• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2008

동계녹비작물의 활용은 친환경농업을 위한 유용한 방법중의 하나이다. 고추 수량, 질소흡수, 탄수화물 합성 및 토양 질소공급에 대한 두과(헤어리베치) 및 화본과(호밀) 녹비작물의 효과를 조사하였다. 녹비작물로부터 무기화된 질소는 토양환원 후 30일경에 최대치에 도달하였으며, 무기태 질소의 양은 $645mg\;kg^{-1}$ (헤어리베치) 및 $237mg\;kg^{-1}$ (호밀) 이었다. 토양 환원된 헤어리베치로부터 무기화된 질소의 양은 화학질소 ($365mg\;kg^{-1}$)보다 높았는데 이는 헤어리베치의 투입량이 질소기준으로 약 2배였기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 광합성량과 탄수화물 합성은 정식 후 70일까지 처리간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 생육후기 호밀처리구의 고추 광합성량과 탄수화물 합성량(전분)이 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 두과녹비작물인 헤어리베치가 호밀에 비해 고추의 생육 및 수량에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 향후 고추재배시 헤어리베치의 화학비료 대체효과는 클 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.113-128
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• 1999

Protozoa can represent as half of the total rumen microbial biomass. Around 10 genera are generally present on the same time in the rumen. Based on nutritional aspects they can be divided in large entodiniomorphs, small entodiniomorphs and isotrichs. Their feeding behaviour and their enzymatic activities differ considerably. Many comparisons between defaunated and refaunated animals were carried out during the last two decades to explain the global role of protozoa at the ruminal or animal levels. It is now generally considered that a presence of an abundant protozoal population in the rumen has a negative effect on the amino acid (AA) supply to ruminants and contribute to generate more methane but, nevertheless, protozoa must not be considered as parasites. They are useful for numerous reasons. They stabilise rumen pH when animal are fed diets rich in available starch and decrease the redox potential of rumen digesta. Because cellulolytic bacteria are very sensitive to these two parameters, protozoa indirectly stimulate the bacterial cellulolytic activity and supply their own activity to the rumen microbial ecosystem. They could also supply some peptides in the rumen medium which can stimulate the growth of the rumen microbiota, but this aspect has never been considered in the past. Their high contribution to ammonia production has bad consequences on the urinary nitrogen excretion but means also that less dietary soluble nitrogen is necessary when protozoa are present. Changes in the molar percentages of VFA and gases from rumen fermentations are not so large that they could alter significantly the use of energy by animals. The answer of animals to elimination of protozoa (defaunation) depends on the balance between energy and protein needs of animals and the supply of nutrients supplied through the diet. Defaunation is useful in case of diets short in protein nitrogen but not limited in energy supply for animals having high needs of proteins.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.450-456
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• 1999

A high molecular-weight water-soluble fraction(PO) obtained by the ethanol precipitation of 0.1 N NaOH extracts of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus showed 82% anti-complementary activity for complement consumption hemolysis. The PO consisted of 42% carbohydrate (w/w), 50% protein (w/w), and 3% uronic acid (w/w). Fifty-eight percent of the anti-complementary activity decreased by periodate oxidation and 22% by protease digestion, suggesting that the sugar and protein moieties are essential for this activity. Two polysaccharide fractions, PO-IIIa-1 and PO-IIIa-2, with anti-complementary activity were isolated from the PO using DEAE-Sepharose FF followed by Sephadex G-75 and Sepharose CL-6B gel permeation chromatographies. The PO-IIIa-2 was found by HPLC to be nearly homogeneous, with the molecular mass of 531 kDa, and showed 96% $ITCH_{50}$ (inhibition against the total complement hemolysis of deionized water as the control) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. This fraction contained galactose, mannose, fucose, and glucose with molar ratios of 1.75:1:0.65 and 0.59, respectively. The majority of galactose and mannose units in the PO-IIIa-2 were composed of TGalp1 ->, ->6Galp1->, ->2,6Galp1->, and ->Manp1->. The PO-IIIa-1 (molecular mass of 2000 kDa), exhibiting higher activity than the PO-IIIa-2, was further purified into two fractions, unbound proteoglycan (PO-IIIa-1A) and bound glucomannan (PO-IIIa-lB), by affinity chromatography using ConA-Sepharose CL-4B. The anti-complementary activity of each affinity purified fraction decreased as compared to that of the native PO-IIIa-1 fraction, indicating that the formation of complex between both polysaccharide fractions was necessary for full anti-complementary activity.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.351-358
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• 2012

