• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of transplanting methods on the growth and yield of paprika (Capsicumannuum L. 'Veyron' and 'Coletti') in coir culture during two seasons. The summer type sowed in late winter and harvested from summer and the winter type sowed in summer and harvested from early winter. Control plants grown on the 10cm rockwool block were transplanted on coir slab when the 8 leaves of seedlings were emerged, while plants of the young seedling transplanting(YST) grown on the 7cm rockwool block was put on the slab at time of 2-3 leaves developed. Plants of the temporary transplanting(TT) on the 10cm rockwool block were moved on the slab after 2-3 weeks underpinning cultivation, while plants of the blockless transplanting(BT) were directly transplanted in the slab when the seedlings have 2-3 leaves emerged. The plant height of the control and BT treatment were longer while that of TT showed the shortest among treatments. The bigger leaf size was observed in the YST and BT treatment. Leaf number of the BT treatment was increased, while that of TT was the lowest. There were no differences in fruit size, locules and thickness among treatments. The lower fruit weight was observed in the TT of the winter culture and fruits in the control and YST of the summer culture showed higher fruit weight. The percentage of marketable fruit appeared to be slightly higher in the winter culture than in the summer culture. There were no differences in marketable fruit rate among the treatments of the winter culture but, among the summer culture, the highest marketable fruit rate was observed in the BT with 93%. The yield of the YST and BT was higher and that of the TT was the lowest.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.59
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• pp.207-275
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• 2019

This archiving project of the survivors of suicide was done with the survivor supporting team of the Seoul Suicide Prevention Center. The survivor supporting team was operating a Self-help Support Group for the emotional support of the survivors of suicide. A Self-help Support Group is a place for the survivors of suicide to regularly meet and share their suffering by talking of topics hard to discuss elsewhere. As the Self-help Support Group progressed members who acted as the leader of the group appeared. They formed an essay group that writes together. Two fathers who lost their sons, two mothers who lost their daughters, a mother who lost her son, a wife who lost his husband. The essay group met each week in a place facing Sajik Park. Through the windows that took up the whole side of the room, evening was coming in. The things that happened during the day went away towards Inwang mountain following the setting sun. Ten people (six members of the essay group, three from the survivor support team, a historian for unique conversation) sat around a table, facing each other. "Now, what shall we do?" History for unique conversation is a time that archives life by sharing conversations. At times a complete stranger, and other times people who share their ordinary lives sit around together (3-9 people, sometimes about 15). On the table there is coffee, bread, fruits and salads, and sometimes a dish someone heartily prepared. When a bottle of wine is placed on the table, each takes a glass. Morning, afternoon, the time the evening is welcomed in, late night. It does not matter which. For six months, 3 hours when meeting every week, 6 hours when at every other week. A room where the ambience is like that of a kitchen where sunlight enters, or a cozy living room is the best location. However, there are many times when it is held in a multipurpose room in the suburbs where many meetings are held, or in a classroom of a school. The meeting place is decided according to different situations of the time. There are no participation requirements as it is said to be for themselves to write down according to archiving form while looking back their lives thoroughly, and they are the only ones to stop themselves. The archives landscape from far away would seem like trying to do some talking. However, when going into a microscopic situation one must leave themselves to the emotional dynamics. It is because it archives the frustration and failures one experienced through life. A participator of history for unique conversation must face the sufferings of their life. The archiving project took place in 2013 to 2014. Many years have passed. Has the objective distance for archiving the situation of that time been secured? That may be uncertain, but I will speak of a few stray thoughts on archiving while depicting the process and method of operation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.104-117
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined dietary and health characteristics of the young-old and the old-old by food security status. Methods: The study used data from the $6^{th}$ (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study subjects consisted of 3,948 subjects, of whom 2,445 were the young-old (aged 65 to 74 years) and 1,503 were the old-old (aged 75 years and over). Food security status was evaluated using an 18-item questionnaire. Energy intake, nutrient densities, and prevalence of insufficient nutrient intake were assessed. Food intake was evaluated in terms of the number of food group servings. Dietary behaviors and health status were also assessed. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity among the young-old and the old-old was 10.0% and 11.6%, respectively. Among the young-old, the food insecure group had a significantly higher level of prevalence of insufficient intake for all the nutrients (protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorous, and iron) assessed in this study compared with the food secure group. In case of the old-old, significant differences were found only for four nutrients (protein, riboflavin, niacin, and phosphorus) in the prevalence of insufficient nutrient intake between the food secure and the food insecure groups. Kinds of food groups with significantly different numbers of servings by food security status were dissimilar between the two age groups. In both the age groups, the food insecure group consumed a significantly lower number of servings in meat fish eggs legumes and fruits than the food secure group; grains and vegetables intake in the young-old and oils sweets intake in the old-old differed in the number of servings by food security status. Among the young-old, the prevalence of chewing difficulties in the food insecure group was significantly higher than that of the food secure group, while among the old-old, no significant differences were found by food security status. Conclusion: Dietary and health characteristics of the young-old and the old-old differed by food security status. Such differences were more apparent in the young-old than the old-old. Therefore, it is suggested that food and nutrition assistant programs should be designed with consideration of the differences.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.444-451
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• 2022

Recently, long-term cultivation is becoming more common with the increase in tomato hydroponics. In hydroponics, it is very important to supply an appropriate nutrient solution considering the nutrient and moisture requirements of crops, in terms of productivity, resource use, and environmental conservation. Since seasonal environmental changes appear severely in long-term cultivation, it is so critical to manage irrigation control considering these changes. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of irrigation volume on growth and yield in tomato long-term cultivation using coir substrate. The irrigation volume was adjusted at 4 levels (high, medium high, medium low and low) by different irrigation frequency. Irrigation scheduling (frequency) was controlled based on solar radiation which measured by radiation sensor installed outside the greenhouse and performed whenever accumulated solar radiation energy reached set value. Set value of integrated solar radiation was changed by the growing season. The results revealed that the higher irrigation volume caused the higher drainage rate, which could prevent the EC of drainage from rising excessively. As the cultivation period elapsed, the EC of the drainage increased. And the lower irrigation volume supplied, the more the increase in EC of the drainage. Plant length was shorter in the low irrigation volume treatment compared to the other treatments. But irrigation volume did not affect the number of nodes and fruit clusters. The number of fruit settings was not significantly affected by the irrigation volume in general, but high irrigation volume significantly decreased fruit setting and yield of the 12-15th cluster developed during low temperature period. Blossom-end rot occurred early with a high incidence rate in the low irrigation volume treatment group. The highest weight fruits was obtained from the high irrigation treatment group, while the medium high treatment group had the highest total yield. As a result of the experiment, it could be confirmed the effect of irrigation amount on the nutrient and moisture stabilization in the root zone and yield, in addition to the importance of proper irrigation control when cultivating tomato plants hydroponically using coir substrate. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the research on this topic, as it is judged that the precise irrigation control algorithm based on root zone-information applied to the integrated environmental control system, will contribute to the improvement of crop productivity as well as the development of hydroponics control techniques.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2013

This study examined a technique for cooling root zone aimed at lowering substrate temperature for sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L. 'Orange glory') cultivation in coir substrate hydroponics during hot season, from the $16^{th}$ of July to $15^{th}$ of October in 2012. The root zone cooling technique was applied by using an air duct (${\varnothing}12$ cm, hole size 0.1 mm) to blow cool air between two slabs during night (5p.m. to 3a.m.). Between the $23^{rd}$ of July and $31^{st}$ of August (hot temperature period), average daily substrate temperature was $24.7^{\circ}C$ under the root zone cooling, whereas it was $28.2^{\circ}C$ under condition of no cooling (control). In sunny day (600~700 W $m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), average substrate temperatures during the day (6a.m. to 8p.m.) and night (8p.m. to 6a.m.) were lower about $1.7^{\circ}C$ and $3.3^{\circ}C$, respectively, under the cooling treatment, compared to that of control. The degree of temperature reduction in the substrate was averagely $0.5^{\circ}C$ per hour under the cooling treatment during 6p.m. to 8p.m.; however, there was no decrease in the temperature under the control. The temperature difference between the cooling and control treatments was $1.3^{\circ}C$ and $0.6^{\circ}C$ in the upper and lower part of the slab, respectively. During the hot temperature period, about 32.5% reduction in the substrate temperature was observed under the cooling treatment, compared to the control. