• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2007

Among the photoactive semiconductors such as $TiO_2,\;ZnO,\;Fe_2O_3,\;WO_3,\;and\;CdSe,\;TiO_2$ is the most widely used as photocatalyst in different media, because of its lack of toxicity and stability. In this study, the effects of titanium dioxide were investigated to obtain the information of physiological change in rice plant. Light-adapted Chlorophyll flourescence index decreased and relative electron transport rate of rice leaves was activated by titanium dioxide under $2,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ PAR (Photosynthetic active radiation). Relative electron transport rate of rice leaf treated with titanium dioxide 10 ppm was high in order of $2,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}\;PAR,\;2,200\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}\;PAR,\;450\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}\;PAR$ and titanium dioxide 10 ppm (45.1%), control (32.4%), diuron 10 ppm (15.3%) under $2,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}\;PAR$. Titanium dioxide increased photosynthesis of the rice leaf under $13.6\;KJ\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ UV-B only. With titanium dioxide 20 ppm, reduced UV-B ($0.15\;KJ\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$) intensity changed the induction of proteins and twenty-five proteins were identified. Among them, seventy proteins were up-regulated, four proteins were down-regulated and four proteins were newly synthesized. Function of these proteins was related to photosynthesis (52%), carbohydrate metabolism (4%), stress/defense (8%), secondary metabolism (4%), energy/electron transport (4%), and miscellaneous (28%).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.342-349
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• 2018

In this study, the physicochemical properties, emulsifying capacity, moisture content and cytotoxicity of the composite material produced by transesterification reactions of the olive oil (olive oil esters) were investigated for cosmetic applications. Olive oil esters with short (S) and long (L) reaction times were studied. From the TLC-image analysis, composition ratios of the olive oil esters S were found to be 5.2, 24.1, 46.4, and 21.9% for mono-, di-, tri-glyceride, and fatty acid ethyl ester, respectively. Those of the olive oil esters L were 4.1, 24.7, 40.6, and 28.8% for mono-, di-, tri-glyceride, and fatty acid ethyl ester, respectively. The iodine value, acid value, saponification value, unsaponified matter, refractive index, and specific gravity were determined and purity tests were also carried out and normalized to establish standards and testing methods for using olive oil esters in cosmetics. To evaluate their emulsifying capacities, the O/W emulsion was prepared without surfactants and the formation of the emulsified particles were confirmed. After 5 days of applying the olive oil esters to human skin, the skin moisture retention was improved by 13.1% from the initial state. For the evaluation of toxicity on human skin cells, the olive oil esters showed 90% or more of the cell viability at $0.2-200{\mu}g/mL$. These results suggested that olive oil esters can be applied as natural/non-toxic ingredients to cosmetics industries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.902-908
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• 2017

In this study, the extracted phenolic compounds from 98 species of oriental herbal medicine were examined for biological activities to be used as functional resources. In particular, the anti-gout effect by xanthine oxidase (XOase) inhibition was determined using water and ethanol as extraction solvents because of their non-toxicity in the human body. The extracts of Chrysanthemum indicum L. (83.45%), Cuscuta chinensis (60.22%), Asiasarum sieboldi F. Maekawa (51.66%), Acorus gramineus (67.8%), Aconitum pseudo-laeve var. erectum (75.23%), Thuja orientalis (47.27%), Polygonum aviculare (53.98%), Carthami semen (63.99%), and Syzygium aromaticum (40.22%) showed relatively high XOase inhibitory activity. Chrysanthemum indicum L. was selected for its high XOase inhibitory activity. The biological compounds in Chrysanthemum indicum L. were identified to contain phenolics included in extracts of solids. Ultra-fine grind technology showed a higher extraction yield than normal grind and fine grind technology. Ethanol extracts showed relatively higher XOase inhibitory activity than water extracts. XOase inhibitory activity increased in a dependent manner as phenolic concentration increased. Therefore, ultra-fine grind technology was confirmed for use in increasing the extraction yield of XOase inhibitory compounds from Chrysanthemum indicum L.. Extracts from Chrysanthemum indicum L. are expected to be a useful functional resource for the prevention or treatment of gout.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 1998