To investigate the environmental adaptation and ecophysiological characteristics of Suaeda maritima and S. asparagoides under saline conditions, plant growth and density were analyzed according to environmental changes of habitats. The total ion content of soil decreased with time, which was caused by the predominance of exchangeable $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ in the upper layers. The population of S. maritima was more densely distributed in the region with higher ion contents of $Cl^-$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$ and $Na^+$ than the population of S. asparagoides. Both species were showed a decreased population density according to increases in plant growth. Under the conditions of a salt field, S. maritima and S. asparagoides contained high inorganic ions to maintain low water potential, but low water soluble carbohydrate contents. In the case of free amino acid, S. maritima showed an especially high proline content, and contained rather large amounts of free amino acids, whereas S. asparagoides did not. Both species showed high inorganic ion contents in the leaves, which might be a mechanism of avoiding the ionic toxicity by diluting the accumulated ionic concentration with a high ratio of water content to dry weight. This result suggests that S. maritima seems to adapt to saline conditions by accumulating proline in addition to inorganic ions. S. asparagoides seems to adapt by osmoregulation processes, using inorganic ions rather than free amino acids.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2008

인도에서 온실조건 하에 땅콩을 재배하면서 ergosterol 생합성 저해제인 hexaconazole 5% SC를 추천농도($500\;mL\;ha^{-1}$) 및 고농도($2,000\;mL\;ha^{-1}$)로 처리하고 그 영향을 관찰하였다. Phaeoisariopsis personata(Berk and Curt)에 의한 점무늬병 방제능력과는 별도로 땅콩식물체의 생화학적 구성성분에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 또한, hexaconazole 5% SC를 분무한 식물체에서 다양한 시간 간격으로 잎 표본을 채취하여 조사하였다. 분석결과 엽록소, 가용성 단백질, 총페놀함량 등 식물 구성성분과 질산환원효소의 역가에 심한 차이가 있음이 나타났다. 방어관련 효소, 즉 peroxidase의 활성 유도 또한 관찰하였으나, isozyme 양상에는 차이가 없었다. 더욱이, 처리한 식물에서 수확한 토양의 땅콩에서도 탄수화물과 기타 구성성분들의 양적 차이가 보이지 않았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.652-657
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• 2015

다량의 ${\gamma}$-aminobutric acid (GABA)를 함유한 뽕잎차를 제조하기 위해 뽕잎을 채취하여 진공 및 질소가스 치환의 방법으로 12시간 무산소 처리를 하였다. 이후 차를 제조하고 GABA 및 그밖의 주요 성분의 함량 변화를 측정한 결과 뽕잎에 질소 가스 치환처리 및 진공처리를 한 실험군 모두 GABA의 함량이 현저하게 증가하였고(436-472%) 글루탐산은 감소하였다. 일반성분 및 수용성고형물은 거의 변화가 없었으며, 유리당, 카테킨 및 총페놀 함량이 다소 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 뽕잎을 무산소 처리하는 두가지의 방법 즉 질소 가스 치환처리와 진공처리를 비교했을 때 GABA와 주요성분의 함량은 거의 차이가 없었다. 관능평가에서 무처리군과 질소가스, 진공처리군 간에 차이가 없어 무산소 처리를 해도 기호성이 저하되지 않았다. 채잎후 무산소 가공 처리를 하고 뽕잎차를 제조하는 것은 관능적인 품질을 유지하면서도 뽕잎차의 기능을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 방법이라 판단된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2016

The present study investigated the effect of enzyme inclusion on silage quality using meta-analysis tool. A total of 16 research papers reporting the effect of enzyme application on silage quality were employed in the meta-analysis of this study. Mixed model for integrating quantitative results from multiple studies was used first to calculate the predicted error of each study. Individual error from the estimated model was the applied into standard deviation of each study to calculate the mean difference. Finally, summary effect was determined using standard mean difference (SMD) and inversed variance weighting. Mixed model analysis and SMD analysis showed the same effect patterns in all analysis items. Enzyme inclusion in silage significantly (p < 0.05) altered all silage quality characteristics investigated compared to control when enzyme was not included. Our results showed that enzyme treatment increased dry matter content, preserved crude protein effectively, and elevated water soluble carbohydrate content. However, the pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents in silage with enzyme inclusion were lower than those of the control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1995

