• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2019

The antimicrobial activity of acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts from leaves, stems, immature green fruits, and red fruits of tomato plants was examined against six phytopathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the acetonic extracts from these four plant parts was lower than that of the other solvents. Among the acetonic extracts, tomato leaves had a lower MIC than the other tomato parts. The acetonic extract from tomato leaves was therefore selected as a source of antimicrobial substances. The acetonic extract from tomato leaves inhibited mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Glomerella cingulata, and Rhizoctonia solani. Mycelial growth of R. solani treated with acetone extract from leaves showed more susceptibility than the other phytopathogens. Using 0.31 mg/ml of the acetonic extract from leaves, mycelial growth of R. solani on days 1, 2, and 3 decreased by 50.0, 52.1, and 64.0%, respectively, compared with acetone solvent treatment. The antimicrobial compounds effective against R. solani were identified as linolenic acid and caffeic acid by bioautography and GC-MS. These two compounds were used to treat six phytopathogens to confirm their antimicrobial activities. Linolenic acid inhibited mycelial growth of R. solani, while caffeic acid showed only slight antimicrobial activity. Results indicated that we propose extracts from tomato leaves which included antimicrobial compounds may provide a new lead in the pursuit of new biological sources of agrochemical candidates.

• 식물병연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.134-139
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• 2001

잿빛곰팡이병균 Botrytis cinerea LVF12 분생포자의 토마토 잎 감염에 미치는 영양원의 영향을 조사하고 병원성을 검정한 결과, 0.1M KH$_2$PO$_4$를 첨가한 20% 토마토 쥬스로 만든 분생포자 부유액이 토마토 잎에서 일정하면서도 높은 발병도를 보여 감염에 효과적인 분생포자 영양원으로 선발하였다. 또한 토마토의 생육 단계별로 병원성을 검정한 결과, 유묘보다 성숙한 식물일수록 발병도가 높았고 하위엽이 상위엽보다 발병도가 높았다. 병징은 감염 초기에 갈색의 소형 점무늬가 잎에 형성되고 병반이 잎자루와 줄기까지 진전되면서 잎이 탈락하거나 줄기 전체가 갈변하여 고사하였다. 감염된 열매는 초기에 암갈색의 원형 병반이 형성되고 점점 진전되면서 열매가 물러 썩었는데, 습도가 높을 때에는 병든 잎, 줄기 및 열매가 잿빛의 균사와 분생포자로 뒤덮혀 자연 발생된 병징과 동일한 특성을 보여 주었다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 1995

Inoculation with the compatible strain Ds 1 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria caused brownish ad water-soaked lesions, but incompatible strain Bv5-4a produced hypersensitive symptoms with local necrosis on tomato (cv. Kwangyang) leaves. Bacterial populations of the compatible strains Ds 1 propagated more greatly than the incompatible strain Bv5-4a at the frist onset, but no differences were observed 5 days after inoculation. The bacterial infection induced the synthesis and accumulation of soluble proteins in tomato leaves, especially in the incompatible interaction. Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis distinguished the soluble proteins in the tomato leaves infected by the compatible or incompatible strains. A protein of low molecular weight occurred only in the incompatible interaction. Some pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, especially the 15, 18, 23, 26 and 54 kDa proteins, were detected only in the infected tomato leaves. In the two-dimensional electrophoresis, some proteins with different molecular weights (Mr. 21∼29 kDa) and the pI 8∼9 appeared more distinctly only in the incompatible interaction. These data suggest that the de novo synthesis of some PR proteins in tomato may be significant in defense against X. c. pv. vesicatoria.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2006

The foliar injuries and absorption rates of calcium compounds in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. momotaro) and citrus [Shiranuhi(C. Marc. ${\time}C$. sinensis Osbeck)${\time}C$. reticulata Blanco)] were investigated. 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0% of $CaCl_2$, $Ca(NO_3)_2$, $Ca(H_2PO_4)_2$, Ca-EDTA, Ca formate or Ca acetate solution were applied to the leaves of tomato and citrus. The leaf burns were observed only in the foliar applications of Ca-EDTA and $Ca(H_2PO_4)_2$. Ca-EDTA exhibited more serious foliar injury than CaH2PO4. As applied with $^{45}CaCl_2$, $^{45}Ca(NO_3)_2$, $^{45}Ca$ formate or $^{45}Ca$ acetate, the rates of Ca absorptions by tomato and citrus leaves for 7 days were 17 to 32% and 6.6 to 46%, respectively. It meant that the absorption was differently influenced on calcium compounds. In tomato, the order of Ca foliar absorption was $Ca(NO_3)_2$ > Ca formate = $CaCl_2$ > Ca acetate. Although there was no difference in Ca absorption between the adaxial and abaxial parts of tomato leaves, total absorption was greater in expanded leaves than in expanding ones. On the other hand, in citrus Ca foliar absorption from $Ca(NO_3)_2$ or Ca formate was more active than that from $CaCl_2$ or Ca acetate. In conclusion, $Ca(NO_3)_2$ and Ca formate are recommended for the foliar application of Ca in tomato and citrus in order to increase absorption of Ca into their leaves.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2020

