• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2013

To understand critical aspects of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in a chief area of bivalve production in Korea, seasonal variation in PSP toxins in bivalves collected from Jinhae Bay, Korea in 2009 was surveyed by the pre-column high-performance liquid chromatography oxidation method. We also confirmed the profiles of major bivalves such as oysters Crassostrea gigas and mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Jinhae Bay. PSP toxins in the bivalves showed remarkable seasonal variation. PSP toxin levels were detected from April to May in 2009, and the highest total toxin levels at all stations were recorded in May. The major toxins in bivalves were gonyautoxin [GTX] 1&4 and C 1&2; in oysters GTX 2&3 were also detected as major components. GTX 1&4, which showed the highest PSP toxin levels at each station, accounted for the highest proportions of toxin components in mussels and oysters (64.5-71.3% and 41.4-42.4%, respectively). It was also confirmed that the highest toxicity (in ${\mu}g$ saxitoxin [STX] eq/g) was derived from GTX 1&4. The highest total toxicity (in ${\mu}g$ STX eq/g) was approximately 2-8-fold higher in mussels than in oysters collected from the same station. PSP toxin levels in bivalves differed significantly according to the sample collection station. However, the profiles of toxins in the bivalves did not show significant differences during the survey period according to sample collection station. This study shows that PSP toxin levels in some samples from Jinhae Bay were above the regulatory limit in Korea during a specific period in spring.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.717-724
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• 2005

The nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) can significantly increase the ability of proteins to induce immunological tolerance after oral administration, when it was conjugated to various proteins. Recombinant CTB offers great potential for treatment of autoimmune disease. Here we firstly investigated the feasibility of silkworm baculovirus expression vector system for the cost-effective production of CTB under the control of a strong polyhedrin promoter. Higher expression was achieved via introducing the partial non-coding and coding sequences (ATAAAT and ATGCCGAAT) of polyhedrin to the 5' end of the native CTB gene, with the maximal accumulation being approximately 54.4 mg/L of hemolymph. The silkworm bioreactor produced this protein vaccine as the glycoslated pentameric form, which retained the GM1-ganglioside binding affinity and the native antigenicity of CTB. Further studies revealed that mixing with silkworm-derived CTB increases the tolerogenic potential of insulin. In the nonconjugated form, an insulin : CTB ratio of 100 : 1 was optimal for the prominent reduction in pancreatic islet inflammation. The data presented here demonstrate that the silkworm bioreactor is an ideal production and delivery system for an oral protein vaccine designed to develop immunological tolerance against autoimmune diabetes and CTB functions as an effective mucosal adjuvant for oral tolerance induction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.816-820
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• 2018

The stringent response (SR), which is activated by accumulation of (p)ppGpp under conditions of growth-inhibiting stresses, plays an important role on growth and virulence in Vibrio cholerae. Herein, we carried out a genome-wide screen using transposon random mutagenesis to identify genes controlled by SR in a (p)ppGpp-overproducing mutant strain. One of the identified SR target genes was flaC encoding flagellin. Genetic studies using flaC and SR mutants demonstrated that FlaC was involved in bacterial growth, toxin production, and normal flagellum function under conditions of high (p)ppGpp levels, suggesting FlaC plays an important role in SR-induced pathogenicity in V. cholerae.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.111-119
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• 1996

The production of interleukin-1(IL-1)and nitric oxide(NO) by cultured fibroblast cells of human nasal turbinate was revealed by biological assay respectively. The cells were incubated for various periods of time in the presence of staphyloccocal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1(TSST-1) and house dust mite(Dermatophagoides farinae, HDM), and the culture supernatants were harvested. There was a little difference in the activities of IL-1beta and the amount of NO produced by the cells when stimulated with 0.002-0.1$\mu$g/ml of TSSTO-1 and 0.02-1$\mu$g/ml of HDM. The shapes of the time course curves for the production of IL-1beta and NO by the cells were different. Groups stimulated with TSST-1 or HDM produced more IL-beta in 2 h than no exposure group(Control). A certain mixed group(TSST-1, 10ng+mite, 100 ng) continued to produce IL-1beta highly throughout the entire incubation period. The cells stimulated with TSST-1 or HDM produced more NO in 2 h and 6 h than that produced in the end of incubation(48 h). Also, the mixed groups were generally similar. There results suggest that induction of IL-1beta by a certain mixed condition(TSST-1+mite) in fibroblast cell in vivo may play a role in inflammation.

