• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.75-98
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• 2018

Recently, the antitrust tribunal of Seoul High Court revoked the disposition of Korea Fair Trade Commission(hereafter 'KFTC'). While KFTC determined that the restriction of Korea Pediatrician Association violated article 26 of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act(Korean antitrust law), Seoul High court viewed that KFTC failed to prove the compulsory measures and the restraint of competition required in article 26. The 'restriction' of article 26 should be interpreted as 'excessive restriction'. Since entrepeneurs' organization is allowed to limit its member's activities, KFTC could regulate entrepeneurs' organization on a very exceptional basis. In addition, though entrepeneurs' organization did not use compulsory measures to enforce its resolution, its 'excessive restriction' could fit into the notion of 'restriction' of article 26. Under the current medical care system, the price of medical care is decided by Korean government. Therefore the restriction of Korea Pediatrician Association is not likely to have effect on the price. However, the resolution of Korea Pediatrician Association was aimed to decrease the supply of medical care. Therefore the resolution is capable of having effect on the competition. In this sense, though KFTC failed to submit direct evidence to support the decrease of quantity, there could be possibility of restraint of competition. The Seoul High Court's decision has important implications. The leading case on restraint of competition(Supreme Court 2002Du8628, Posco case) was delivered in 2007. However the remaining issue such as the standard and scope of restraint of competition is not clear. Through reappeal case of this decision, Supreme Court has to decide the line between competition and its restraint.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.211-219
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• 2006

The UET(ultrasound excited thermography) for the ,eat-time diagnostics of the object employs an infrared camera to image defects of the surface and subsurface which are locally heated using high-frequency putted ultrasonic excitation. The dissipation of high-power ultrasonic energy around the feces of the defects causes an increase In temperature. The defect's image appears as a hot spot (bright IR source) within a dark background field. The UET for nondestructive diagnostic and evaluation is based on the image analysis of the hot spot as a local response to ultrasonic excited heat deposition. In this paper the applicability of VET for fast imaging of defect is described. The ultrasonic energy is injected into the sample through a transducer in the vertical and horizontal directions respectively. The voltage applied to the transducer is measured by digital oscilloscope, and the waveform are compared. Measurements were performed on four kinds of materials: SUS fatigue crack specimen(thickness 14mm), PCB plate(1.8 mm), CFRP plate(3 mm) and Inconel 600 plate (1 mm). A high power ultrasonic energy with pulse durations of 250ms Is injected into the samples in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively The obtained experimental result reveals that the dissipation loss of the ultrasonic energy In the vertical injection is less than that in the horizontal direction. In the cafe or PCB, CFRP, the size of hot spot in the vortical injection if larger than that in horizontal direction. Duration time of the hot spot in the vertical direction is three times as long as that in the horizontal direction. In the case of Inconel 600 plate and SUS sample, the hot spot in the horizontal injection was detected faster than that in the vertical direction

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2017

This study evaluated the effects of various cleaning methods on the shear bond strength of zirconia ceramics after saliva contamination. Eighty zirconia disk specimens were divided into 8 groups. All groups were treated with one coat of MDP primer. All specimens (except the negative control) were contaminated with human saliva on the zirconia surface. The positive control went through the bonding procedure immediately after contamination without any cleaning procedure. With the exception of control groups, the remaining six groups were rinsed with water and either applied with MDP recoating (WATER+MDP) or without MDP recoating (WATER). While some were cleaned with a Ivoclean with MDP recoating (IVOCLEAN+MDP) or not applied with MDP recoating(IVOCLEAN), others were cleaned with a 1% NaOCl solution with MDP recoating (NaOCl+MDP) or without MDP recoating (NaOCl). The shear bond strength of all specimens were measured after being stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The data was analyzed statistically by an analysis of ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and Student's t-test was used to compare the shear bond strength according to the re-coating of MDP after the cleaning procedure. The positive control group showed the lowest shear bond strength value, and the WATER group and NaOCl group showed no significant difference when compared to the positive control group. The IVOCLEAN group showed significantly higher shear bond strength when compared to Water group and NaOCl group but not with the group of negative control. After rinsing with water or the NaOCl solution, the comparison of the single coating of MDP and re-coating of MDP showed different shear bond strengths but there was no significant difference to the negative control. After rinsing with Ivoclean, there was no significant difference to the negative control regardless of the recoating of MDP. In conclusion, the shear bond strength was affected by the cleansing procedure and Ivoclean was found to be effective regardless of the re-coating of MDP. When water or the NaOCl solution is used to remove surface contaminants, the re-coating of MDP provides a positive effect on cementation.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2011

