• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the effects of daily hassle stress on the psycho-social health of male workers in manufacturing industry. Methods: Daily hassle stress and psycho-social health in manufacturing industry workers were estimated by using the Daily Hassles Scale for Korea Workers (DHS-KW) and general health questionnaire (GHQ), respectively. Results: The subjects were 553 male workers who had never been occupationally exposed to hazardous chemicals, were mean age 39.6 years and mean work duration was 15.66 years. DHS-KW total mean score had significantly higher in young ages (twenties and thirties ages), office workers, managers and daytime workers than other groups. GHQ total mean scores were significantly higher in un-married, daytime and overtime workers than others. DHS-KW and GHQ score correlated that they were negative correlation with age and working years, but was positive correlation with working hours and overtime work. The significant correlation between DHS-KW and GHQ were observed almost variables of DHS-KW and GHQ except a domestic and daily problem in DHS-KW variables. Domestic and daily problems were only significantly correlated with anxiety and insomnia of GHQ variables. Conclusion: This study indicated that physical health was associated with work condition and psychsocial health was mainly associated with domestic and daily problems of DHS-KW variables. Thus, the study on Daily Hassles stress and related with work stress should be further investigated for the comprehensive health program including stress management and coping behavior.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was undertaken to evaluate correlation between the levels of hippuric acid in blood plasma (HAP) and those of toluene concentration in the workplace air. Methods : Study subjects were composed of two groups; 21 workers who were occupationally exposed to toluene and 25 rural-area residents who were not exposed to any known occupational toluene source, as an exposed group and a reference group, respectively. Mean age and work duration of the exposed was 42 years and five years, respectively. Mean age of the reference was 42 years. To determine toluene concentrations in the workplace air, air sampling has been conducted for more than six hours using a personal sampler, and analyzed by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Concentrations of hippuric acid in biological samples were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector. Results : Geometric mean(geometric standard deviation) of HAP and hippuric acid in urine(HAU) for the exposed was 1.39(2.21) mg/L and 2.77(1.46) g/L, respectively, which were significantly different from those of the reference [HAP, 9.45(2.94); HAU, 0.37(0.45)]. Teluene concentration in the workplace air was 86.92(range: $45.18\sim151.23$)ppm. The level of HAP or HAU was significantly correlated (r=0.70 and r=0.63, respectively) with that of toluene in the workplace air. The estimated regression equation was logHAP(mg/L)=-3.60+1.93 log(toluene, ppm) or logHAU(g/L)=-0.85+0.67 log(toluene, ppm). The magnitude of correlation was further enhanced when analyzing relationship between toluene concentrations lower than 100 ppm and its corresponding HAP levels. Conclusion : Overall, plasma hippuric acid levels were well correlated with toluene concentrations in the workplace air, and a statistically significant correlation was observed for the samples with toluene concentration lower than 100 ppm.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2007

This study tried to identify the job stress characteristics of female bank workers and the relationship between their stress and symptoms associated with musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs). The total number of 587 female bank tellers have been participated in this study. Specifically, questionnaire surveys regarding job stress and MSDs symptoms were conducted. On the basis of the results from the survey using Korean version of job stress questionnaire with 24 questions, stress scores associated with job requirement and job flexibility were relatively high. The job stress levels regarding job demand, organizational system, occupational climate at the work place were relatively high for the full time workers while the job stress levels regarding insufficient job control, job stability, interpersonal conflict, lack of reward were relatively high for the part time worker. The workers with longer total work years had relatively high job stress associated with interpersonal conflict, and organizational system while the workers with longer work years at the current job had relatively high job stress associated with occupational climate. Also, the workers with longer working hours a day had relatively high job stress associated with job demand, interpersonal conflict, organizational system, and occupational climate. According to the relationship identified in this study, symptoms at the neck, shoulder, hand, low back. leg were associated with the stress levels in terms of job flexibility, interpersonal conflict, job requirement, job stability. In conclusion, female bank workers are exposed to job stress due to their specific job characteristics and there has been certain relationships between their job stress and MSDs symptoms.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.244-248
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• 2021