• 생약학회지
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• 제33권2호통권129호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2002

The effects of Helicobacter pylori and medicinal plants extract (Leweifang) on the viability and interleukin(IL)-8 production of gastric epithelial cell were investigated. Cells viability was significantly decreased when they incubated with H. pylori or H. pylori toxin. Co-incubation with Leweifang increased H. pylori or H. pylori toxin-inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner. The production of IL-8 was greatly increased in H. pylori-infected KATO III gastric epithelial cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The increased production of IL-8 was significantly inhibited by Leweifang $(1,000{\sim}5,000{\mu}g/ml)$. These results indicate that Leweifang has protective effect on H. pylori-inhibited cell growth and H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal cell inflammation by suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokine (IL-8) from gastric epithelial cells.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.572-577
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• 1991

국내에서 재래적인 방법에 의하여, 생산 시판되고 있는 전통 발효식품인 메주(12종), 된장(28종) 및 간장(28종)을 수거하여 이들로부터 OA를 생성하는 fungi를 분리 및 동정하였고, 동정된 fungi 중 OA를 가장 많이 생성하는 4 isolates을 선택하여 이들의 생육과 OA 생성 특성을 조사하였다. 각 시료에서 불리해낸 222 fungi 중 OA를 생성하는 것은 39 isolates로, 곰팡이의 OA 생성률이 17.7%(39/222)이며, 이들 중 가장 많은 OA를 생성하는 4 Fungi는 Penicillium spp., Phialotubus microsporus, Eupenicillium lapidosum 및 Paecilomyces variotti이었다. 이들 균주는 $a_{w}$ 0.99에서 가장 잘 자랐고 $a_{w}$ 0.85에서 OA의 생성이 중지되었다. 또한 $30^{\circ}C$에서 억제되었다. Toxin 생성 최적 pH는 Paecilomyces variotti을 제외하고는 6.5이었으며 pH에 의해서 toxin 생성은 $a_{w}$와 달리 영향을 크게 받지 않았다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.171-178
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 한국산(韓國産) 사과 점무늬낙엽병균(Alternaria mali)을 공시(供試)하여 그들의 병원성(病原性)과 기주특이적(寄主特異的) 독소생성(毒素生成)과의 관계를 조사하고 감염성립(感染成,立)에 있어서 독소(毒素)의 역할(役割)과 그 생물활성(生物活性)을 알아 보기 위하여 실시하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 사과나무 잎의 병반(病斑)에서 분리(分離)한 5개(個)의 Alternaria 균주(菌株)중에서 3균주(菌株)만이 병원성(病原性)이 있었고 2균주(菌株)는 병원성(病原性)이 없었다. 병원성균주(病原性菌株)의 배양여액(培養濾液)중에는 감수성품종(感受性品種)에만 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으키고 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)에는 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으키지 않는 기주특이적독소(寄主特異的毒素)를 생성(生成)함을 알 수 있었으며 비병원성균주(非病原性菌株)는 이런 독소(毒素) 생성(生成) 능력(能力)이 없었다. 2. 병원균(病原菌)의 배양여액(培養濾液)에서 단리(單離)한 기주특이적(寄主特異的) 독소(毒素)인 AM-toxin은 $10^{-5}M$의 낮은 희석농도(稀釋濃度)에서 감수성품종(感受性品種)에는 매우 심한 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으켰고 중도감수성품종(中度感受性品種)에는 약한 잎맥괴사(壞死)를 일으켰으며 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)에는 전혀 식물독성(植物毒性)을 나타내지 않았다. 3. 병원균(病原菌)은 포자발아시(胞子發芽時)에도 AM-toxin을 생성(生成)하였으며 포자발아액중(胞子發芽液中)의 AM-toxin 분비(分泌)를 경시적(經時的)으로 조사하였던 바 포자발아(胞子發芽) 직후인 2시간째부터 독소(毒素)를 방출(放出)하였고 그 양(量)은 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였다. 4. 병원균(病原菌)의 포자현탁액(胞子懸濁液)을 감수성품종(感受性品種)의 잎에 분무접종(噴霧接種)하면 감염(感染)에 수반하여 접종(接種)잎으로부터 전해질(電解質)의 다량유출현상(多量流出現象)이 일어났으며 기주특이적독소(寄主特異的毒素)(AM-toxin)용액(溶液)을 흡수(吸收)시켜도 같은 현상(現象)이 일어났다. 그러나 저항성품종(抵抗性品種)의 잎에서는 독소(毒素)처리나 포자접종(胞子接種)의 어느 경우에는 전해질다량유출현상(電解質多量流出現象)이 일어나지 않았다. 5. 병원균(病原菌)의 포자발아액(胞子發芽液)이나 AM-toxin용액(溶液)으로 비병원성균(非病原性菌)의 포자현탁액(胞子懸濁液)을 만들어 감수성품종(感受性品種)의 잎에 분무접종(噴霧接種)하면 병원균(病原菌)의 포자(胞子)를 접종(接種)할 경우와 같이 병반(病斑)이 형성되었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.579-591
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• 2001