This study was to investigate whether the viability of Hanwoo IVM/IVF/IVC blastocysts was maintained after vitrification and thawing. In vitro produced Hanwoo blastocysts were vitrified by two-step method: equilibrated in EG20 for 3 min, and then exposed in EFS40 ［40% ethylene glycol (EG), 18% ficoll and 10.26% sucrose in mDPBS containing 10% FBS ］and vitrified in L$N_2$for 30 - 45 sec. After thawing, in vitro survival was assessed as the re-expanded and hatched rates at 24 hand 48 h, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows: From the 12 replicates, 52.5% of Hanwoo blastocysts were produced in vitro at day 7 after IVF. When the effects of freezing solution to the embryo survival were examined, there is no significant toxicity in exposure (100.0, 73.8%) compared to that af control group (100.0, 87.0%). However, when embryos were vitrified, high survival (86.2, 55.4%) was obtained although it was significantly lower than those of exposure and control group (p＜0.05). When the in vitro survival of vitrified embryos according to developmental stage and culture day were examined, it showed that more advanced embryo stage exhibited a significantly higher survival rate irrespective of culture day (p＜0.05). Also, even in the same development stage, the in vitro survival of day 7 embryos (re-expanded: 75.0~87.5%, hatched: 21.4~66.7%) was higher than those of day 8 embryos(re-expanded: 58.6~78.3%, hatched: 10.3~52.2%). Therefore, these results suggested that in vitro produced Hanwoo blastocysts can be successfully cryopreserved by simple two-step vitrification method using EFS40 freezing solution, particularly at the expanded and early hatching blastocyst stage regardless of embryo culture duration (day 7 or day 8 after IVF).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.583-592
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• 2018

In this study, plans to apply 3D conformal radiotherapy, intensity modulated radiotherapy, and volumetric intensity modulated arc radiotherapy to esophageal cancer radiotherapy were compared. In particular, arc therapy was applied to reduce irradiated volume and spread of low-dose during intensity modulated radiation therapy and volumetric intensity modulated arc radiotherapy by limiting part of irradiated angle, in order to compare target doses and dose for surrounding normal tissues of the two methods and those of 3D conformal radiotherapy. No significant difference in target dose was found among the three methods. The 5 Gy volume(V5) of the lung showed 56.53% of conformal radiotherapy, 52.03% of intensity modulated radiotherapy, and 47.84% of volumetric modulated arc therapy(CRT-IMRT p=0.035, CRT-VMAT p<0.001, IMRT-VMAT p<0.001). The 10 Gy volume(V10) showed a significant difference in conformal radiotherapy 35.12%, intensity modulated radiotherapy 34.04%, and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy 33.28%, showing significant difference in intensity modulated radiotherapy(p=0.018), volumetric modulated arc therapy(p=0.035), no significant difference in dose was found at 20 Gy volume. The mean dose and 20 Gy volume of the heart were not significantly different according to the treatment plan, but the 30 and 40 Gy volumes were 37.16% and 22.46% in the volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy, showing significant differences(p=0.028) in comparison with conformal radiotherapy. It is believed that, by limiting part of the irradiated angle during intensity modulated radiotherapy and volumetric intensity modulated arc radiotherapy, the irradiated volume and, thereby, the 5-10 Gy area and toxicity of the lung can be reduced while maintaining dose distribution of the target dose.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2006

Purpose: A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficiency and feasibility of twice daily radiation therapy plus concurrent chemotherapy for limited-stage small cell lung cancer in terms of treatment response, survival, patterns of failure, and acute toxicities. Materials and Methods: Between February 1993 and October 2002, 76 patients of histologically proven limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) were treated with twice daily radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy. Male was in 84% (64/76), and median age was 57 years (range, 32-75 years). Thoracic radiation therapy consisted of 120 or 150 cGy per fraction, twice a day at least 6 hours apart, 5 days a week. Median total dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 45-51 Gy). Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of CAV ($cytoxan\;1000mg/m^2,\;adriamycin\;40mg/m^2,\;vincristine\;1mg/m^2$) alternating with PE ($cisplatin\;60mg/m^2,\;etoposide\;100mg/m^2$) or PE alone, every 3 weeks. The median cycle of chemotherapy was six (range, 1-9 cycle). Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) was recommended to the patients who achieved a complete response (CR). PCI scheme was 25 Gy/10 fractions. Median follow up was 18 months (range, 1-136 months). Results: Overall response rate was 86%; complete response in 39 (52%) and partial response in 26 (34%) patients. The median overall survival was 23 months. One, two, and three year overall survival rate was 72%, 50% and 30%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the treatment response was revealed as a significant favorable prognostic factor for survival (p<0.001). Grade 3 or worse acute toxicities were leukopenia in 46 (61%), anemia in 5 (6%), thrombocytopenia in 10 (13%), esophagitis in 5 (6%), and pulmonary toxicity in 2 (2%) patients. Of 73 evaluable patients, 40 (55%) patients subsequently had disease progression. The most frequent first site of distant metastasis was brain. Conclusion: Twice daily radiation therapy plus concurrent chemotherapy produced favorable response and survival for LS-SCLC patients with tolerable toxicities. To improve the treatment response, which proved as a significant prognostic factor for survival, there should be further investigations about fractionation scheme, chemotherapy regimens and compatible chemoradiotherapy schedule.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1984

