• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2019

Species diversity is one of the most important indices that used to evaluate the sustainability of forest communities. In the present study, three variables including number of individuals (frequency of species), basal area and volume of tree species were compared to estimate tree species diversity in broadleaves forests of Iran. Based on systematic random design, 30 plots (circle plot, $1000m^2$) was selected. Type of species, number of species, DBH and height of trees were measured. Simpson (1-D), Hill ($N_2$), Shannon-Wiener (H'), Mc Arthur ($N_1$), Smith-Wilson ($E_{var}$) and Margalef ($R_1$) indices used to estimate tree species diversity. Species diversity was calculated in each plot. ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between of three variables used for estimation of species diversity. Number of trees variable has more precision than basal area and volume variables to estimate of species diversity. But Duncan test revealed that there were significant difference between of basal area and volume variables with number of trees. Therefore, basal area and volume variables were selected as more suitable variables in order to estimate of biodiversity indices in northern forests of Iran.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.595-600
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• 2006

The plot design influences the budgets and the precision of forest inventory results. The objective of this study is to determine the efficiency of estimating forest variables such as tree density, basal area, volume, and species richness based on various plot sizes using fixed-area plot sampling in the natural deciduous forest of Pyeong-Chang County, Gang-won Province, Korea. In this study, 108 reference plots were established with a fixed plot size and shape of 0.09 ha ($30m{\times}30m$). In order to determine the optimal plot size for the interest of variables, each sample plot was established using different shapes (square, circle, and rectangle) and was divided into different plot sizes from 100 to $900m^2$. The mean relative difference (MRD) for the sum of the basal area and volume, and tree density per hectare decreased as plot size increased. But the MRD for three variables were only below 13% at the plot size of $500m^2$. Species richness for each reference stand observed ranging from 2 to 15 species, demonstrated highly positive significant relationships with plot size. The minimum plot size for the estimation of tree density, the sum of the BA and volume was determined to be about $400m^2$, whereas the estimation of species richness required a minimum plot size of $500m^2$.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.190-194
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• 2015

The splash zone is the most corrosive area of the marine environment, and the corrosion of steel structures exposed in this area is a serious concern. DH36 steel is one of most commonly used steels for offshore oil platforms in China, and its corrosion behaviour in splash zones was studied in this paper. Polarization curves were obtained from the corroded steel exposed in this area while the morphologies and rusts of the rust steel were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Double rust layers were formed in the splash zone. The inner layer contained magnetite and fine flaky lepidocrocite, and the outer layer was composed of accumulated flaky lepidocrocite and a small amount of goethite. In the wet period, the iron dissolved and reacted with lepidocrocite, and magnetite appeared, while the magnetite was oxidized to lepidocrocite again during the dry period. Electrochemical reduction and chemical oxidization cycled in intermittent wetting and drying periods, and magnetite and lepidocrocite were involved in the reduction reaction, leading to serious corrosion.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2002

This landscape design proposal was presented to a design competition for the New Government Buildings of Dalseong-gun which was held by the municipal authority of Dalseong-gun in June, 2002. The site is located at 1313 Gumpo-ri, Nongong-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu Metropolitan City and has an area of 50,000$m^2$. The judging criteria for the landscape design set by the Dalseong-gun could be articulated as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects the surrounding n a locale which functions as a community center of Dalseong-gun, a resting place for the welfare of its employees and visitors, and finally a place with diverse landscape elements reflecting the individual identity of each facility. The main design concepts of this project could be summarized as follows : an environmentally friendly design which respects and utilizes the existing natural landscape resources, a design which features a harmony of nature with architecture and exterior space with interior space, and a design which balances esthetic form and practical function. This design consists of four major outdoor spaces ; the lawn, the entry plaza, a pine grove, and a deck area on the third floor. The multi-purpose lawn area near the main entrance area can be used for flea markets, outdoor weddings, and picnics for its neighbors. The adjacent plaza and parking lots can be unified as one space in case of large events. The entry plaza has three axes. Each of them represents the Assembly, the Administration, and the Culture. A big circle in the paving pattern unifies the three individual axes. A group of Zelkova trees was introduced to reflect local flavor. The existing pine grove was preserved as a symbolic 'park' for the Gumpo district. The outdoor amphitheatre within the grove was introduced by utilizing the existing topography, The flow of 'nature'on the deck area was designed to connect Mt. Gumkae with the 'city'. It is a comfortable resting place for its employees and visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

We suggest the algorithm that it detects volume and shape according with a variation of magnetic field in non-contact electromagnetic measurement system. It is possible to assess an object shape through a variation of magnetic field. The basic idea is compared a length difference with a variation of magnetic field in a detected object and a circle which modeled equivalent area. And the shape is detected to many calibration process that it is similar to signal pattern between a length difference and a variation of magnetic field in object and equivalent circle. This is the shape detection algorithm that use only the variation of magnetic field. In this paper, it has application to the shape detection algorithm about the object as hexagon, pentagon, rectangle, trigon. we can detect the object shape easily because the shape detection algorithm is only used to the variation of magnetic field.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.42
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• pp.107-138
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• 2000

