• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.118-129
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• 2003

Objective : To learn the distributional characteristics of Sasang constitutions, Methods : We statistically analyzed those 1338 patients who had been treated at Iksan Wonkwang Oriental Medicine during the period of three years from 2000 to 2002. The data were obtained through the electronic chart developed by Kim Jong- Yeol, and analyzed using the statistical Package SPSS. Results : The distributional ratio of Soeumin : Soyangin : Taeumin was 22.8 : 29.2 : 47.8. Thus the hypothesis : 'the distributional ratio of Soeumin : Soyangin : Taeumin is 2 : 3 : 5' was barely rejected by $x^2$ test for goodness-of-fit at the significance level of 5 %. When $x^2$ test for homogeneity was applied, the distributional characteristics between women and men were different and the distributional characteristics among several age groups were different under significance level of 5%. Conclusion : Though the hypothesis: 'the distributional ratio of Soeumin : Soyangin : Taeumin is 2 : 3 : 5' was rejected by $x^2$ test at the significance level of 5%, the observed distributional ratio was not so far away from the hypothesis.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.127-141
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• 2004

This is 63 cases report of neurotic patient which have gone to Dep. of Neuropsychiatry of Dongshin University sunchun oriental hospital from October, 2002 to October, 2003. Objective : To find out distributional characteristics of neurotic patient Result : 1. The distribution of sex is Female and of age is thirty, fourty is large. 2. The distribution of a history of case is chronic patient is large. 3. The distributional ratio of psychosomatic : musculoskeletal : gastrointestine symptom of chief complain was 48.7: 25.3: 14.9. 4. The distribution of yanghyulansin ondam: soganhaewul gudam : bohyulansin description was 41.3: 15.9: 9.5. Conclusion : This 63 cases report is relatively small cases about analysis and comparison of neurotic patient. So, it's needed to abundant study of this, afterwards.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.20-44
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• 2004

The National Health Insurance Expenditure has been increased rapidly since the introduction of the separation of prescription and dispensing in 2000, and this trend of rapid growth in overall spendings rate has been observed predominantly among medical practitioners. This study was conducted to investigate the growth rate and distributional changes in private medical practitioners' expenses from 1999 to 2002 and its determinants using the National Health Insurance claims data. The total increasing rate of all medical practitioners' expenditure paid by the National Health Insurance between 1999 and 2002 was $41.71\%$, which exceeding that of general hospitals by $20\%$p. But the income distribution among each practitioner was improved as the changes in Gini coefficient(from 0.40 to 0.38) and decile distribution ratio(from 0.25 to 0.29) during the same period showed. However, this improvement in distributional patterns is not enough since even in 2002 it turned out that the highest $10\%$ income group earned 33times more than the lowest $10\%$ income group did. Also, higher Gini coefficient was observed in larger cities and some department like plastic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology. The major causes of this differentials in medical practitioners' expenses were factors related to medical demand like proportion of old population, residential economic status in a given area. In addition, providers' economic incentives also played an important role in determining their income distribution. The large income differentials among physicians may imply a skewed distribution of patients and thus long waiting time, inefficient utilization of resources and potential inadequate quality of care. In this sense, unreasonable distributional gaps should be reduced, so effective measures as well as ongoing monitoring would be necessary to correct current distributional problems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

This study aims to understand the degree of inequality of surveyed amenity resources and identify which resource and region have the highest concentration by estimating Lorenz Curve and the Gini's Coefficient. The Lorenz Curve and Gini's Coefficient derived from economics are introduced as tools for investigating and quantifying regional variability of amenity resources concentration. This study describes the concepts underlying the application of the Gini's coefficient to measure the concentration of amenity resources in 11 regions, Chungbuk Province, Korea. The Lorenz Curve presents a graphical view of the cumulative distribution of amenity resources and the Gini's Coefficient provides a single-parameter measure of the distributional concentration of amenity resources. Also the Gini's Coefficient is compared to the number of amenity resource for understanding distributional difference between concentration and quantitative distribution of amenity resources. The results demonstrate significantly different regional variation according to the amenity variables: almost intact nature, interaction between nature and man, man-made.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2005

The distributional properties of R = X/(X + Y) and related estimation procedures are derived when X and Y are independent and identically distributed according to the Weibull or Levy distribution. The work is of interest in biological and physical sciences, econometrics, engineering and ranking and selection.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2011