This study was conducted to select herbicides effective for upland crops and to investigate the cause of crop injury in peanut cultivated with mulching. Crop such as radish (Raphanus acanthiformis Moor.), Chinese cabbage (Brassica raps L.), soybean (Glycine max Merr.), Peanut (Archis hypogaea L.), and marsh mallow (Malva olitoria Nakai) were tolerant to napropamide [2-(${\alpha}$-naphthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide], alachlor [2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], trifluralin (${\alpha},{\alpha},{\alpha}$-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropylp-toluidine) and nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenylether). Napropamide, diphenamide (N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylacetamide) and alachlor were safe for red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L. and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), while trifluralin, nitrofen and chlonitrofen (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4-nitrophenyl ether) could be used for water melon (Citrullus battich Forsk.), carrot (Daucus carota L.) and lettuce (Lactuca scariola L.) without crop injury. Out of nine major weed species studied, Capsella bursa-pastoris Medicus was the most resistant species to the herbicides tested. Napropamide and alachlor could not control P. hydropiper, while P. oleracea and C. album were tolerant to diphenamide :and alachlor, respectively. Urea herbicides such as methabenzthiazuron [3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,3-dimethylurea], linuron [3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl~l-methoxy-i-methyl urea], and isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl) -1, 1-dimethylurea]gave a great injury to the crops studied. The weeding effect was greater for broadleaf weeds than for grasses. Isoproturon and linuron provided good selectivity for marsh mallow and carrot, respectively. In peanut, the crop injury caused by Four herbicides studied was greater when cultivated with mulching than when cultivated without mulching. With dinitroaniline herbicides the crop injury decreased as the gaseous herbicide was removed out of mulching. Alachlor gave little phytotoxicity to peanut grown under mulching condition and nitralin [4-(methylsuphonyl)-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropylaniline] showed less toxicity to the peanut than pendimenthalin (3,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitro-N-1-ethyl propylaniline) and trifluralin.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2004

Acute poisoning is one of the diseases which need the most fastest emergency measures at the very beginning. However, at present, The Korea doesn't manage the toxication all over the country, and in particular, there is no guide to medical cure paying due regard to the traits of each area. This paper focused on the issue that the necessary data in preparing the facilities for the treatment of the poisoned patients and materials for medical treatment including antidote would have to be collected, after finding the special features of the symptoms by searching the present conditions of the poisoning in small towns next to farm villages in the North area of Youngseo, Kangwon province. This study was based on the questionnaires from 111 patients who were carried into the emergency room by the poisoning in two university hospitals of the North area of Youngseo, Kangwon, for one year, 2002. Upon investigation, the patients(111) visiting emergency room by the acute poisoning during the research period was found to be 0.37 percent of all patients(30,085) visiting emergency room. Among them, the most high percentage was given in their twenties and thirties at the rate of $39.6\%$, and the ratio($40.5\%$) of the poisoned patients after their fifties was much higher than a research($10\%$) of other areas. Many poisoned patients came to their rescue in an emergency room generally in spring and in winter, from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Agricultural chemical of the toxic materials had a majority at a ratio of $57.7\%$, and paraquat of the agricultural chemicals was found to have a lot of toxicity by $31.7\%$. As the trace of the toxication, the oral poisoning was common by $89.2\%$, and $55.9\%$ in the case of operating gastric lavage and nasogastric irrigation, but only $14.4\%$ for prescribing antidote. The mortality of the acute poisoned patients was $17.2\%$, and the toxication by paraquat held a majority. As a result, the acute poisoning of the North area in Youngseo, Kangwon had both of the characteristics of the rural and the city, and the patients over their fifties by the population aging had more attack of the disease than other regions. Also, with the high ratio of the toxication by the agricultural chemicals, especially, the lethal agricultural chemical was used frequently. Therefore, these dangerous situations need to find the ways to cope with.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.575-580
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E levels on the enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase (G57) involved in antioxidative defense system and lipid peroxidation in brain of cadmium administered rats. Sprague-Dawely male rats weighing $60\pm5g$ were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were divided into Cd-0E(vitamin E free diet), Cd-40E(40mg vitamin E/kg diet) and Cd-400E(400mg vitamin E/kg diet) according to the level of vitamin E supplementation. After each group was fed diet ad libitum for 2 or 4 weeks, 2.5mg cadmium per kg body weight was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 4 days. The rats were sacrificed for examination on the next day after the last injection of cadmium. The results are as follows: SOD activities of rat brain were lower in Cd-0E, but had a similar tendency to Cd-40E, Cd-400E groups compared with control group. GSH-Px acivities of rat brain were decreased in Cd-400E, Cd-40E and Cd-0E groups. GST activities of rat brain were decreased in Cd-0E, Cd-40E groups and not significantly different in Cd-400E compared with control group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) of rat brain was increased in Cd-0E, Cd-40E, Cd-400E in that order, TBARS was lower in Cd-40E, and Cd-400E by 28.8% and 44%, respectively, than Cd-0E group. The present result suggests that high level of dietary vitamin E protects against lipid peroxidative damage in rat induced by cadmium.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2003

