• Title/Summary/Keyword: tobacco price

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INFLUENCE OF CURING TEMPERATURE ON CHARACTERISTICS OF ORIENTAL-TYPE TOBACCO (향끽미종 연초건조중 온도차가 건조엽의 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • 류명현;김용옥;석영선;이한석
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.147-153
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    • 1984
  • During curing of aromatic tobacco leaves, coloring temperatures were set at 26, 30, 34, 38 and $42^{\circ}C$, and also leaf drying temperatures were established at 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively, to investigate the thermal effect on characteristics of cured leaves. Appearance of yellow color from green was accelerated, the contents of non-volatile organic and higher fatty acids in leaves tended to increase with the higher yellowing temperature. Quality by price per kg was best at 45-$50^{\circ}C$ and score of smoking test was highest at 40-$50^{\circ}C$ during leaf drying stage. The concentrations of non-volatile organic acids and volatile essential oil inclined to decrease, but a reverse in this trend with higher fatty acids as temperature increased during leaf drying stage. The difference of other components was discussed.

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Accelerating Effect of 2-Chloroethyl Phosphonic Acid Foliar Applications on Leaf Tobacco Maturity (2-Chloroethyl Phosphonic Acid가 잎담배 조열에 미치는 영향)

  • 곽병화
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 1972
  • Cultivar Yeollow Special A, the most leading Korean economic leaf tobacco in Korea, were field-cultivated in four different localities of Korea for the period of two years (1970 and 1971) and sprayed at varied levels of 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (CEPA) for foliar application few days after topping. While no striking difference in leaf yield by weight was obtained among the treatments when compared with control, leaf quality as expressed for shipment price in won tended when compared with control, leaf quality as expressed for shipment price in won tended to improve. The treated leaves with 300 to 900 ppm of CEPA (approximately 140 1/acre of 500 ppm) not only showed yellowing and accelerated maturity to pick 4 to 5 days with practicable optimal level earlier than control, but also speeded up to take nearly with practicable optimal level earlier than control, but also speeded up to take nearly last half of the total time required for the five stages of flue-curing. It is therefore considered that CEPA is as effective maturity-accelerating agent and useful as known for other solanaceous plants showing climacteric stage respiration, and discussions were made about physiological actions of ethylene gas released from CEPA at plant tissues sprayed.

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Effect of Cyclic Change of Wet Bulb Temperature During Yellowing Stage on Physical Properties of Flue-Cured Tobacco (황색종 연초 황변기 cyclic건조가 건조엽의 물리성에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Chul-Hwan;Jin, Jeong-Eui;Han, Chul-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.13-18
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    • 1998
  • In the flue curing process, the wet bulb temperature is usually controlled at a constant level. To improve the quality of flue cured leaves, we studied the effect of the cyclic change of wet bulb temperature at the yellowing stage of flue curing on physical properties of cured leaves. The wet bulb temperature was automatically controlled between preset high (38℃) and low point (35℃) every one hour cyclically. As a result, the acceleration of the increase in the physical properties of cured leaves were observed. The leaves cured by this method were more or less orange in color, better bodied, and less brittle compared with the leaves produced by conventional curing. However, the leaves cured by this method had a little sharpness and harshness. As to the physical properties, there was decreased in occurrence of flat leaves than that of conventional ones. On the other hand, in case of cyclic curing method, increase of price per kg reached to 2-3% compared with those of conventional ones.

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UTILIZATION AND EVALUATION Of AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS FOR FLUE-CURD TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) II. FIELD EXPERIMENT (황색종 담배 (Nicotiana tabacum L.)의 토양중 유효인산의 이용과 그 평가 방법)

  • Park, Su-Jun;Choi, Jyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.155-168
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    • 1984
  • Field test were conducted to select the best method for soil phosphorus test and to obtain the critical levels of each method for P fertilizer recommendations based on tobacco production. Truog method was recognized to be the mort suitable one for soil P test. N. Carolina, Bray No.1 and Olsen methods were followed in order. Bray No. 2 and Lancaster methods showed the least satisfaction. The critical levels of available P by lancaster, Bray No. 1, N. Carolina,01sen, and Truog methods were 55ppm, 32ppm, 21ppm, 19ppm, and 22ppm, respectively. Below the critical level a large yield response can be expected with 10kg $P_2O_5$/10a, above critical level little or no response is expected. In soils the more the initial available p, the more available P was carried over, while the more the total amount of silt and clay, the less the residual P was found. The increase in residual P by 10kg of $P_2O_5$ was greater than that of 5kg/10a. The chemical composition and the price of the cured leaf were not affected by the $P_2O_5$ application, indicating that the increase in the rate of $P_2O_5$ application would not exert on the quality of tobacco.