Tomato grey mould has been one of the destructive fungal diseases during tomato production. Ten mM of menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) was applied to tomato plants for eco-friendly control of the grey mould. MSB-reduced tomato grey mould in the 3rd true leaves was prolonged at least 7 days prior to the fungal inoculation of two inoculum densities (2 × 10⁴ and 2 × 10⁵ conidia/ml) of Botrytis cinerea. Protection efficacy was significantly higher in the leaves inoculated with the lower disease pressure of conidial suspension compared to the higher one. MSB-pretreatment was not effective to arrest oxalic acid-triggered necrosis on tomato leaves. Plant cell death and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were restricted in necrotic lesions of the B. cinereainoculated leaves by the MSB-pretreatment. Decreased conidia number and germ-tube elongation of B. cinerea were found at 10 h, and mycelial growth was also impeded at 24 h on the MSB-pretreated leaves. MSB-mediated disease suppressions were found in cotyledons and different positions (1st to 5th) of true leaves inoculated with the lower conidial suspension, but only 1st to 3rd true leaves showed decreases in lesion sizes by the higher inoculum density. Increasing MSB-pretreatment times more efficiently decreased the lesion size by the higher disease pressure. MSB led to inducible expressions of defence-related genes SlPR1a, SlPR1b, SlPIN2, SlACO1, SlChi3, and SlChi9 in tomato leaves prior to B. cinerea infection. These results suggest that MSB pretreatment can be a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for environment-friendly management of tomato grey mould.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.642-649
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity in the leaves and stems of 50 tomato accessions, in order to examine the possibility of using tomato by-products as a functional material. The extracts of the leaves (LE) and stems (SE) were analyzed for DPPH, ABTS, and total polyphenol content (TPC). Antioxidant activities and TPC differed significantly between the LE and SE of the 50 tomato accessions. TPC in LE and SE showed wide variation, ranging from 24.4 to 60.6 and 12.5 to 18.8 mg GAE/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities of LE ranged from 10.0 to 38.2% (scavenging effect) and 20.8 to 59.0 mg ASC/g, respectively, while the DPPH and ABTS measurements of SE were 1.4 to 8.8% and 2.2 to 22.5 mg ASC/g, respectively. As assessed by the relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI), IT033117 and IT203466 had the highest antioxidant activity in LE and SE, respectively. These results will expand the knowledge of antioxidant activity and provide information on tomato accessions valuable for the development of functional foods and food additives.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.18-24
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• 1994

Multiplications and pathogenic reactions of different pepper and tomato strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria were evaluated in the most upper leaves of pepper and tomato plants at different growth stages. Hypersensitive reactions were induced in mature pepper plants by inoculation with only the tomato strains but not with the pepper strains, suggesting the expression of age-related resistance in pepper plants. The age-related resistance also seems to be correlated with an apparent inability of the bacteria to multiply as extensively in mature as in young plants. No significant differences among the Korean and U. S. pepper cultivars tested were found in bacterial multiplication, irrespective of bacterial stain or plant growth stage. Korean tomato cultivars tested also were highly susceptible to either tomato or pepper strains during the development of tomato plants.

• 식물병연구
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2023

Exogenous ferrous chloride (FeCl₂) suppressed in vitro growth of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, causing bacteria for tomato bacterial wilt. More than 50 μM of FeCl₂ reduced the in vitro bacterial growth in dosedependent manners. Two to 200 μM of FeCl₂ did not affect the fresh weight of detached tomato leaves at 3 and 5 days after the petiole dipping without the bacterial inoculation. The bacterial wilt of the detached tomato leaves was evaluated by inoculating two different inoculum densities of R. pseudosolanacearum (10⁵ and 10⁷ cfu/ml) in the presence of FeCl₂. Bacterial wilt in the detached leaves by 10⁵ cfu/ml was efficiently attenuated by 10-200 μM of FeCl₂ at 3 and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi), but bacterial wilt by 10⁷ cfu/ml was only reduced by 200 μM of FeCl₂ at 3 and 5 dpi. These results suggest that iron nutrients can be included in the integrated disease management of tomato bacterial wilt.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2007

저온 또는 건조 처리에 따른 토마토 유묘의 생육과 부위별 항산화효소의 반응 양상을 분석한 결과, 토마토 유묘의 생체중은 처리 후 12일째에 대조구에 비해 각각 69.5% 와 50.6% 감소하였다. SOD와 POD의 활성은 대조구에 비해 저온 또는 건조 처리에서 높은 활성을 보였는데, 저온 처리시에는 뿌리에서 더 높은 활성을 보였고 건조 처리에서는 잎과 줄기에서 높은 활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 동위효소의 발현양상에서도 일치하였다. GR의 활성은 저온 또는 건조 처리시 대조구보다 높은 활성을 보였는데, 잎과 줄기에서는 저온과 건조 처리간의 차이는 없었지만, 뿌리에서는 건조 처리가 높은 경향을 보였다. GR 동위효소 발현양상은 저온과 건조처리시에는 GR-3 밴드가 잎에서는 발현되어 대조구와 차이가 있었지만, 줄기와 뿌리에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. PPO 활성은 잎에서는 모든 처리에서 차이가 없었지만, 줄기와 뿌리에서는 저온 또는 건조 처리에서 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였다. 특히 줄기의 PPO 활성은 저온 처리보다 건조처리에서 높았고 뿌리의 PPO 활성은 건조 처리보다 저온 처리에서 높았다. 동위효소의 발현양상에서도 건조처리에서는 줄기에서, 저온 처리에서는 뿌리에서 높은 밀도를 보여 불량 환경에 따른 부위별 반응 차이를 잘 반영해 주었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.108-111
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• 2022

In December 2020, stem and leaf rot symptoms in small-fruited tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were observed in a farmer's vinyl greenhouse located in Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The incidence of diseased plants in the vinyl greenhouse was 2-6%. Seven single-spore isolates of Phoma sp. were obtained from the diseased stems and leaves. All the isolates were identified as Boeremia linicola based on the cultural, morphological and molecular characteristics. Two isolates of B. linicola were tested for pathogenicity on stems and leaves of small-fruited tomato and large-fruited tomato using artificial inoculation. All the tested isolates caused stem and leaf rot symptoms in the inoculated plants. The symptoms were similar to those observed in plants from the vinyl greenhouse investigated. This is the first report of B. linicola causing stem and leaf rot in tomato.