• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.12-35
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• 2011

Objectives: The two criteria to clarify the toxicity of a herbal diet are well known. Although mechanical analysis of effective ingredients, a western approach, is widely used, the toxicity presence classification through the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of a theory of the herbal medicine properties has been disregarded. This study is for the safe use of a herbal diet through classification and study of toxicity presence in the herbal diet from the view of a theory of herbal medicine properties, one of the methods of Oriental Medicine. Methods: We classified and studied the toxicity presence in four kinds of herbal diets, waters and grains, animals groups, fruits and vegetables, and herbs and trees, excluding mineral natural drugs, of 1,400 kinds of medicines in 16 chapters of Tang-aec-pyeon, Dong-ui-bo-gam, for which the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of the theory of the herbal medicine properties has been used. The criteria of the toxicity presence in the herbal diet have been largely classified into the toxicant and the non-toxicant, and the toxicant is in turn classified into the insignificant, the medium and the significant. The category to clarify herbal diet has been limited to simultaneous utilization of food and natural drugs. The main text is Dong-ui-bo-gam, although diverse other references have also been used. Results: There are toxicant diets: a kind of tortoise meat of animals groups; five kinds of grains part in fruits and vegetables: aengdo, peach, oyat, small apple and gingko nut; and 12 kinds of vegetables part in fruits and vegetables: ginger, oriental cabbage, lettuce, chongbaek, onion, garlic, leek, fern, houttuynia cordata (myeol), pyeongji, geundae, and spinach, which should be prohibited from long-term use both as food and medicine. Conclusion: If herbal diet is used as health food supplements or food, the toxicity presence should be considered on the grounds of an Oriental Medicine theory of the herbal medicine properties.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.222-227
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• 2002

Although there are a few reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines, there has not yet been any report concerning their causes, mechanisms or prevention. We investigated the internal reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines. In the findings, liver disorder (hepatic injury) was found in 7 cases, kidney disorders (nephropathy) were found in 12 cases, heart disorders were found in 4 cases and mineral-caused diseases were found in 2 cases. Besides, we found the major cause of the side effects and toxicity was drug abuse, such as over-dosage and long term medication. So, we hope this report brings more attention to the safety and toxicity of herbal medicines.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.119-133
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• 2005

Traditional herbal medicine is widely used among the Korean people, and other eastern Asian countries employ similar therapies as well. In recent years, due to increasing interest in herbal medicines, many researches have been made on the toxicity and side effects of herbal medications. Through private and public media, there have been many opinions suggesting taking herbal medicines is very harmful, especially on the liver and kidney functions. This assertion has been mainly presented by the doctors that practice western medicine, But this assertion is never based on adequate knowledge of herbal medicine. This study aims to provide the evidences that taking herbal medicines is safe on the renal functions. Four frequently used herbal medications(Sipjeondaebotang, Bojungigitang, Ojeoksan, and Yukmijihwangtang) were used to test the toxicity of herbal medicine oh the lab animal model(SD-Rat). There is no significant difference in body weight and kidney weight after herbal medication for 1 month. In all experimental groups, no abnormal findings were observed in histological study, and lab renal function index(BUN, creatinine, uric acid). These results say that four herbal multi-used-medicines, when medicated, is safe from the renal toxicity in lab animal model.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.300-305
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• 2004

Background : Due to increased interest in herbal medicines is recent years, medical circles have made studies of toxicity and side effects of herbal medicines. Particularly the kidney is sensitive to toxicity. A few reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicine have been presented recently. This has bought on some distrust in herbal medicines among patients and western doctors. Objectives : The purpose of this study is to determine what effects long-term prescription of one herbal medicine may have on renal function. Methods : Nineteen patients took herbal medicine for eight weeks. Tests of their Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), Creatinine of blood plasma, and urine (chemical and microscopic) were taken before taking medicine and at the 2nd, 4th, 8th weeks. Results : After taking a herbal medicine, BUN and Creatinine decreased significantly or remained the same in comparison with the prior interval. Chemical and microscopic examination of urine showed no changes. Conclusions : The results suggest that taking this herbal medicine for a long time does not induce nephrotixicity. Further study is needed for investigating safety and toxicity of herbal medicines.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.28-33
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• 2014

