• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

According to the Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) published by A.T. Kearney (2012), India is the $5^{th}$ most attractive retail destination in the world. The retail industry in India has been largely fragmented with small businesses dominating the retail landscape, with very few large players having multiple retail outlets. However, in the last few years, the industry has witnessed a significant growth in the number of large retailers having a chain of outlets across the country. This growth in the organised retail sector has driven primarily by large Indian retail organisations and conglomerates. With the government reducing the restrictions on foreign participation in Indian retail business by increasing the FDI cap on both single and multi-brand retail outlets, the industry is likely to see an explosive growth in the organised retail sector which accounts for only 8 percent of the total industry. With more foreign retailers poised to enter into the country, one of the key issues that the industry may face is finding the right quality of manpower. Literature suggests that in an industry which is characterised by players offering similar kinds of product assortments at similar price levels, success would be governed by the quality of service, which entails employees having the right skills and attitudes for offering quality service. Therefore, the two key issues that may be of importance for retailers are levels of skills and the motivation of the employees. However, according to the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC, 2009), a significant skill gap exists in the industry, which may widen further in the years ahead, leading to greater challenges for organisations. This paper highlights some of the challenges and issues which characterise the industry in India, and suggests how companies could look at these challenges and seek ways to overcome these challenges.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.21-32
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• 2017

This study analyzes the variable consumer characteristics that influence the intention to use online product reviews. In online e-commerce, where purchases take place without consumers seeing the products in person, the product reviews left by other consumers who have already purchased the product are believed to be valuable information. However, when different consumers read the same product review, their responses to it may vary. This study analyzes the characteristics of consumers who utilize product reviews for their purchases. Consumer characteristics are categorized into personal information, personality, purchasing tendency, and experience related to product reviews. These factors are examined to see if they have direct or indirect effects on a consumer's intention to use product reviews when making online purchases. We surveyed a total of 240 consumers who had experience using e-commerce and knew about online product reviews. Once the data was collected, path analysis was conducted using the statistics tool AMOS. The study results reveal that consumers who are female, extroverted, and have higher price sensitivity think that product reviews left by others are useful, and that this "perceived usefulness" has a positive effect on the intention to use product reviews for making online purchasing decisions. In addition, consumers who are agreeable to others, have high brand sensitivity, and who have left numerous reviews themselves demonstrated the tendency to trust reviews left by others more. Thus, we conclude that this "perceived reliability" makes it more likely that a consumer will use product reviews when making online purchasing decisions. Future research can be done to develop this study further by analyzing whether providing online product reviews corresponding to the personal characteristics of consumers enhances the effect of product reviews on online purchasing decisions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.660-672
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• 2007

Today venture holds highly skilled technical manpower and high-tech products. To maintain the superiority in competition in the market, it is necessary to complete preparations, first of all, the effectual global marketing strategy should take precedence over the others. Therefore, this research is based on the research report of the special feature, the state of affairs and marketing strategy of venture business and is made up the questionnaire to interview total 200 companies of venture that was registered in Dec. 2006 and then is made the analysis of relevance of the statistical data of 154 companies of them and set up a hypothesis. As the result of it, it is set up two hypotheses. One of them is the difference of products, price, distribution and promotion according to the growth period. And the other is the difference of distribution and promotion according to the turnover. The venture places the great deal of weight on the discriminatory products concerned technical development and marketing activity. It is pointed out that it is to be passive to seek a new market promote the products, because of limitations of manpower, funds, technology and information in the beginning with smalt turnover.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.545-555
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• 2009

School foodservice customers are likely to be tired of repeated cycle menus and their satisfaction for meals offered in school is inclined to be low. The menu variety is an important factor in increasing customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate customer perspectives for applying rice based bread menus in order to add menu variety and promote using rice processed products in school foodservice. The questionnaire was distributed to 760 parent samples in elementary schools and 520 student samples in middle/high schools and a total of 665 and 387 usable data were collected, respectively. Food habits such as preference for cooking method, menu preference, food allergy and nutritional perspectives for menu and customer perception for rice based bread like quality, reliability, price, and purchasing convenience were investigated using 7 Likert scale. Also expected menu types applying rice based bread and offering frequency of rice bread menu were examined. Preference level for bread-based meals were moderate and students' preferences were slightly higher than parents. Menu types applying rice bread expected by middle/high school students were western food (49.4%), spaghetti (28.4%), set menu (13.7%), noodle (17.6%), Korean food (11.1%), Chinese food (10.9%) and porridge (4.5%). The most occupied rate was once in a week for expected offering frequency. Most respondents perceived that rice bread was more nutritive and qualitative than the wheat based one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1454-1469
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• 2010

Brands have their own life cycles and exert a great influence on the marketing activities of companies. This study examines the marketing activities according to a brand life cycle and measures the scope of their performances. The research divides a fashion brand life cycle into three stages through the analysis of secondary data, and validates the causal relationship between marketing activities, brand equity, and consumer behavior according to the brand life cycle. A total of 573 responses were analyzed through a factor analysis, path analysis, and paired t-test with SPSS 12.0. The results are as follows: According to the analysis of the relationship between marketing mix and brand equity, distribution strategies are effective at the introduction/growth stage and the continuation stage. Advertisement strategies should be a main focus at the maturity stage for brand awareness. Throughout all the stages, product strategies wield the greatest influence on the brand image. Among brand equity components, the brand image has an influence on consumer behavior at every stage of the cycle while the brand awareness has no significant effect on consumer behavior. The marketing mix component that has the greatest impact on consumer behavior is product. Contrary to general expectations, price has a negative or insignificant effect on consumer behavior at every stage of the cycle. The results illustrated in this study help to understand the life cycle of fashion brands and characteristics different from consumer goods. Thus, fashion companies should identify at which stage their brands are positioned and develop different strategies to fit each stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.296-300
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• 2012

