, since their society was strictly exclusive and their knowledge was very limited. Though they were relatively low class, these mathematicians played very important role in Chosun society. In "Sil-Hak (the Practical Learning) period" which began in the late 16th century, especially in the reigns of King Youngjo and Jungjo, which was called the Renaissance of Chosun, the ambitious policy for the development of science and technology called for the rapid increase of the number of such technocrats as mathematicians inevitably became quite ambitious and proud. They tried to explore deeply into mathematics per se beyond the narrow limit of knowledge required for their office. Thus, in this period the mathematics developed rapidly, undergoing very important changes. The characteristic features of the mathematics in this period were: Jung-in mathematicians' active study an publication, the mathematic studies by the renowned scholars of Sil-Hak, joint works by these two classes, their approach to the Western mathematics and their effort to develop Korean mathematics. Toward the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century, the Western mathematics experienced great difficulty to take its roots in the Peninsula which had been under the strong influence of Confucian ideology and traditional Korean mathematic system. However, with King Kojong's ordinance in 1895, the traditonal Korean mathematics influenced by Chinese disappeared from the history of Korean mathematics, as the school system was changed into the Western style and the Western matehmatics was adopted as the only mathematics to be taught at the schools of various levels. Thus the "Enlightenment Period" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.od" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.pean.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권50호
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• pp.75-99
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• 2018

일본의 애니메이션 감독 신카이 마코토는 1인 제작 시스템과 '빛의 작가' 로 주목 받으며 등장했으나 그의 2016년 개봉작 <너의 이름은.>은 그러한 기존의 그의 작품을 특징지은 요소들로부터 상당부분 스스로 탈피한 모습을 보임과 동시에 일본 전통적 인연설인 무스비 테제의 결합으로 내러티브의 풍부함과 열린 해석 가능성의 매력으로 흥행은 물론 앞으로의 작품에 대한 기대감까지 한껏 고조시켰다. 이 작품은 제목에서도 짐작할 수 있는 바, '이름'에 관한 일본 고대 언어관과 현대 언어관의 만남이 나타나며 온전한 '만남' 을 위해 이름(언어)의 역할이 사건 속에서 다양한 변주로 반복 강조되는 모습을 보인다. 이 작품에서는 인물들도, 사물들도 접촉하는 주체의 뜻에 따라 그 기의가 유사성의 은유적 역할로 해석이 확장, 유보된다. 기표와 기의라는 구조를 통해 분석된 말과 사물의 관계는 소쉬르를 통해 나타난 현대의 획기적인 사상적 발견이다. 데리다는 소쉬르의 이 개념에서 사물을 비로소 존재하게 하는 '차이' 에 주목하며, 로고스의 명령에 충실해 온 서구의 로고스 중심주의, 이성 중심주의를 해체한다. 이처럼 서구 형이상학의 폐쇄적이고 배타적인 원리가 해체된 이후 대두되게 된 것은 중심의 해체, 주체의 해체이다. 데리다는 이처럼 해체주의를 표방하며 그 동안의 이성 중심주의에 의해 배제되어왔던 수많은 약소자들 및 타자들과 어떻게 관계를 맺으며, 어떻게 타자들의 부름에 응답하고 그들을 환대할 수 있느냐 하는 문제를 제기한다. 데리다의 '해체'개념은 언어의 본성에 대한 통찰을 출발점으로 하는 철학적 전략이다. 그가 텍스트를 읽는 방법적 개념으로 등장시킨 은유인 '산종(dissemination, 散種)'은 해석 실천(혹은 유희의 방법)으로 작용하며, 어떤 종국적인 해석을 추구하지 않는다. 그의 '결정 불가능성'은 그 출발은 무한성이 아니지만 귀결되는 종착지는 무한성이다. 연구자는 인간이 언어의 주체가 아닌 언어의 사용자의 입장이기에, 데리다 역시 기표와 기의로 이루어진 사물의 세계를 열린 텍스트로 해석함으로써 우리 역시 세계의 해석자가 될 수 없음을 스스로 증언했다고 파악하며, 데리다의 '해체'와 '산종'의 프레임을 통해 사물과 이름의 이야기, 이름을 통한 만남을 이야기하고 있는 신카이 마코토의 작품을 읽어보고자 한다. 또한 기표와 기의의 구조가 이 작품 속에서, 또한 현대를 살아가는 우리 인간과는 어떠한 관계가 있는지 제고하며. 데리다의 해체와 산종 개념을 통해 작품에 나타난 말과 사물의 관계를 살펴보며, 기표와 기의로 세계를 파악하는 우리 역시도 곧 기표와 기의의 일부에 다름없음을 확인한다.