Background: Sunburn is the main avoidable cause of skin cancer. Beach lifeguards spend many hours exposed to the effects of solar radiation during their work day, precisely at times of the year when levels of solar irradiation are highest. The aim of this study is to quantify the risk to beach lifeguards of sun exposure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Western Costa del Sol, southern Spain, during the summer of 2018. The research subjects were recruited during a skin cancer prevention course for beach lifeguards. All participants were invited to complete a questionnaire on their habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to sun exposure. In addition, ten were specially monitored using personal dosimeters for three consecutive days, and the results were recorded in a photoprotection diary. A descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables) was performed, and inter-group differences were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Two hundred fifteen lifeguards completed the questionnaire, and 109 met the criteria for inclusion in this analysis. The mean age was 23.8 years (SD: 5.1), 78.0% were male, 71.5% were phototype III or IV (Fitzpatrick's phototype), and 77.1% had experienced at least one painful sunburn during the previous summer. The mean daily personal ultraviolet exposure per day, the minimal erythema dose, and the standard erythema dose, in J/m², were 634.7 [standard deviation (SD): 356.2], 2.5 (SD: 1.4) and 6.35 (SD: 3.6), respectively. Conclusion: Beach lifeguards receive very high doses of solar radiation during the work day and experience correspondingly high rates of sunburn. Intervention strategies to modify their sun exposure behavior and working environment are necessary to reduce the risk of skin cancer for these workers and to promote early diagnosis of the disease.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 한라봉 3농가, 절화장미 3농가를 대상으로 시설하우스 내부 농작업 종류와 특성에 따른 시설 내 작업자의 미세먼지 노출 현황과 특성을 파악하기 위하여 미세먼지 모니터링을 수행하였다. 한라봉 시설하우스 내부 경운작업의 경우 작업자가 지역시료에 비해 개인시료 측정 농도가 TSP 4.9배, PM-10 2.7배, PM-2.5 1.5배로 더 높게 나타났다. 절화장미 작업자는 개인시료의 경우 지역시료에 비해 TSP 농도 7.4배, PM-10 농도 3.2배 높은 것으로 나타나 시설 내부 작업 시 작업자는 전반적으로 더 높은 분진 환경에 노출되는 것으로 나타났다. 시설하우스 미세먼지 입경별 기여도 분석 결과, 10㎛ 이상의 큰 입자 분포를 가진 미세먼지가 경운작업 시 기계적 분쇄과정을 거쳐 한라봉 시설하우스에서 발생한 것으로 추정된다. 절화 장미 옆순 정리 작업 시 상대적으로 PM-10의 입경 분포를 가진 미세먼지 농도가 발생하는 것으로 판단되며, PM-2.5 크기를 가지는 입자에 의한 영향은 상대적으로 크지 않을 것으로 사료된다. 시설하우스 내부 작업동선에 따른 미세먼지 노출 특성 분석 결과, 경운작업 시 10㎛ 전·후의 미세먼지 농도가 증가한 것으로 나타났고, 시설하우스 작업시기와 이동시기와 비교하여 입경별 미세먼지 농도는 유의한 차이가 있으며, 작업 시 미세먼지 농도가 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p < 0.001). 한라봉 시설하우스 내부 이동시기 대비 경운작업시기의 경우 TSP 농도 3.8배, PM-10 농도 2.1배, PM-2.5 1.3배, PM-1.0 1.1배가 증가하였다. 절화장미 농가에서 이동 시 작업자에게 노출되는 미세먼지 농도의 경우 일반 대기환경 농도와 유사한 수준인 것으로 나타났지만, 이동시기 대비 작업시기에 TSP 농도가 3.4배, PM-10 3.2배, PM-2.5 1.6배, PM-1.0 1.1배 증가하였다. 작업동선별 미세먼지 농도 증가 추이 분석 결과, 미세먼지의 입경이 큰 범위에 속하는 TSP, PM-10의 경우 작업 시 TSP와 PM-10 평균 농도의 편차가 크게 나타났으며, 이는 농가별 작업의 종류, 시설 규모, 환기량, 농가의 운영관리상태 등에 따라 미세먼지 발생 영향에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 시설하우스 내부 작업자의 미세먼지 노출현황과 특성 분석을 기반으로 시설하우스 내부 미세먼지 저감 프로그램 개발 및 작업 환경 개선 방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 복식
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2010

This study set out to develop clothes made of electromagnetic wave shielding materials. Among the various worker groups exposed to electromagnetic waves for long hours, railroad workers were chosen for the study. After selecting the locations they worked, the investigator measured electromagnetic wave on the field. To examine the effects of electromagnetic wave shielding materials, I applied a lining made of electromagnetic wave shielding materials to the existing work clothes. The first experimental clothes had the silver fabric for the lining in the current working clothes, the second experimental clothes had the copper- and nickel-plate polyester placed between the outer and the lining to prevent the corrosive material from contacting the skin, and the third experimental clothes had the silver fabric for the lining and the copper- and nickel-plate polyester between the outer and the lining. The results indicate that even if a fabric is evaluated to shield electromagnetic waves after tests, it cannot completely shield electromagnetic waves emitting from everyday appliances of 60Hz. Therefore, there should be ongoing development and research efforts on fabrics that can shield electromagnetic waves to a certain degree in order to develop working clothes to alleviate fatigue for those who are constantly exposed to electromagnetic waves, relieve their anxiety, offer them psychological stability and thus help them increase job efficiency.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.264-271
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• 1998