Discrimination of geographic origin of agricultural products is a important issue in Korea because the price difference between Korean domestic and imported cereals is a key among some reasons. NIRS (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) has been applied to classify the geographical origin of soybeans. Total 135 samples (Korean domestic 92 and foreign 43) were used to obtain calibration equation through 400~2,500 nm wavelength. The math treatment with 1st derivative and 4 nm gap and the modified partial least squares(MPLS)regression was outstanding for calibration equation. The standard error of calibration and determination coefficient in calibration set(n=115) was 6.65 and 0.98, respectively. And it showed that the extra 20 samples for validation equation were identified their authentication correctly. This study describes that the application of NIRS would be possible for discrimination of geographical origin between Korean domestic and imported soybeans.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2010

A Model of small scale total mixed rations(TMR) plant which can be utilized round bales was developed, tested and analyzed in this study. This study consist of two parts. One is development of a small scale TMR plant model which was already reported at the previous paper. This is the second part of the study. For the study, a series of tests of the model plant were performed and its costs was analyzed. Also, the break-even point of the model plant by comparing with market price of commercial TMR feed was determined. Results of the research are summarized as follows ; As the results of mixing test, the average coefficient of variation(CV) value for mixing of the feed was 13.0 % at the gate of the mixer. The production cost was estimated as 8,298 won/head for dairy cattle farm and 2,495 won/head for beef cattle farm, when producing 8 batch a day. Also, it is recommended to utilize the model plant when farm size is over 79 heads for dairy cattle farm and 113 heads for beef cattle farm. As an overall conclusion, the model plant designed for farm size TMR feed mill will be very useful model for both beef cattle and dairy farms in Korea. Also it is expected that the capital investment for the model plant can be recovered with 8 months compare with purchasing commercial TMR feed if the model plant feeds 1,000 beef cattle approximately.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.66
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• pp.285-312
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• 2015

Export and import of food, agriculture, forestry, fishery products are suffering from low growth rate due to the European financial crisis, global recession, and Japan's 2012 export expansion following the aftermath of 2011 earthquake. Upon the signing and enactment of Free Trade Agreement with the U.S. and the EU, agriculture and fishery product have become the center of attention. Agriculture and fishery was reported to be 80million dollars, 1.46% of total national export, in 2012. Starting from2000, South Korea's government began its effort to expand agriculture and fishery export and as a result, export has steadily increased despite decreased consumption led by global recession. K-Sure has started an insurance program with the purpose of promoting SME business's export. It protects SME business against risk arising from credit, emergency, bad debt, and domestic price increase. This study aims to evaluate the service quality of K-Sure's insurance program via surveying SME businesses in the agriculture and fishery industry. Also this study will identify key service factors for SME businesses and explore ways to expand SME exports of agriculture and fishery by analyzing consumer satisfaction index. Results indicated service product quality factor, service communication quality factor, and social quality factor was key to improving consumer satisfaction for SME businesses in agriculture and fishery industry. Service product quality factor had a negative effect on consumer satisfaction in term of variety and results indicated that service communication quality factor's responsiveness element had minimal impact on consumer satisfaction. Conversely, all elements for social quality factor had positive effects on consumer satisfaction. Thus, leading to the conclusion that improvements in service product quality factor and service communication quality factor will indeed increase consumer satisfaction.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.498-505
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• 2018

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of the type O foot-and-mouse disease vaccine (FMDV) on the incidence of abnormal meat such as granuloma or abscess formation at the injection site in pork and its associated economic losses. At 56 d of age, piglets were inoculated with FMDV by one of three administration routes: N-Neck (a conventional needle-syringe injection into the neck), N-Ham (a conventional needle-syringe injection into the ham), and Non-Neck (injection with a needle-free device into the neck). The injection sites were visually examined for the presence of a granuloma or abscess, and the incidence rate of abnormal meat was calculated. The gross weight of the portion of the pork carcasses condemned because of granuloma or abscess formation was measured and multiplied by the weekly sales price to calculate the total economic losses. After implementation of FMDV, the economic losses were approximately six times higher than before implementation. Granuloma or abscess formation was significantly higher in the N-Neck and Non-Neck groups, in which the vaccine was inoculated into the neck area, than in the N-Ham group (N-Neck and N-Ham vs Non-Neck, p<0.05). These results suggest that the incidence of lesions could be reduced if the ham route was used for vaccination.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2003

This study is to research the influence of Caesalpinia sappan which was imported through the exchanges between the Chosun dynasty and Japanese envoys during the early Chosun dynasty. Korea interchanged politically and culturally with Japan since ancient times. Particularly, the good-neighbor foreign policy toward Japan grew into trade relations. The diplomatic mission, under the name of Tongshinsa, was dispatched 12 times in total. Plenty of goods were exchanged through the visiting of Japanese envoys as well as through the activities of Korean envoys. In other words, the Korean-Japanese relations were at first focused on the political and diplomatic etiquette and gradually evolved into economic exchanges. Trading goods were various, including food, clothing, etc. Caesalpinia sappan, a red dye, was the most imported goods from Japan, but it was sold at a very high price, which caused luxurious trends in clothing. However, these sumptuous moods of the upper classes were decreased in the 16th century. Some of the reasons are : the difficulties of Japan's trade with the Caesalpinia sappan producing countries in South-east Asia, the transition of the high classes' preference from red clothing into Chinese BaecSa and SaraNeungDan, and the comparative decrease in the demand of Caesalpinia sappan by the changed understanding of Honghwa. Therefore, the early Chosun dynasty's clothing trends were due to the relationships between the Chosun dynasty and Japan.