The Theory for Monarch, Minister, Adjuvant and Dispatcher (or the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines) has served as a standard principle for newly developed prescription formulas as well as established ones. Despite its significance, however, this theory hasn't been thoroughly studied and covered in the academic journals of Korean Oriental Herbal Medicines (KOHM) yet. This paper inquires into the origin of the theory while presenting the definitions and functions of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM. In the end, the recommended doses and number of the KOHM comprising each of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM are suggested. The compatibility theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM can be traced back to the Warring States Period during which it was recorded in the treatise of the various schools of thoughts and their exponents. The theory was firmly established as a full system in ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}\;and\;{\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$. While ${\ulcorner}Shinnong's\;Pharmacopoeia{\lrcorner}$ focuses on the classification of the properties of KOHM, ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ mainly deals with the principles for writing prescriptions. In this regard, it is ${\ulcorner}Yellow\;Emperor's\;Cannon\;of\;Internal\;Medicine{\lrcorner}$ that systemized the Theory of Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant, and Guiding KOHM in a real sense. Principal KOHM aims at the causes of diseases and treat main symptoms. The doses are greater than Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM. With their comprehensive effects, Principal KOHM is a leading ingredient of any prescription formula. Assistant KOHM are similar to Principal KOHM in its natures and flavors. Although its natures, flavors as well as efficacies may slightly differ from those of Principal KOHM, Assistant KOHM strengthens the therapeutic effects, jointly working with Principal KOHM. They mainly treat accompanying diseases and symptoms. Adjuvant KOHM is divided into two types: facilitator and inhibitor. Facilitators with the similar properties to those of Principal and Assistant KOHM help strengthen the therapeutic effects. Since they usually treat accompanying symptoms or secondary accompanying symptoms (minor accompanying symptoms), there are two kinds of facilitators. (1) The first kind of facilitators assists Principal KOHM, targeting accompanying symptoms. (2) The second ones supporting Assistant KOHM are for accompanying or secondary accompanying symptoms (or minor accompanying symptoms). Inhibitors counteract and thereby complement Principal and Assistant KOHM. Some of them inhibit the side effects or toxicity of Principal KOHM for the sake of the safety of the whole prescription formula while the others generate induced interactions. Guiding KOHM can be used for two purposes: guiding and mediating. The Guiding KOHM for the former purpose leads the other KOHM in a prescription formula to the lesion. But, the Guiding KOHM for mediating coodinate and harmonize all the ingredients in a prescription formula. The number of KOHM for those Principal, Assistant, Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM and their doses are different, depending on the types of prescriptions: classical prescriptions, prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$ and prescriptions of Sasang Constitutions Medicines. In the case of the prescriptions after ${\ulcorner}$Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases${\lrcorner}$, it is highly recommended to follow the view of ${\ulcorner}$Thesaurus of Korean Oriental Medicine Doctors in Chosun Dynasty${\lrcorner}$ for the number of KOHM to be used. For the doses, however, ${\ulcorner}$Elementary Course for Medicine${\lrcorner}$, is found to be more accurate. The most appropriate number of KOHM per prescription is 11-13. To be more specific, for one prescription formula, it is recommended to administer one kind of KOHM for Principal KOHM, 2-3 for Assistant KOHM, 3-4 for Adjuvant KOHM and 5 for Guiding KOHM. As for the proportion of the doses, when 10 units are to be administered for Principal KOHM in a formula, the doses for the other three should be 7-8 units for Assistant KOHM, 5-6 for Adjuvant KOHM and 3-4 for Guiding KOHM. The doses of the KOHM added to or taken out of the prescription correspond to those of Adjuvant and Guiding KOHM.