• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.1
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• pp.106-114
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• 2009

This present study was conducted to investigate photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll contents of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum, Ligularia fischeri, Ligularia stenocephala growing under four different light intensity regimes (full sun, and 64~73%, 35~42%, 9~16% of full sun). Three wild vegetables showed good photosynthetic capacity in July. Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum showed best photosynthetic capacity and apparent quantum yield in 35~42% of full sun. But Ligularia fischeri and Ligularia stenocephala showed best photosynthetic capacity and apparent quantum yield in full sun and decreased as the shading level increaese. As the shading level increased, the total chlorophyll contents increased with a significant difference in three wild vegetables.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.178-182
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• 2007

Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz is a medicinal plant and an endangered tropical rainforest plant species. Since the field cultivation that aims to fulfill the industrial needs is never accomplished, tissue culture appears to be the most feasible way to improve the quality and quantity of R. serpentina. This experiment used two kinds of explants (roots and shoots) to induce optimal root formation in different combinations of auxin and photoperiod. Each explants exhibited different responses on given treatments. Differentiated root could be produced from explants cultured in IBA 20 mg/L with and without light. The highest number of roots, root length and root weight induced from shoot explants were effective on MS medium containing IBA 20 mg/L and incubated under dark condition, while highest total weight (callus and root) from root explants cultured on MS medium supplemented 10 mg/L IBA and 10 mg/L NAA and incubated under day length (11/13 hr). The root induced from shoot explants produced the highest major alkaloid content. The highest content of ajmaline (2.17 ppm fresh weight) and reserpine (1.30 ppm fresh weight) were observed in shoot explants cultured in MS medium containing combination of IBA 10 mg/L and NAA 10 mg/L and incubated under dark condition, yohimbine (1.47 ppm fresh weight) was in the shoot explants cultured in MS medium containing NAA 20 mg/L and incubated under day length, while serpentine was absent.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.368-375
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• 2011

Background: Recent clinical observation reported that there was a significant correlation between change in circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and the occurrence of severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), but the action mechanisms of VEGF in GVHD have not been demonstrated. Methods: This study investigated whether or not blockade of VEGF has an effect on acute GVHD in a lethally irradiated murine allo-HSCT model of $B6\;(H-2^b)\;{\rightarrow}B6D2F1\;(H-2^{b/d})$. Syngeneic or allogeneic recipient mice were injected subcutaneously with anti-VEGF peptides, dRK6 ($50{\mu}g/dose$) or control diluent every other day for 2 weeks (total 7 doses). Results: Administration of the dRK6 peptide after allo-HSCT significantly reduced survival with greaterclinical GVHD scores and body weight loss. Allogeneic recipients injected with the dRK6 peptide exhibited significantly increased circulating levels of VEGF and expansion of donor $CD3^+$ T cells on day +7 compared to control treated animals. The donor $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ T-cell subsets have differential expansion caused by the dRK6 injection. The circulating VEGF levels were reduced on day +14 regardless of blockade of VEGF. Conclusion: Together these findings demonstrate that the allo-reactive responses after allo-HSCT are exaggerated by the blockade of VEGF. VEGF seems to be consumed during the progression of acute GVHD in this murine allo-HSCT model.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.34-43
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• 2001

Unlike ordinary recreational facilities, an amusement park consists of various entertainment facilities, attractions, food services, souvenir shops and other attribute. The purpose of this study is to survey users´ responses to such attributes and analyze the importance and performance of each attribute, and thereby, ultimately help improve the efficiency of management and operation of the amusement parks. For this purpose, a survey was conducted of Everland users in August, 1999. 420 users were chosen by means of he systematic sampling. All the suers were asked to rate the importance of 14 attributes of Everland at the entrance and all of them were asked to do the same at the exit. As a result, it was found that the attribute rated highest by the users was ´attraction´, followed by ´service´, ´accessibility´ and ´cost´ in that order. On the other hand, it was found that the total average of importance rated for 14 attributes was 3.31, while that of performance was 3.10. As a consequence of analyzing the action grids, it was found that ´appropriateness of the circulation system´ should be improved most urgently. 7 attributes were categorized as ´keeping up good work´, and 6 ones were rated ´low priority´ in terms of improvement. There was no attribute considered to be ´possible overkill´. Meanwhile, as a result of analyzing the difference among groups in order to determine users´ response depending on their demographic and socio-economic variables, it was found that only the ´age´ variable was significant. It is expected that the results that the results of this study would be useful in determining priorities when improving amusement park facilities or their programs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7607-7616
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• 2015

The present study sought to identify the differences in levels of depression and impulsivity depending on hours on SNS among Korean adolescents. Data for this study was collected from the responses of 1,008 of middle and high school students in Seoul in 2014. The upper 33%(N=364) and the lower 33%(N=319) of students who reported to spend lots of time on SNS were extracted from the total data to constitute two groups for analysis. The sample was analyzed utilizing SEM to compare depression and impulsivity levels of the upper group with those of the lower group while controlling for gender. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in level of depression and impulsivity between the two groups. The upper group that spent more time on SNS displayed higher levels of depression and impulsivity. The result of this study means that the more time the adolescents spend on SNS the more likely the adolescents are to be depressed and impulsive.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.389-402
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• 1990