We present methods for studying the log-density ratio, which allow us to select which predictors are needed, and how they should be included in the logistic regression model. Under multivariate normal distributional assumptions, we investigate the form of the log-density ratio as a function of many predictors. The linear, quadratic and crossproduct terms are required in general. If two covariance matrices are equal, then the crossproduct and quadratic terms are not needed. If the variables are uncorrelated, we do not need the crossproduct terms, but we still need the linear and quadratic terms.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in child and adolescent outpatients at a university hospital in Daegu from 2004 to 2013. Methods : The subjects were first-visit patients under 18 years old, who visited Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2013. Computerized medical records of 2,738 patients (male 1,906, female 832) were reviewed. Results : The ratio of male to female was 2.3 : 1 in the period of study. The most prevalent age category was 7-9 years. The mean age was $10.12{\pm}4.68$ years ($9.84{\pm}4.59$ years in males, $10.76{\pm}4.81$ years in females). The ratio of child and adolescent patients to total outpatients was 27.0%. The most common diagnostic category was the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group, followed by the mental retardation (MR) group. In males, the ADHD, MR, communication disorder groups were more prevalent, but in females, the MR, ADHD, depressive disorder groups were more prevalent. Conclusion : The female to male ratio and total mean age were on the rise. The ADHD group was the most prevalent and the depressive disorder group was also on the rise in this period.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.579-593
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• 2007

The distributional properties of Pr(Y

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.65-86
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• 2007

This paper reviews the properties and application methods of widely used types of risk measures, identifies the rationale and business-side effects of hedging, derives the theoretical formula of optimal hedging ratio, and analyzes the various functional aspects of VaR(Value-at-risk) as a risk measure and a hedging tool. Especially this paper focuses on the characteristics of VaR compared with other risk measures in terms of their own principal determinants and identifies its stronger aspects in the dimension of hedging strategy tools. As well, this paper provides the detailed processes deriving the optimal hedge ratios based on the distributional parameters and risk factors. In addition, this paper presents the detailed and substantial processes of estimating the minimum variance hedge ratio and minimum-VaR hedge ratio using the actual data and shows that the minimum variance hedge ratio proves helpful for many cases although it is not appropriate for the non-linear portfolio including the option contracts. We demonstrate the trade-off relationship between the minimum variance hedge strategy and the minimum-VaR hedge strategy in their hedging costs and performances through calculation of the respective VaRs and variances of unhedged and hedged portfolios and the optimal hedge ratio and hedging effectiveness values for the given long position in US Dollar with the short position in Euro.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 1970

Pinus densiflora stands are common secondary forest communities on infertile soils in Korea. The stands are results of long severe past biotic pressure such as cutting, burning and grazing. These could be regarded as biotic climax in Korea. Because of their prevalent occurrence, relatively simple species and age composition, and their domestic economic importance, study of their distributional patterns may give some basic knowledge for better utilization of land resources in Korea. To detect distributional patterns and interspecific associations ten pine stands, each of which was homogenious with respect to topography and physiognomy, were subjectively selected from pine stands in Kyunggi Province near Seoul in 1969 and were made object of this study. Four contiguous systematic samples of count for trees, shrubs and seedlings from belt transects were collected from homogeneous areas within ten natural pine stands. The belt transect was 64m or 128m in length, and 1m, 2m or 4m in width. Basic units within the transect ranged from 64 to 256. The data from the contiguous transects were analysed in terms of multiple split-plot experiment. Departure from randomness of stem distribution, i.e., pattern, was tested in terms of variance mean ratio. For the detection of association between species, correlation coefficient was calculated for different block sizes. The values of ${\gamma}$ were tested by the usual t-test. Fine trees within one of the stands showed significant regular distribution through out the blocks. Within other eight stands pines were randomly distributed at basic unit with 4$\times$4m, 2$\times$2m, 2$\times$1m and 1$\times$1m. One significantly clumped distribution at basic unit 2$\times$2m, however, was observed from one of the pine stands. These randomly distributed groups were themselves significantly regularly distributed throughout the blocks for four pine stands. For the other four pine stands, in addition to the random distribution at the basie unit(the primary random group), randomly distributed groups with 32m dimension(the secondary random groups) were also observed. Both the primary and the secondary random groups were significantly regularly distributed at the rest of blocks. Pine seedlings were not distributed randomly thoughout the blocks. Within three of the ten stands they were contagiously distributed. Important shrub species underneath pines such as Querus serrata, Q. acutissima, Leapedeza intermedia, Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae, Juniperus utilis, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum shnwed consistently similar distributional pattern with the pine at each stand. The shrub species pairs; Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae/Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum/Lespedeza intermedia were significantly negatively associated from 1m to 4m dimensional block sizes but became significantly positively associated from 8m sized blocks on. On the other hand the shrub species pairs; Lespedeza intermedia/Robinia Pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza bicolor var, japonica/Lespedeza intermedia were also significnalty negatively associated from 1m to 8m sized blocks but became significantly positively associated from 16m sized blocks on. The associational pattern between Rhododendron mucronul tun var. poukhanenae and Lespedeza intermedia was not consistent throughout the stands. In some stands negative associations were observed throughout the blocks except NS 32. From these observatons micro-edaphic variation within the pine stands seems not to be great enough to cause distributinal difference of pine trees within the ten pine stands. Among each species and pine seedings, however, the edaphic variation within the pine stands may be great enought to cause distributional variation.