• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2014

This paper proposes a payment-based power control scheme using non-cooperative game with a novel pricing function in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). The proposed algorithm considers the fairness of power control among second users (SUs) where the value of per SU' signal to noise ratio (SINR) or distance between SU and SU station is used as reference for punishment price setting. Due to the effect of uncertainty fading environment, the system is unable to get the link gain coefficient to control SUs' transmission power accurately, so the quality of service (QoS) requirements of SUs may not be guaranteed, and the existence of Nash equilibrium (NE) is not ensured. Therefore, an alternative iterative scheme with sliding model is presented for the non-cooperative power control game algorithm. Simulation results show that the pricing policy using SUs' SINR as price punishment reference can improve total throughput, ensure fairness and reduce total transmission power in CRNs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2004

A total of 321 salaried employees were surveyed by a questionnaire to assess consumers perceptions on factors influencing their food choices when they go to a restaurant. The questionnaire consisted of 5 pages and each page contained a same 26 popular food list from various restaurants in JinJu in a column and 5 attributes (e.g. taste, price, fullness, healthiness) in a row. So the respondents were asked to rate a total 25 attributes on the points which the columns and the rows met, using a 5-point scale. The data were analyzed using the SAS program for factor analysis. Five factors which influence consumer's restaurant choice were emerged. They were named as follow: Factor 1:preference and purpose, Factor 2:taste, Factor 3:snack, Factor 4:convenience, Factor 5:concern about obesity. Most of respondents were satisfied with the taste and the healthiness of foods of restaurants in Jin-Ju. The younger and the female groups had more positive attitudes on eating out andi willing to use it frequently. Fullnes, healthiness, and price were important criteria in choice and preference of a restaurant. However, they didn't much consider the food safety. Taking account of the character of Korean food about fullness, healthiness, and resonable price, consumers might prefer Korean food to fast food or foreign food.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.67-83
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• 2023

Purpose: The beauty market is growing rapidly and becoming more competitive as new shops enter the market and offer similar products and services. The way for industries such as beauty shops to succeed in market competition is to understand customer needs and provide a marketing mix appropriate for those needs. Research design, data, and methodology: The survey was conducted for a total of 4 days from October 4 to October 7, 2023, and a total of 2,431 copies were distributed and 463 copies were returned. Excluding 2 copies with insincere responses, 461 copies were used for analysis. The data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 and SamrtPLS 4.0. Result: Product, price, promotion, people, and physical evidence influence perceived value, but place and process didn't. Product, process, and physical evidence influence reputation, but price, location, promotion, and people didn't. Perceived value influences revisit intention but did not reputation. Reputation influences revisit intention. Conclusions: First, beauty shops must develop beauty services that can satisfy customers' needs. Second, beauty shops must continue to invest in external facilities and interior design. Third, intangible service processes can help the beauty shop's reputation. Fourth, beauty shops need to maintain a balance between price and perceived value so that customers can be satisfied with the service experience.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.719-746
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• 2014

This study attempts to estimate the value of the water quality improvement by deriving the equilibrium price of the water pollutant emission permit for the imaginary water pollutant emission trading market. It is reasonable to say that there is already an implicit social agreement for the unit value of water pollutant, when the government set the Total Water Pollutant Loading System for the major river basin as a part of the Comprehensive Measures for Water Management, particularly for the Nakdong River Basin. Therefore, we can derive the unit value of water pollutant emission, which is already implied in the pollution allowance for each city or county by the Total Water Pollutant Loading System. Once estimated, it will be useful to the economic assessment of the water quality related projects. An imaginary water pollutant emission trading system for the Nakdong River Basin, where Total Water Pollutant Loading System is already effective, is constructed for the estimation of the equilibrium price of water pollutant permit. By estimating marginal abatement cost curve or each city or county, we can compute the equilibrium price of the permit and then it is regarded as the economic value of the water pollutant. The marginal net benefit function results from the relationship between the emission and the benefit, and then the equilibrium price of permit comes from constructing the excess demand function of the permit by using the total allowable permit of the local government entity. The equilibrium price of the permit would be estimated to be $1,409.3won/kg{\cdot}BOD$. This is within reasonable boundary compared for the permit price compared to foreign example. This permit price would be applied to calculate for the economic value of the water quality pollutants, and also be expected to use directly for the B/C analysis of the business involved with water quality change.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 1993