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and leaf water potential of plants grown under the cooling treatment were significantly higher than those under the control. The first flowering date in the cooling was faster about 4 days than in the control. Also, the number of fruits was significantly higher than that in the control. No differences in plant height, stem thickness, number of internode, and leaf width were found between the plants grown under the cooling and control, except for the leaf length with a shorter length under the cooling treatment. However, root zone cooling influenced negligibly on eliminating delay in fruiting caused by excessively higher air temperature (> $28^{\circ}C$), although the substrate temperature was reduced by $3^{\circ}C$ to $5.6^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the technique of lowering substrate temperature by using air-duct blow needs to be incorporated into the lowering growing temperature system for growth and fruit set of health paprika.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the snack meal management for infants and toddlers and the demand for snack products according to mothers' sustainable dietary style in the Jeonbuk area. Methods: The participants were 359 mothers in the Jeonbuk area. The data was analyzed using factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, and χ²-tests with SPSS v. 25.0. According to the sustainable dietary style, the situation of providing snacks at home, the purchasing behavior for snack products, and the satisfaction and, demand for snack products were investigated. Results: Using the K-clustering method, the sustainable dietary style of the subjects was categorized into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 was the family health-seeking group, cluster 2 was the sustainable dietary trend group, and cluster 3 was the sustainability-interested group. The frequency of snack intakes according to the cluster groups showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). Fruits were the snack item most frequently consumed by all the cluster groups. Approximately 92.8% of mothers had purchased snack products, and 95.2% of the subjects were satisfied with them (p < 0.05). The main reason for satisfaction with the snack products in all the cluster groups was the various kinds of products with considering the growth stage of children. Clusters 2 and 3 required the development of snack products using organic food materials, while cluster 1 required the snack products to be supplemented with various nutrients. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop various snack products according to the sustainable dietary style and the needs of mothers so that these snacks can increase the satisfaction of mothers with the snack products and lead them to better snack purchasing behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.28-39
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze the tendencies of the written test questions regarding the scientific plant names in the subject of scenic planting in the national qualification test for landscape engineers. To achieve this purpose, targeting the 20 questions in the subject of scenic planting, the study chronologically analyzed the types of the presented questions about the scientific names of the plants, the changes in their year-to-year number, and their presentation frequency over the past 11 years from 2006 to 2016. The following was found by an analysis of the tendency of the questions presented over 11 years from 2006 to 2016 regarding the scientific plant names in scenic planting in the written test of the national technical qualification examination for landscape engineers. The number of these questions was 234, and they were classified into 13 items: scientific names, families/genuses/ species, characteristics, barks, roots, foliage, flowers, fruits, properties, places of origin, stalks, leave, and uses. After analyzing the examination question trends per year, the year in which the highest number of questions was given was 2013 at 56.6%; the ratio of questions asking botanical names increased until 2013, although that ratio decreased starting in 2014 due to consistent efforts from the landscaping field. The plant species most frequently asked about were Betula platyphylla and Taxus cuspidata and others frequently asked about included Pinus densiflora, Acer palmatum, Forsythia koreana, Cercis chinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Cornus officinalis, Zelkova serrata, Abies holophylla, Camellia japonica, Sophora japonica, Chaenomeles sinensis, which were asked about more than 10 times. The number of plant species presented as question items or choice items was 240 and their presentation frequency was 806, Among these, 66 species were steadily presented more than five times. They were presented 486 times, accounting for 27.5% of all species. The number of the new plant species which began to be presented in 2009 were 119(49.58% including Quercus myrsinaefolia) of all 240 species, indicating that their presentation frequency was gradually increased. As a result of comparative analysis of questions on arbor and shrub, evergreen and leaf abscission that have been presented for recent 11 years, the questions on arbor were more than shrub, the questions on leaf abscission were more than evergreen.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.38
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• pp.129-156
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• 2005