A pilot study was undertaken to examine the possible health effects of electromagnetic fields(EMFs). The purpose of this study was to investigate of the EMFs exposures of personal environment, 60Hz magnetic fields. An experimental study was performed for six weeks of January-February 1998 to compare changes in melatonin levels in urine of 20 subjects during their normal sleeping hours and each 20 subjects in occupational and non-occupational group measured personal 24-h continual exposure, using EMDEX II (for 40-800Hz, Enertech Consultant, Inc.). An urine samples were collected 3 times a day(before sleep or around 24:00 ; immediately after wake-up ; around noon) for an week from each subjects and analyzed by radioimmunoassay. This study did not significant difference for the subjective average melatonin levels between occupational and nonoccupational groups exposed to electromagnetic fields. The mean personal exposure levels of occupational group were $0.215{\mu}T$, whereas non-occupational group were $0.18{\mu}T$. Occupational group were exposed more highly while at work. Finally, this study would provide significant data for furture study of exposure assessment of magnetic fields. A large scale study concerning more detailed exposure assessment should provide important information on health risk assessment of MFs. Further study should provide information on the contribution of various sources and the relationship between melatonin and immune system activity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.214-234
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• 1995

The purpose of this work was to study the compatibility of several commercially available dentin adhesives with composite resins. In this study, V-shaped cavity preparations were created on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 extracted human premolars($3mm{\times}3mm{\times}2mm$ deep). Preparations were located such that the occlusal margins were on the enamel and the gingival margins were on the cementum(1mm below the CEJ). These specimens were randomly divided into three equal groups. Three dentin adhesives(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All Bond 2, Prisma Universal Bond 3)were applied to the cavity in accordance with each manufacturer's instructions. The teeth in each group were restored with four composite resins(Silux plus, Z100, Bisfil, Prisma TPH) in three increments, with each increment light-cured for 40 seconds. All specimens were exposed to 500 cycles of thermal stress. Specimens then placed in a silver nitrate solution(50% by weight) and stored in darkness for 24 hours. They were then immersed for 6 hours in photographic developing solution under flourescent light. Specimens were sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration and observed under a binocular stereoscope. To compare the marginal leakage, ANOVA and Dunkan's multiple range tests were used in analysis. Selected samples were further studied using scanning electron microscopy(XL20, Philips, The Netherlands). The results were as follows. 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly less leakage than the cementum margin. 2. No statistically significant differences were found in microleakage when composite resins were used with their proprietary dentin adhesives. 3. In comparison between dentin adhesives, Prisma Universal Bond 3 showed significantly less leakage at the enamel margin and Scotch bond multi-purpose showed significantly less leakage at the cementum margin than the other groups. 4. In comparison between composite resins, Silux Plus showed significantly more leakage than other groups at the enamel margin and no statistically significant differences were found in microleakage at the cementum margin. 5. According to the backscattered scanning electron microscope, microleakage occurred via gaps at the dentin adhesives/dentin interface.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.289-294
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• 2015

Background: The type of payment is one of the important factors that has an effect on the health of employees, as a basic working condition. In the conventional research field of occupational safety and health, only the physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic factors are treated as the main hazardous factors. Managerial factors and basic working conditions such as working hours and the type of payment are neglected. This paper aimed to investigate the association of the type of payment and the exposure to the various hazardous factors as an heuristic study. Methods: The third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute in 2011 was used for this study. Among the total sample of 50,032 economically active persons, 34,788 employees were considered for analysis. This study examined the relation between the three types of payment such as basic fixed salary and wage, piece rate, and extra payment for bad and dangerous working conditions and exposure to hazardous factors like vibration, noise, temperature, chemical contact, and working at very high speeds. Multivariate regression analysis was used to measure the effect of the type of payment on working hours exposed to hazards. Results: The result showed that the proportion of employees with a basic fixed salary was 94.5%, the proportion with piece rates was 38.6%, and the proportion who received extra payment for hazardous working conditions was 11.7%. Conclusion: The piece rate was associated with exposure to working with tight deadlines and stressful jobs. This study had some limitations because KWCS was a cross-sectional survey.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2002

Workers who work at indoor and outdoor environment near busy road are suspected to be exposed to high-elevated air pollutant levels during working hours. This study evaluated the working-time nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) exposure for workers (repairmen and polishers) of shoe-stalls. Since shoe-stalls have particularly been located near busy road in Korea, workers might be high exposure to $NO_2$ from traffic exhaust as well as indoor sources of shoe-stall such as portable gas range (butane gas) during working hours. In this study, we measured the indoor and outdoor $NO_2$ concentrations of shoe-stalls. Simultaneously, outdoor $NO_2$ concentrations of building through sidewalk from shoe-stall were measured. High $NO_2$ exposure for workers of shoe-stalls was considered to be inflow of outdoor source of exhausted emission from vehicles and indoor source from usage of gas range to polish the shoe. Indoor/outdoor $NO_2$ concentration ratio ($0.94{\pm}0.22$) in Seoul was higher than that ($1.06{\pm}0.34$) in Asan, because ambient $NO_2$ level was high in Seoul and usage of gas range was prevalent in Asan. According to $NO_2$ concentrations by distance from roadside to building through sidewalk, $NO_2$ concentrations showed the decreased trend with distance. The results of this study can be utilized by municipal authorities in urban planning for evaluating effects of future traffic planning and land use.