This study was conducted on greenhouses whose side heights had been raised after the columns of 1-2W basic type greenhouses had been cut and welding with the same-sized pipes. When the wind load or snow load affects restructured pipe greenhouse like this, those parts will be structurally unsafe. To examine this, the bending strength of welded columns were measured through four stages and compared with the pipes in their original condition. Results are as follows. In the case of a bending test on welded joints about steel pipes used for greenhouses, satisfactory results couldn't be drawn because sections of both ends and the loading parts couldn't endure loads and sank regardless of loading methods. Partial problems could be solved by inserting inside pipe(steel bar) at the sections and the loading parts, but it was necessary to devise more satisfactory bending test methods. The strength of welded joints wasn't much different compared with original conditions and demonstrated only slight differences according to the sample production conditions. However, significant incompleteness in the welding process was expected to cause a decisive loss in strength. On the assumption that there were no problems in the welding process or with regard to the inclination of sub materials for columns after connection, it was deemed reasonable to assume that the strength of welded pipes was about 84~90% of the strength of the pipes in their original condition. Considering mid- and long-term strength decline following the onset of rust at joints or welding sections, structural changes in the main sub materials that are used for greenhouses at farmhouses have to be avoided to ensure structural safety, unless these changes are inevitable.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the environmental and genetic factors on the carcass traits of Korean cattle. We have used the data of 22,954 Korean cattle slaughtered from 2005 to 2009 in Gyeongnam region and estimated the genetic parameters of 36,868 cattle including the pedigree individuals by means of EM-REML analytical method. In summary, the heritability of the carcass weight, eye muscle area, backfat thickness and marbling score was 0.39, 0.30, 0.33 and 0.62, respectively. The carcass weight and the eye muscle area showed high correlation between them with the genetic correlation of 0.86 and the phenotypic correlation of 0.72. The high heritability of marbling score is assumed to be the result of focusing the breed improvement on the quality of the meat. Through this study, it is considered that the Korean cattle in Gyeongnam region are improving, which will thus contribute to the increase of the farmer's income. Additional study on the economic trait must be carried out to obtain clearer results that will lead to further improvement of Korean cattle.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 1998

Observation of hydrometeors' behavior in the atmosphere is important to understand weather and climate. By conventional observations, we can get the distribution of water vapor at limited number of points on the earth. In this study, the precipitable water has been estimated from the split window channel data on GMS-5 based upon the technique developed by Chesters et al.(1983). To retrieve the precipitable water, water vapor absorption parameter depending on filter function of sensor has been derived using the regression analysis between the split window channel data and the radiosonde data observed at Osan, Pohang, Kwangiu and Cheju staions for 4 months. The air temperature of 700 hPa from the Global Spectral Model of Korea Meteorological Administration (GSM/KMA) has been used as mean air temperature for single layer radiation model. The retrieved precipitable water for the period from August 1996 through December 1996 are compared to radiosonde data. It is shown that the root mean square differences between radiosonde observations and the GMS-5 retrievals range from 0.65 g/$cm^2$ to 1.09 g/$cm^2$ with correlation coefficient of 0.46 on hourly basis. The monthly distribution of precipitable water from GMS-5 shows almost good representation in large scale. Precipitable water is produced 4 times a day at Korea Meteorological Administration in the form of grid point data with 0.5 degree lat./lon. resolution. The data can be used in the objective analysis for numerical weather prediction and to increase the accuracy of humidity analysis especially under clear sky condition. And also, the data is a useful complement to existing data set for climatological research. But it is necessary to get higher correlation between radiosonde observations and the GMS-5 retrievals for operational applications.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Purpose : The range of force differs from the size of proton energy used in our hospital. The compensator enables to change energy size based on distal thickness which also makes changes in dose rate. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of changing the thickness of compensator distal on dose range and beam on time. Subject and Methodology : Five low energy patients who have received proton therapy were selected as subjects for this study. Beam on was checked for the selected patients during the existing therapy. After then, the thickness of distal of compensator was increased by 2 cm up to 14 cm through proton therapy plan system(TPS) for comparative analysis. For the evaluation of dose range, the value of the target's conformity index(CI) and the maximum dose of rear side target's organ at risk(OAR) were compared. Furthermore, to evaluate the effect of therapy time, beam on time was compared by making compensator distal in each thickness. Result : The result of homogeneity index and conformity index of the increased compensator distal showed the same level in all patients. The comparison results of OAR of target rear side showed 7 cGy at spine cord of abdomen at maximum, 88 cGy at eyeball's RT lens, 391 cGy at RT lens of nasal cavity 51 cGy at trachea of the mediastinum, and 661 cGy at a small bowl of the pelvis. The comparison results of the beam on time showed a reduction from 126 seconds to 62 seconds for the abdomen, from 105 seconds to 37 seconds for the eyeball, from 187 seconds to 134 seconds for nasal cavity, from 100 seconds to 40 seconds for mediastinum, from 440 seconds to 118 seconds for the pelvis. Conclusion : The research result showed that as the distal thickness of compensator increased, the size of energy increased. In addition, beam on decreased due to the increase of dose rate. It is expected that the result would help reduce the treatment time and increase the convenience of patients if it is applied to liver patients who need respiratorygated therapy and pediatric patients. However, distal penumbra increased as the size energy increased. Therefore, in treating cases where OAR is in the vicinity of the target rear side, the influence of penumbra should be taken into account in adjusting thickness level of the compensator in proton therapy plan.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2014