Increasing discovery cases of underground storage facilities made of earth, wood, or stone are being reported from the recent excavation survey of the Baekje relics. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the structure and function of the underground storage facilities of Baekje following a classification made by the type and building method as follows: plask shape, wooden box shape, and stone box shape. The plask shape storage is the most representative underground storage of Baekje that has been found in numerous relics more than 600 sets around Hangang(Han River) and Geumgang(Geum River) from the Hansung period to Sabi period in Baekje Dynasty. It is a historical artefact as a part of the unique storage culture of Baekje around Hangang and Geumgang from the 3rd to 7th Century. Considering its structure and the example of Chinese one, it might had been used for a long-term storage of grains and various other items including earth wares. The storage facility in wooden box shape and stone box shape are found mostly in the relics Of Sabi period. Thus it might had taken some functions of the storage in traditional pouch shape which had decreased after the 6th Century. In particular, the wooden box shape and stone box shape storage required enormous labor force to build owing to their structure and building method. Thus, they were considered to had been used for official purposes in province fortress and citadel artefact. The wooden box shape storage facility is classified into flat rectangular type and square type based on the structure, and into Gagu type(架構式) and Juheol type(柱穴式) based on the building method. It might had been decided according to the geography and geological feature of the place where the storage was to be built. Considering the examples of Gwanbuk-ri relics and Weolpyong-dong relics, the wooden box shape storage facility might had been used for various items depending on the needs, including foods such as fruits and essential provisions at the military base. Considering the long-term food storage, the examples in Japan, and the functional characteristics of the underground storage facility, there is a possibility that the wooden and stone box shape storage facilities had been built so as to safely store important items in case of fire. This study is only a rudimentary examination for the storage facility in Baekje. Thus further studies are to be made specifically and comprehensively on the comparison with other regions, distribution pattern, discovered relics and artefacts, and functions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.897-903
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• 2012

Food allergies have become a serious health concern in the past two decades, especially in developed countries. Foods associated with allergies include vegetables, some fruits, shellfish, wheat, egg, chicken, and nuts. To describe the specific fundamentals, etiological factors, and clinical manifestations, we analyzed the different physical frequency on spleen index in sensitized and regular exercise-trained mice. We also conducted a proliferation assay of lymphocytes to OVA, ROS, ASAS, and we determined the cytokine levels. Female BALB/c mice were bred in the animal laboratory of the P and D university under controlled conditions ($22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, RH 45-55%, and a 12-hour photoperiod). The animals were 6 weeks old at the start of the study and were fed a standard commercial chow diet from 09:00 to 15:00 for the 8-week study period. All animals had access to distilled deionized water ad libitum. They were divided into four groups: a control group (S; control sensitized, n=25), a low-frequency training group (F2, n=25), a mid-frequency training group (F3, n=25), and a high-frequency training group (F5, n=25) following the treatment of exercise time per week. The results were as follows: The mice spleen index showed the highest grade in the F5 group compared with the other groups; this level showed in an exercise frequency-dependent manner. In the proliferation assay of OVA, the F5 group showed the highest grade compared with the other groups; this level was also showed in an exercise frequency-dependent manner. Peritoneal ROS and ASAS showed a statistically significant increase in the F5 group and decreased in the F2 group compared with the S group. However, there were no significant differences in the F3 group. The highest level of IL-4 was found in the F5 group compared with the other groups. However, the highest level of INF-${\gamma}$ was in the F2 group. The results suggest that FDEIA is positively correlated with the frequency of exercise due to the direct effect of physical exercise on peritoneal ROS and the cytokine profile. Further research is needed on the specific mechanism underlying the combined effects of exercise intensity and frequency on physical-induced allergy anaphylaxis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of packaging methods and sterilization treatment on storability and microbial control in paprika fruits. When treated with chlorine dioxide gas for 3, 6, and 12 hours and cold plasma gas for 1, 3, and 6 hours, and then packed in a carton box and stored in a 8 ± 1℃ chamber for 7 days, chlorine dioxide treated 12 hours and plasma treated 6 hours was prevented the development of E·coli and YM(yeast and mold). Accordingly, the control was treated with chlorine dioxide for 12 hours and plasma for 6 hours, packed using a carton box and 40,000 cc·m^-2·day^-1·atm^-1 OTR film (MAP), and stored in a 8 ± 1℃ chamber for 20 days. Fresh weight loss rate during storage was less than 1% in the MAP treatments, and the visual quality of the MAP treatments was above the marketability limit until the end of storage. There was no difference in the contents of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene in the film. In the case of firmness, the chlorine dioxide treatments was low, and the Hunter a^* value, which showed chromaticity, was highest in the Plasma 6h MAP treatment. Off-odor was investigated in the MAP treatments, but it was very low. The rate of mold growth on the fruit stalk of paprika was the fastest and highest in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments, and the lowest in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments at the end of storage. The aerobic count in the pulp on the storage end date was the lowest in the plasma treated box packaging treatments, the lowest number of E·coli in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments, and the lowest yeast & mold in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments. As a result, for the inhibition of microorganisms during paprika storage, it is considered appropriate to treat plasma for 6 hours before storage regardless of the packaging method.