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Effects of Application of Complete Fertilizer on the Quality and Yields of Leaf Tobacco(Yellow variety NC 82) in Soils with Different Fertility Levels (잎담배 재배지토양환경조건(栽培地土壤環境條件)에 따른 연초용(煙草用) 복합비료(複合肥料)의 시용효과(施用效果))

  • Park, Jin-Kyu;Lee, Dong-Hoon;Chang, Sang-Moon;Choi, Jyung
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.14
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    • pp.29-36
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    • 1996
  • This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the application of complete fertilizer on the yields and quality of leaf tobaccod grown in soils with different fertility levels. The contents of inorganic nitrogen, organic matter and available phosphorus in the soil with high fertility level were shown to be more than those in the soils with medium and low fertility levels of the experimental fields. The contents of total nitrogen, nicotine and reducing sugar in the tobacco leaf were more than those in the cutters tobacco. The contents of total nitrogen and nicotine in the leaf tobacco increased as the application amounts of the fertilizer(10:10:20) increased, however, the reducing sugar contents in the leaf tobacco decreased. The increase in the yields of leaf tobacco was detected at the application amount of 75kg/10a in soils with high fertility level, but for high yield of leaf tobacco in the soils with low and medium levels the application amount of the fertilizer was found to be over 100kg per 10a. The quality (price/kg or price/kg ${\times}$ yield) of the leaf tobacco was known to be excellent at 50~75kg/10a of the application amount of the fertilizer(10:10:20) in soil with high fertility level and over 100kg/10a in the other soils in the experiment.

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The Development of Tobacco Litigation in USA and it's Impact of Law and Politics in Public Health (미국 담배소송의 변천과 보건법정책 효과)

  • Kim, Un-Mook;Kim, Ji-Hyun
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.133-173
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    • 2011
  • Since mid-1960s the reports from the Surgeon General, the World Health Organization, and other health experts state that there is no risk-free level exposure to smoking and secondhand smoke. Tobacco smoke is made up of more than 7,000 chemicals. Hundreds are toxic, and at least 70 are carcinogens. The chemicals in tobacco smoke reach smoker's lungs quickly every time smoker inhale causing damages immediately. Inhaling even the smallest amount of tobacco smoke can also damage smoker's DNA, which can lead to cancers. Smoking is responsible for more than 87% of lung cancers, but there are a host of other chronic diseases directly related to exposure to tobacco smoke. It's also a major cause of heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease and most of the other diseases. In the United States, each year with more than from 440,000 to 520,000 deaths caused by smoking and exposure to involuntary smoke. They conclude that smoking is the single most important source of preventable morbidity and mortality. The United States of America have about 60-year history of tobacco litigation. Tobacco litigation has been an important tool in tobacco control strategies aimed at limiting the activities of tobacco companies and providing redress to people who have become ill as a result of their use of tobacco products. Tobacco litigation is a kind of tort litigation. Quite often, as in the asbestos and other mass tort litigation episodes, tobacco litigation can play an educational role, warning the public about the magnitude of health risks that might otherwise be less clearly perceived. Tobacco litigation allows smokers, their families or other victims of smoking to sue tobacco companies in order to be compensated for the harm they have suffered. Potential benefits of tobacco litigation include compensation for smoking-related damages, strengthening regulatory activity, publicity, documents disclosure and changing tobacco industry behavior. And also tobacco litigation can limit the political activities of tobacco industry, protect human rights of smokers and non-smokers, increase burden to tobacco price-up and enhance the effects of law and politics in public health.

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A geographical study of the Korean Tobacoo forming region (韓國 煙草載培地域의 地理學的 硏究)

  • ;Kim, Kwang Ja
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.21
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    • pp.16-37
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    • 1980
  • The purpose of this study is to clarify how the Korean tobacco farming region has been geographically formed by natural and cultural environments, and to examine and cultural environments, and to examine whether it can be recognized as a major part of agricultultural regions. The questions asked in this study are associated with the spatial diffusion of tobacco cultivation, the patterns and processes of the farming region from 1900 to 1960, and the regional characteristics of the concentrated farming area since 1960. The study is inductively approached and most data used were collected from old records and field works. The delineation of the tobacco farming region was derived by applying the concept of the uniform region. Tobacco was introduced through Japan during the years of Kwang Hae Kun (1616-1622). According to the old records, three places, Waekwan, Dongrae, and Ulsan, were the first tobacco raising areas. In the 1700's the well-known tobacco farming regions were scattered all around the nation in places like Jinan, Samdeung, Seongcheon, Gangdong, Yeongweol and Yeongyang. This distributon pattern suggests that tobacco farming in Korea developed spatially along main traffic routes before the 1700's. Untill the 1920's the pattern of tobacco regions was relatively static. Since the 1920's, it has shown a pattern of concentration in the Choongbuk province, where the new highly productive yellow tobacco has been introduced. It was not until the 1960's that yellow tobacco instead of the native variety came to be cultivated all over the country. In the 1960's, the tobacco farming region tended to be concentrated and localized in north western Choongnam, northern Cheonbuk, Choongbuk, and Kyeongbuk including Cheongsong, Andong, and Yeongyang. Since 1970, tobacco production has declined in some of the former major areas of cultivation in terms of its density, while there have appeared highly concentrated areas in Cheongsong and Andong, centered around Yeongyand. There has also emerged a secondary major concentrated area along the coast including such places as Kochang, Yeongkwang and Mooan. The appearance of the Yeongyang tobacco area as the most important core region can be described as follows; at first this area has the disadvantage of being in competition with other places for selling cash crops besides tobacco, because it is located in a mountain zone and it is far from the major metropolises of Seoul and Pusan. Thus has been formed the farming mentality that agricultural management makes the most profit on farming tobacco because tobacco is stable in price and selling routes. As a result of this longstanding belief, these areas (Yeongyang, Cheongsong and Andong) have developed into tobacco concentrated regions. Finally, the tobacco concentrated regions of Korea have changed through time. The factors affecting this change have been the kind of tobacco grown, the monopoly system, agricultural techniques and the expansion of arable land through the clearing of slopes. In conclusion, the research indicates that the localized and concentrated patterns of tobacco cultivation are geographically typical. Thus, recognition of tobacco farming region is important to understanding the agricultural region of Korea as a whole.