Today, the public assistance program in Korea is provided mainly for the livelihood protection beneficiary in urban area. The fact that the urban community-centered program is also applied to the livelihood protection beneficiary in rural area brings about some problems in fitness and effectiveness of resource distribution. The purpose of my study is to present my opinion that the public assistance program for the rural community should be put in practice after being fully distinguished from the urban program for the effective distribution of limited social welfare resources to insure the minimum standard of living and seek the self-support contribution which is the purpose of the public assistance program. The subject for this study were livelihood protection beneficiaries living in both rural and urban area. And the study was carried out in this parts: first, the way of life in them, second, the contents of 6 main public assistance programs being carried out. Total number of the livelihood protection beneficiaries are 279 case: 143 case from 15 Dong in 5 cities, and 136 case from 15 Myun in 5 counties. And the social worker who are performing the public assistance programare consisted of 50 case: 25 case from 5 Dong in 5 cities, and 25 case from 5 Myun in 5 counties. This research reach the result that the differentiate performance of the public assistance program in rural community would be an effective device for self-support to be freed from the vicious circle of poverty.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2016

Objectives : To understand spatial cause hypothesis of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, the body truncus area was divided into intracranial, thoracic and pelvic cavity and was illustrated, the subjective pain degrees of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia were compared with the illustraion of three cavity. Methods : The frontal view of pictures of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia subject truncus area were illustrated into three circles which was treated with conservative methods like the pelvic correction, cervical correction, FCST, posture training without drugs and acupuncture. The spatial analysis of three circle vertical centerlines were compared with the pain degrees. Results : The vertical centerlines of three circles were agreed with the body gravity centerline depending on the treatment progresses. namely, as the parts of truncus were matched to the body gravity centerline, the degrees of pain were decreased. Conclusions : The vascular pressure on the trigeminal nerve which was causing the idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia might be induced by the spatial misalignment of truncus area because the spatial misalignment of it can press to move vascular into trigeminal nerve partially. Further study will be progressed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.884-889
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• 2005

A lot of landslides were occurred in Gangnung, Macheon and Geochang areas by Typhoons such as RUSA(2002) and MEAMI(2003). Soil properties of these areas are investigated regarding geological conditions in this study. The shallow plane failure were occurred in Gangnung and Geochang areas, whereas the deep circle failure were occurred in Macheon area. The matrix in Gangnung and Geochang areas was composed of Granite, and the matrix in Macheon area was composed of Gabbro. The disturbed and undisturbed soils were sampled in these areas. As the results of laboratory tests using sampled soils, the coefficient of permeability in Granite region is lower than that in Gabbro region. In the cases that the silt and clay contents are included less than 4% for the soils of Granite region and less than 7% for the soils of Gabbro region, the coefficients of permeability are rapidly increased for both soils. In addition, the simple equations for predicting the coefficients of permeability are proposed using the effective particle size and the silt and clay contents according to geological condition.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.217-237
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• 2015

Seokchon Lake, and the area surrounding it, have become symbolic with an environment of 'peace', 'delight', 'happiness', and 'healing' due to the large floating yellow rubber duck which sits within the lake. There exists, however, a hidden intention of a large corporation who wishes to make benefit of this installation and its healing properties. Nevertheless, the lake has become a hot destination for people to come and see the rubber duck and take romantic photos with it. The photographs taken and shared further expand the popularity and romantic environment of the duck and lake. This process is a perfectly hermeneutic circle. Self or group mediation through photographic performances with the rubber duck has allowed the lake to take on new meaning to visitors. For families taking photos together it has become a place of family bonding and love while for couples of any age it has been transformed into a place to express their love through pictures together with the duck. Even for selfie generation it has become a destination and muse. Tourists are not merely written upon, but are also enacting and inscribing places with their own stories. Therefore, photographic performances produce rather than consume and reflect geography of Seokchon lake.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

When a straight-in landing from an instrument approach using ILS or VOR/DME is not possible or desirable because of topographical reason or bad weather, a circling approach maneuver is initiated by the pilot to align the aircraft with a runway for landing. Visual contact with the runway is necessary while conducting a circle to land maneuver. This research is to develop a new warning system based on a conventional marker system which alerts pilots to watch out for exceeding the circling approach area. The airborne system also uses the same receiver unit without any new installations. The objective of this research is to design and develop a Yagi antenna in a special form. The research includes computer simulations to determine the size of antenna radiation pattern and to compute an expected flight path in case of alarm to validate effectiveness of the system.