Background: Samul-tang (Si-Wu-Tang, SMT) is a traditional herbal formula, which has been widely used to treat various diseases such as menstrual irregularity, bleeding and leucorrhea. Although many studies have investigated the pharmacological properties of SMT, its toxicity information has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: Five Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of each sex were given a single dose (5000 mg/kg) of SMT by gavage; control rats received the vehicle only. After the single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings were monitored for 15 days in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) principles. Results: In a single oral dose toxicity study, there was no adverse effect on mortality, clinical sign, body weight change or gross finding in any treatment group. Conclusions: The results indicate that SMT did not induce toxic effects at a dose level up to 5000 mg/kg in rats and its median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) was considered to be over 5000 mg/kg/day body weight for both genders.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2013

Objectives : Traditional medicine Oryeong-san (ORS) has been prescribed for a long time to treat light fever, thirst, dysuria, and accompanying edema. However, the acute toxicity and safety were not reported. In this study, we evaluated the potent acute toxicity and safety of ORS. Methods : ICR mice were used to evaluate acute toxicity and safety by oral administration of 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000mg/kg of ORS. Mortality, body weight, and clinical symptoms were observed, and organ weight and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed after necropsy. Results : We found no mortality and no toxic or abnormal clinical symptoms by administration of ORS. Comparing with control group, no significant alterations in organ weight and blood biochemical parameters were observed. Conclusions : ORS recognized as safe and non-toxic medicinal material, and median lethal dose considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female ICR mice.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2007

Objectives: Samul-tang(Siwu-tang) has been traditionally prescribed a medicine as a restorative. Methods: In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity about water-extracted Samul-tang(Siwu-tang). Twenty-five mice completed 14 days of oral Samul-tang(Siwu-tang) at the respective doses of 0(control group), 2560, 3200, 4000 and 5000mg/kg. Results: We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight, and autopsy. Conclusions: Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (2560, 3200, 4000 and 5000mg/kg). $LD_{50}$ of Samul-tang(Siwu-tang) was over 5000mg/kg and it is very safe to ICR mice.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2009

Purpose: Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) is one of the most frequently prescribed traditional medicine. To evaluate acute toxicity, ICR mice were treated with Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) administration. Methods: In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of water-extracted Ojeok-san(Wuji-san). 0(control group), 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg of Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) were orally administered to 20 male and 20 female for 14 days. We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight, and autopsy. Results: Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Conclusions: $LD_{50}$ of Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) might be over 5000 mg/kg and it is very safe to ICR mice.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

Objectives Bangpungtongsung-san(Fangfengtongsheng-san) has been traditionally prescribed a a restorative medicine. Methods In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of water-extracted Bangpungtongsung-san(Fangfengtongsheng-san). 20 male and 20 female mice were orally treated of Bangpungtongsung-san(Fangfengtongsheng-san) at the respective doses of 0 (control group), 1250, 2500 and 5000mg/kg for 14days. Results We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight and examined microscopic changes of some organs. Conclusions Compared with the control group, we could no find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 500mg/kg). $LD_{50}$ of Bangpungtongsung-san(Fangfengtongsheng-san) might be over 5000mg/kg and it was very safe to ICR mice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1 s.69
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

Background : There has been renewed interest in complementary alternative medicine around the world far a decade. On the other hand, the issue of safety of herbal medicine in Korea has been continuously questioned. Issues raised have included not only chemical residue or heavy metals caused by pollution, but also the toxicity of herbal medicine itself. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to review some herbal medicines subject to controversy of toxicity and figure out what kind of problems they evidence. Methods : In this review, PubMed was used to search medical journals. Keywords such as 'herb, or herbal medicine', 'safety, or adverse events, or adverse effect, or toxicity, or liver injury' were applied. Journals were selected by four inclusion criteria, as objectives should be human, researchers should be medical doctors, literature written in the English language, and types of journals should be meta-analysis or practice guideline or reviews. Finally, 9 cases from 60 journals were included in this review. Results : We reviewed 13 herbal medicines for controversy of toxicity such as ephedra(Mahuang), Arisolochia fangchi, Aristolochia manshuriensis, licorice, skullcap , germander, Syo-saiko-to(Xiao-chai-hu-tang), Chelidonium majus, mistletoe, Dictamnus dasycarpus and madder. Conclusions : It suggested that 'who it is prescribed for' is one of the most important factors to identify the causes of toxicity in herbal medicine and dietary supplements, under specific conditions in Korea.