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A Multiple Planting in a Hole for Producing an Aromatic Tobacco Variety, Sohyang(Nicotiana tabacum L.) (향끽미품종담배의 식혈간 거리와 식혈당 주수가 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • 정기택;변주섭
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.58-65
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    • 1981
  • This study was carried out to investigate the influence of distance of planting holes (51, 45, and 40 cm) and number of plants per a hole(4, 5, 6 plants) on agronomic characteristics, yield, and quality of an aromatic tobacco, Sohyang. The results are as follows: 1. Relative light intensity increased by widening the distance of holes. 2. Leaf area per a plant or per a leaf, and leaf length and width increased by widening the distance of holes and decreased by increasing the number of plants per a hole. But L. A. 1. increased by increasing the number of plants per a hole. Leaf shape index (Leaf length/Leaf width) showed little differences among treatments. 3. Dry weight of leaf, root, and stem per a plant decreased by increasing the number of plants per a hole. 4. Total nitrogen decreased by increasing number of plants per a hole and in the case of narrow distance of holes, but nicotine, reducing sugar, ether-extract and ash showed little differences. 5. Yield per 10a decreased by widening the distance of holes. 6. Quality(price per kg) was improved by increasing the number of plants per a hole at the Plot of 51m distance of holes. But there was no variation at the Plot of 45cm. And quality was decreased at the plot of 40cm distance of holes by increasing the number of Plants per a hole. 7. Price per 10a was highest in the plot of which plant spacing was $90\times$40cm and the number of plants per a hole was 4 (11112 plant/10a).

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Attitudes to Smoking Cessation Interventions and Importance of Participation in Tobacco Control Policy Among Clinical Nurses (임상 간호사의 금연중재에 대한 태도와 금연정책 참여의 중요성에 대한 인식)

  • Shin, Sung-Rae;Kim, Aee-Lee
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.294-303
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    • 2006
  • Purpose: To describe nurses' attitude to smoking cessation interventions and importance of participation in tobacco control policy. Method: The participants were 841 nurses practicing in hospitals of 400 beds or more and 103 members of a professional nurse's academic society. The hospitals were systematically selected to cover the whole country. The questionnaire was adopted from the 'Oncology Nurses' Tobacco Control Survey' and used after translation, Results: Nurses who were older, married, had higher positions, more education, more experience, and who worked in an OPD setting had higher mean score for attitude to the involvement of nurses in smoking cessation interventions. More than 80% of nurses agreed on the importance of nurses' participation and involvement in tobacco control policy. However, only 65.4% of nurses stated that supporting laws to increase cigarette price was important. Conclusion: Clinical nurses' attitudes to smoking cessation interventions were positive and participants supported the importance of participation in tobacco control policies.

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KT&G: Marketing Strategy to Innovate Corporate Image (새로운 기업이미지를 추구하는 KT&G의 마케팅전략)

  • Kim, Sangyong;Ahn, Kwangho;Yoo, Changjo
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.157-171
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    • 2004
  • The objective of this case is to introduce KT&G's marketing strategy to go beyond its crisis. KT&G's crisis has started from tobacco which is its cash cow. Tobacco has been criticized as one of cancer causes. Until now Go and NGO suppress smoking. Its crisis is non-smoking. To live and grow beyond this crisis KT&G has 4 marketing strategies. First, they introduce new product tobacco by segmenting smoking market. Second, they want to get strong brand which has high quality, price premium, and favorable image. Third, they try to connect tobacco and bio-industry. Tobacco is very important resources of bio-industry. Finally, they is going to enter well-being market by its strength which is ginseng.

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