Even though the price level of organic rice is 20% higher than conventional product, 25% of the total surveyed consumers are willing to purchse organic rice of different income level, the monthly average income was 1, 100, 000Won. 35% of the total consumers in this income class is willing to purchase organic rice.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.22 no.50
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• pp.231-241
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• 1999

Recent market competition forces the price to be determined in the design stage so that the design would meet the target price of the product. However, most commercial PDM(Product Data Management) systems currently in use lack such a cost estimation function. In this paper, we propose detailed structure and functions of a new approach to estimate the cost of new products using integrated BOM in PDM. Such system will reduce the total life cycle cost of the products to be designed.

• IE interfaces
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 1989

We study the joint cost allocation based on the book profit producing power of the output through the A-S price mechanism. We show what part of the A-S book profit is allocated to the joint cost and what part is allocated to the variable total book profit of the short-run book profit function. Also we compare some other classical joint cost allocation methods with this A-S price method.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

The waste treatment fee and energy production effect of Wonju city RDF plant, the first RDF manufacturing plant in Korea, were investigated in the study. All plant operation data, like total weight of received wastes, produced RDF and separated rejects in processes were fully recorded for mass balance calculation of the plant in 2009. Also all consumed oil and electricity were recorded for energy balance calculation. The results showed that the waste treatment fee not including the RDF sales price of 25,000 won/ton-RDF was 116,573 won/ton-MSW and it went down to 105,298 won when included the RDF price. Produced RDF was 40.2% of total received waste in weight. Three components analysis by mass balance calculation of total received waste showed that Wonju city's MSW was 32.4% of combustible, 37.5% of water and 30.1% of incombustible respectively. Energy effect was found that total amount of produced energy was about 4 times more than that of consumed energy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the intention of smoking cessation according to the level of cigarette price increase among adolescent smokers and to suggest a reasonable cigarette price to effectively reduce smoking prevalence. Methods: In 2007, subjects were selected from middle and high school students except twelfth graders using a complex sampling design which employs a two-stage cluster sampling method. In total, 1,001 current smokers were included in the study. To investigate the intention of smoking cessation according to the level of cigarette price increase, cumulative percentages of smoking cessation of every smoking-related subgroup were presented under the assumption that cigarette prices increased to 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000 or 10,000 won. Non-parametric statistical methods were used to compare the prices at which the subjects intended to quit smoking among the subgroups. Results: More than 50 percent of current smokers intended to quit smoking under the assumption that cigarette prices were doubled to 5,000 won. However, the effect of cigarette prices on smoking cessation was less sensitive when the prices exceeded 5,000 won. In addition, the median of cigarette prices at which the subjects intended to quit smoking was 5,000 won, excluding the subjects who smoked less than a cigarette a day. Conclusion: This study suggests that 5,000 won for one pack of cigarettes is a reasonable price to effectively encourage smoking cessation, considering the price elasticity. Therefore, this finding may be helpful in establishing a new cigarette price policy for anti-smoking.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2003

Due to the expansion of freeway networks in Korea, drivers have more routes to choose. Traffic information on various alternative roadway sections and routes may help drivers choose the optimal route that minimizes travel time or cost. Traffic information on roadways is, therefore, invaluable in sense that individual drivers could reduce their travel time or cost by selecting optimal routes, and furthermore total travel cost of the system could be lowered. However, consensus about the price of traffic information that drivers are willing to pay is not made yet. Current price of traffic information is decided according to the price of similar information such as stock, weather and so on. To investigate the value of traffic information, a survey was conducted at freeway rest areas near Seoul Megalopolis area including Kyunggi Province. Eight hundred drivers who had travelled on freeway within a year were randomly selected. Purposive Quota Sampling was used. A price-response function, a relationship between price and sales, was obtained based on the survey, followed by sensitivity analysis