The (U-Th)/He dating utilizes the production of alpha particles ($^4He$ atoms) during natural radioactive decays of $^{238}U$, $^{235}U$ and $^{232}Th$. (U-Th)/He age can be determined from the abundances of the parent nuclides $^{238}U$, $^{235}U$ and $^{232}Th$ and the radiogenic $^4He$. Because helium is one of the noble gases (non-reactive) with a relatively small radius, it diffuses rapidly in many geological materials, even at low temperatures. Therefore, ingrowth of $^4He$ during radioactive decay competes with diffusive loss at elevated temperatures during the geologic time scale, determining the amount of $^4He$ existing today in natural samples. For example, He diffusion in apatite is known to be very rapid compared to that in most other minerals, causing a significant diffusive loss at ${\sim}80^{\circ}C$ or higher. At ${\sim}40^{\circ}C$, He diffusion in apatite becomes slow enough to preserve most $^4He$ in the sample. Thus, an apatite's (U-Th)/He age represents the timing when the sample passed through the temperature range of $80-40^{\circ}C$. The crustal depth corresponding to this temperature range is called a "partial retention zone." Normal closure temperatures for a typical grain size and cooling rate are ${\sim}60-70^{\circ}C$ for apatite and ${\sim}200^{\circ}C$ for zircon and titanite. Because the apatite He closure temperature is lower than that of most other thermochronometers, it can provide critical constraints on relatively recent or shallow-crustal exhumation histories.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.4-21
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• 2016

Until now, most studies regarding stone pagodas of the Honam region have been about stone pagodas with Baekje style because it was the territory of Baekje. However, after reviewing the designated cultural properties, I found that among the 94 stone pagodas in the Honam region there are 15 stone pagodas with Baekje style built in the Goryeo Dynasty and 34 stone pagodas with Silla style. So far, most research efforts have been concentrating on stone pagodas with Baekje style. Through a review of stone pagodas with Silla style, I sought to reveal new aspects of the pagodas in the Honam region. After reviewing the placement of pagodas, I found stone pagodas with Silla style were built mostly in South Jeolla Province during the Unified Silla period. However, in the Goryeo Dynasty stone pagodas with Silla style were erected throughout the Honam region. This shows enhanced Buddhist control over the Honam region than in the previous period. It can be verified especially in Gimje, Jeongeup, Sunchang, Damyang, Yeongam, and Gangjin, where stone pagodas with Baekje style and stone pagodas with Silla style coexist. The types of stone pagodas with Silla style in the Honam region can be divided into two. There are 21 pagodas with two-story foundation, and 12 with single foundation. They seem to have inherited characteristics of the two-story foundation of Silla pagodas. Two pagodas with single foundation were made of a single rock or natural rock for lower foundation. Regarding the body of the pagoda, there are 21 three-story pagodas and 12 five-story pagodas. 25 pagodas have first floors made of a single rock. These are likely to be in the tradition of Silla pagodas. However, the lower part of the roof stones vary as there are three, four, or five-tiered ones. Overall, 12 out of 16 pagodas with middle column in foundation, and 15 out of 21 three-story pagodas are located in South Jeolla Province. This proves that stone pagodas in the South Jeolla Province well maintained the tradition of Silla and became popular.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.43-56
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• 2019

This research has been conducted to suggest an estimation equation of compression index to be practically applied to the southeastern areas by finding out physical and mechanical characteristics of 229 points on the southeastern coast areas (Busan area: 78 points, Gimhae area: 103 points, Geoje area: 18 points, Changwon area: 30 points) through indoor tests and analyzing its relation to the compression index. From the results, we could not only find out correlation between natural water content, liquid limit and initial void ratio versus compression index for soft ground on each of the southeastern coast areas, but also an integrated correlation equation of the southeastern coast areas. In addition, we have performed a comparative analysis of the existing estimated equation of compression index and that found in this paper. As a result, the existing estimated equation suggested by foreign researchers has shown considerable error to be applied to the soft ground on the southeastern coast areas in Korea. The estimated equation of compression index with the water content out of the existing estimated equations has shown minimum 10.8% to maximum 48.1% of error rate, minimum 13.4% to maximum 288.5% of error rate with liquid limit or minimum 9.4% to maximum 211.4% of error rate with initial void ratio. On the other hand, error rates calculated with the estimated equations of compression index from this research have shown minimum 10.5% to maximum 13.4% with water content, minimum 11.6% to maximum 21.3 with liquid limit or minimum 7.1% to maximum 11.7% with initial void ratio, for better results than those with existing estimated equations. In addition, relation between compression index and expansion index has shown Cs = (1/5 ~ 1/12)Cc similar to the existing relation of Cs = (1/5 ~ 1/10)Cc.