Eighteen Holstein Friesian ${\times}$ Native heifers with an average live weight of $175.4{\pm}27.8kg$ were allotted to 3 dietary groups. All animals were kept individually in a stanchion barn with free access to water and urea-treated rice straw (UTS). The supplemented feeds were as follows: Group (Gr) 1 - concentrate mixture (15% CP) at 1% body weight (BW), Gr 2 - concentrate mixture at 0.7% BW + free licking of multinutrient block (MNB), Gr 3 - as Gr 2 + 0.3% BW ground com. Multinutrient block composed of 20% mineral mixture, 10% urea, 18% molasses, 20% soybean meal, 22% sesame meal, 10% cement, 0.15 million IU and 50 IU/kg MNB of vitamin A and E. The experimental period lasted 12 weeks. The result revealed that MNB enhanced intake of UTS and total dry matter intake. Animals in Gr 3 consumed a higher amount of feed than the other 2 groups, thus resulting in the highest live weight gain and tended to possess the best feed conversion ratio. Heifers in Gr 2 also performed better than Gr 1 although the difference was not significant. Average MNB intake found to be 0.65 kg/day. Feed cost per kg gain was not significantly different amon groups. However if the cost of MNB could be lower, it would benefit the production cost of animals. The advantage of MNB is the safety of using a high level of urea. Although it was supplemented to UTS which also contained non-protein nitrogen (NPN), no toxic sign was shown. The results indicated that MNB could be partially substituted to concentrate mixture and it was even better when used incombination with soluble carbohydrate feed.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.717-724
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• 2013

To characterize the food components of two mussels (wild hard-shelled mussel (HM) Mytilus coruscus, and cultured sea mussel (SM) Mytilus edulis) in Korea, we examined the proximate composition, fatty composition, amino acid/mineral content, texture, collagen content and chemical and taste compounds. Regarding the proximate composition, HM had lower moisture levels and higher crude protein and carbohydrate contents than SM. The amino nitrogen, volatile basic nitrogen and total amino acid contents of HM and SM were 250.6 and 227.3 mg/100 g, 11.2 and 12.0 mg/100 g, and 17,451.1 and 15,334.8 mg/100 g, respectively. The major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, lysine and arginine. The major fatty acids of HM and SM were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1n-7, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3, which did not differ significantly between the two mussels. HM had a higher n-3 polyene ratio, and a lower saturate and monoene ratio than SM. Regarding the taste-active compounds, the free amino acid contents of HM and SM were 1,116.5 and 961.8 mg/100 g, respectively, and the major free amino acids were taurine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, citrulline, lysine and arginine. The primary minerals in both HM and SM were Na, Cl, K and P which did not differ significantly between the two mussels. The soluble and insolube collagen contents of HM and SM were 265.8 and 228.4 mg/100 g, and 119.5 and 121.8 mg/100 g, respectively.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2002

To investigate the changes in the composition and pool size of carbohydrates under drought stress, white clover (Triforium repens L.) were exposed to -0.04 Mpa(well-watered, control) or to -0.12 Mpa (drought-stressed) of soil water potential during 28 days. Dry weight of leaves in drought-stressed plants was remarkably decreased by 45% within 14 days and 74% within 28 days compared to those of the control. Glucose concentration in drought-stressed plants was increased, while that of control was slightly decreased or remained at same level throughout experimental period. Fructose and sucrose concentrations in leaves were not significantly changed for drought-stressed plants, but those of the control were significantly decreased on plant after 14 days. Fructose and sucrose concentrations in stolon of control plants were sharply decreased, while that of drought-stressed plants was less varied. Those concentrations in roots were generally increased in drought-stressed plants. The concentration of total soluble sugars at 28 day was 438.0 and 632.6 mg $g^{-l}$ dwt. in control and drought stressed plants, respectively. Starch concentration of stolon and roots of control plants was significantly increased to 2.0 and 1.4 times of initial level, respectively, whereas those of drought stressed plants was nearly same level or slightly decreased compared to initial level.l.