The physiological characteristics of the neurons receiving the ventral root afferent inputs were investigated in the cat. A total of 70 cells were identified in the lumbosacral spinal cord. All these cells responded only to the C-strength stimulation of the distal stump of cut ventral root and the estimated conduction velocities of the VRA fibers were not faster than 4 m/sec. The majority of them were silent in resting state. For 49 cells, their peripheral receptive fields were characterized. Among them, 25 cells were exclusively excited by VRA inputs, 8 were inhibited and the remaining cells recevied both excitatory and inhibitory VRA inputs. According to the response pattern to the mechanical stimuli applied to their receptive fields, only a fourth of them were typical high threshold cell, a sixth, wide dynamic range cells, while remainings were a rather complex cells. Most of the cells receiving VRA inputs, received only the A ${\delta}-peripheral$ nerve inputs. Intravenous injection of morphine decreased the response of spinal cells to the VRA activation. The responses were abolished completely by counter irritation to the common peroneal nerve with C-strength-low frequency stimuli. These physiological properties of the spinal neurons receiving the VRA inputs are differ in some aspect from the spinal neurons receiving nociceptive inputs from the periphery, but still were consistent with the contention that VRA system might carry nociceptive informations arising from the spinal cord and/or neraby surrounding tissues.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2009

1. Objectives To evaluate effects of bee venom acupuncture on cardiovascular system and differences according to each constitution. 2. Methods Heart rate variability, pulse wave and the velocity of cerebral blood flow were measured before bee venom acupuncture(BVA), right after and after 30 minuets, had been applied to 20 subjects. 3. Results 1. BVA did not have effects on measurement variables of heart rate variability. 2. BVA had effects on pulse wave, showing total time, radial augmentation index up and height of percussion wave, time to percussion wave, sum of pulse pressure down. 3. BVA did not have effects on the cerebral blood flow velocity when considering not Sasang Constitution. 4. Considering Sasang Constitution, BVA demonstrates different responses in time to preincisura wave, mean blood flow velocity, peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity. 4.Conclusion From those results, the following conclusions are obtained. Cause BVA alters pulse wave and makes differences in the cerebral blood flow velocity according to Sasang Constitution. Various methods of BVA treatment are needed considering Sasang Constitution.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.113-115
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• 1994

Bacterial meningitis is a rare complication of epidural block. As epidural abscess, subarachnoid infection associated with epidural catheters are related to the treatment of pain in diabetic patient whose immune responses have been impaired. A 51-year-old male with non-insulin dependent diabetes came to the pain clinic with neuropathic gain on right thigh and amputated stump of right leg. Treatment consisted of continuous epidural block and subcutaneous tunnelling and epidural morphine with bupivacaine was given on an outpatient basis. Two months later, the patient noted a diffuse frontal headache, projectile vomiting and stiffness neck. These symptoms became more aggrevated over the following 24 h and temperature went up to $38.4^{\circ}C$. A diagnostic lumbar puncture revealed CSF total protein of 747 mg/dl, glucose of 43 mg/dl, and $4320\;WBC/mm^3$. Cultures of epidural catheter tip grew hemolytic staphylococcus epidermidis. A chest x-ray and brain CT scan were negative. Antibiotic therapy with penicillin G and chloramphenicol was given for 15 days. Recovery was uneventful.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.401-412
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of parents' monitoring of school lunch programs and to examine the relationship of parents' school lunch monitoring with their level of trust in school lunch programs. Methods: During November 2016, a web survey was conducted with 1,283 parents who had participated in monitoring of school lunch programs. A total of 621 parents completed the questionnaires (48.4% response rate) and the responses from 442 parents were analyzed (34.5% analysis rate) for elementary (n=196) and middle/high school parents (n=246), respectively. Results: Both the elementary and middle/high school parents most wanted to participate in monitoring 1~2 times per month, which was less frequent than their current practice. They showed the highest experience rate in 'food sanitation' area in both the prior training and actual practice of school lunch monitoring. They most responded 'increasing trust in school lunch programs' as a merit and 'lack of parents participating in monitoring' as a problem of school lunch monitoring. The average levels of trust did not differ between elementary and middle/high school parents. Multiple regression analyses showed that elementary school parents' level of satisfaction in the monitored school lunch programs was positively associated with the parents' level of trust in general school lunch programs. Monitoring frequency and parents' age, in addition to level of satisfaction in the monitored school lunch program, were associated with level of trust in general school lunch programs among middle/high school parents. Conclusions: There was room for change in parents' school lunch monitoring programs to meet parents' needs better. Well-managed school lunch monitoring programs contributing to parents' satisfaction with school lunch programs could increase parents' level of trust in school lunch programs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.693-698
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• 1997

Drought resistance and salt resistance of seedlings were compared with the polyethylene glycol(P.E.G) and NaCl solutions of the same osmotic potential($\Psi_\pi$=-10 bar). Plant height, seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content and leaf water potential decreased while the free proline content increased more in the P.E.G. than in the NaCl solution. Free amino acids increased 2.6 times in the P.E.G. solution and 3.6 times in the NaCl solution more than in the untreated(Hoagland's solution). Free proline occupied 66% and 61% of the content of total amino acids under water stress and salt stress, respectively. Besides free proline, phenylalanine in the P.E.G. solution and phenylalanine, alanine and asparagine in the NaCl solution increased distinctly. In short, it was shown that water and salt stress responses in seedling stage were relatively similar.