The cell growth inhibitor effect of cervical cancer cells was investigated by liposome mediated transfection (pRcCMVp53/lipofectin) and by transfection using adenovirus (AdCMVp57). The papilloma virus cancer cell lines we used in this study were HPV16 positive, having inhibiter gene, wild p53 gene, CaSki, SiHa, HPV18 positive HeLa, HeLaS3 and HPV negative C33A, HT3. LacZ gene of E.coli was used as the marker gene for the transfection efficiency. The effect on the inhibition of tumor cell growth was measured by cell count and cell viability though ELISA analysis and MTT assay. The inhibition of tumor cell growth was confirmed by measuring each assay for six days, comparing with the normal control cell growth. The cell growth of cervical cancer calls by transfection was significantly reduced and showed tittle differences among the cell lines. To eliminate the potential problem of Ad(adenovirus) contamination during rAAV production, rAAV can be produced by a triple transfection of vector plasmic, packaging plasmid, and adenovirus helper plasmid. To examine the helper functions of Ad plasmids on the production of rAAV vector, we carried out cotransfection of three plasmids, AAV vector, packaging construct, and Ad helper plasmids. The optimized transfection condition for calcium phosphate method is 25ug of total DNA per 10-cm-diameter plate of 293 cell. We found that rAAV yields peaked at 48hr after Ad infection. The titer of rAAV was measured by the dot blot analysis to measure the number of particles/ml based on the quantification of viral DNA. Recent1y, Kombucha(fungi) was identified as a very potent antileukefic agent. In the present study, effect of natural toxin(plankton) and Kombucha is PSP(GTXI-3, neoSTX), on various MTT assay cervical cancer cell line. Toxin(GTX 1-3, neoSTX) also inhibited the proliferation in primary cervical cancer calls in a dose-dependent toxin concentration. These results showed that toxin was very potent in inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer calls in vitro. Toxins and Kombuoha exhibited a dose dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation in cancer cell line.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.190-193
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• 2010

6년령, 암컷 시베리안 허스키가 점액성 설사로 충북대학교 동물의료센터에 내원하였다. 분변 검사 결과 심한 장상피세포 박리와 함께 다수(>70%)의 아포형성 간균 증식이 관찰되었다. 분자생물학적 세균 동정 결과 증식된 세균은 Clostridium perfringens로 확인되었으며, toxin 검사 결과 $\alpha$-toxin이 세균에 의해 합성되고 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 환자는 $\alpha$-toxin을 합성하는 C. perfingens에 의한 장염으로 진단하였으며, amoxicillin/clavulanate를 투여하였다. 치료 1주 후 설사는 소실되었으며, 분변 검사 결과 아포 형성 간균은 소실되었다. 이 증례는 빠르고 정확한 진단으로 type A C. perfringens에 의한 장염이 효과적으로 치료됨을 보여준다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.268-272
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• 2000

Thoracic sympathicotomy has been used safely and successfully to treat essential hyperhidrosis. However, it has been difficult to treat compansatory hyperhidrosis after thoracic sympathicotomy and focal hyperhidrosis. The sweat glands were innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers with acetylcholic serving as the transmitter. Botulinum A toxin has been reported to block neuro-transmission at the cholinergic autonomic nerve terminals. Prospecting its effect for the sweat gland, we treated 5 patients with focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum A toxin. Three patients received bilateral thoracic sympathectomy (1 case) and sympathicotomy(2 case) via VAT. The hyperhidrosis area was marked with betadine and was subdivided into squares of 2$\times$2 cm(4$\textrm{cm}^2$) each. Botulinum A toxin was injected intracutaneously in a dosage of 2.5U/0.1ml(100U/4ml) /4$\textrm{cm}^2$. A total dose of 100U of Botulinum A toxin was injected into the affected sites. Subjective assessment of sweat production by the patients using a visual analogue scale showed a 20~70% improvement. During the follow-up period, no toxic effects were observed.