• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.67
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• pp.11-44
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• 2021

In the early 21st century, the global COVID-19 pandemic, which has arisen during the development of the technological science of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has been a great challenge in all fields including politics, economy, industry, education and religion in Korean society. To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, the Korean government announced 'social distancing guidelines,' focused on the 'prohibition of three conditions'(crowd, closeness, airtight) for safety reasons. These quarantine guidelines made it more difficult for Korean churches and Sunday schools to operate. In general, looking at the statistical data of the major denominations of the Korean Church in the second half of the 20th century, shows that the Church has entered a period of stagnant or declining growth. Data also show that the number of students attending Sunday School is decreasing. The researcher identified four causes of the crisis faced by the Korean church and Korean Sunday school entering the 21st century. These trends are influenced by the tendencies of postmodernism, the deconstruction of modern universalism, the certainty and objectivity of knowledge, and the grand narrative and worldview of diffusion. Moreover, it is a phenomenon in which the young population decreases in contrast to the increasing elderly population in the age of population cliff in Korean society. Sunday Schools are also facing a crisis, as the youth population, who will become the future heroes of the Korean church, is declining. Finally, constraints of Church and Sunday school education activities are due to COVID-19 Pandemic. As analysis shows the loss of the Church's educational vision and a decrease in the passion for education. Accordingly, the researcher suggests four new strategies for the next generation of Korean Sunday schools, whose ranges from 200 members or less; this range covers the majority of Sunday School program run by churches in Korea. First, in the age of postmodernism, a time of uncertainty and relativism, Christian Societies requires teachers who are certain of absolute Christian truth and faith. Second, in an era of declining population cliffs for younger generations, a shift to a home-friendly Sunday school paradigm is needed. Third, during the COVID-19 pandemic, educational activities must appropriately utilize face-to-face and non-face-to-face communication. Finally, even in difficult times, Korean Sunday school should nevertheless remember the Lord's great commandment(Matthew 28:18-20) and restore the vision and passion of education to announce and teach the gospel. The researcher hopes that this study will provide small, positive steps in rebuilding Korean Sunday school educational activities for future generations in difficult times.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-192
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the care needs of family-caregivers to the patients with stroke. Subjects were 115 family-caregivers caring for the patients while they were in-patients or out-patients with stroke in two general hospitals and one oriental medicine hospital located in Seoul and Kwang-Ju. The instrument used for this study was made by the researcher on the basis of results of literature review and interviews with family-caregivers, composed of 35 items. Internal validity by calculation of cronbach's alpha with data of respondents was 0.91, which was regarded as high. The Data were analyzed by SAS program, with percentage, mean, t-test, and ANOVA. Factor structures of care needs of family-caregivers were elicited by factor analysis(PCA, Varimax rotation). Datum collection had been from July 1 to August 14, 1997. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean score of the sum of the care needs of family-caregivers was 3.96 and the highest-mean item was 'need for immediate care(M=4.77)', and the lowest-mean item was 'need for chaplian's visit (M=2.82)'. 2. Care needs of the family-caregivers were : Need to be informed of the disease, treatment and care ; need of education and assistance related to physical functional level ; need of social support and consultation ; need of management of nursing problem related to immobility ; need of appreciation ; need of the way to communicate with patients ; need of immediate care and help. The highest mean factor was the 'need for immediate care and help(M=4.74)', and the lowest mean factor was the 'need of appreciation(M=3.58)'. 3. The variables influencing the degree of care needs perceived by family-caregivers to the patients with stroke were as follows : There were significant differences between need to be informed of the disease, treatment and care and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's sex (p=.0178), caring period(p=.0223) and patient's suffering period(p=.0244). There were significant differences between need of education and assistance related to physical functional level and general characteristic factors, which were patient's paralysis(p=.0177), patient's ADL dependency(p=.0032). There were significant differences between need of social support and consultation and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's sex(p=.0055), occupation(p=.0159), religion(p=.0093) and patient's sex(p=.0134). There was significant difference in the degree of need of management of nursing problem related to immobility, according to the patient's ADL dependency(p=.0493). There were significant differences between need of appreciation and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's age(p=.0107), sex(p=.0133), and patient's age(p=.0338). There were significant differences between need of the way to communicate with patient and general characteristic factors, which were patient's paralysis(p=.0002) and aphasia(p=.0001). There were significant differences between need of immediate care and help and general characteristic factors, which were family caregiver's caring period(p=.0162) and patient's suffering period(p=.0116). 4. The mean score of patient's ADL dependency was 3. 38 and the highest-mean item was 'ascending and descending stairs(M=4.12)', and the lowest-mean item was 'drinking(M=2.60)'. There was no significant difference in the degrees of care needs related to the patient's ADL dependency. 5. The highest information source of family-caregivers was from the doctors about the disease, treatment and care(26.1%). The second highest one was from mass media(20.8%), and the third one was from the nurses. The above findings may be used as the basic data to seek more efficient way of elevating nursing practice and quality for family-caregivers to the patients with stroke.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.19-36
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• 2015

Social media is an emerging issue in content services and in current business environment. YouTube is the most representative social media service in the world. YouTube is different from other conventional content services in its open user participation and contents creation methods. To promote a content in YouTube, it is important to understand the diffusion phenomena of contents and the network structural characteristics. Most previous studies analyzed impact factors of contents diffusion from the view point of general behavioral factors. Currently some researchers use network structure factors. However, these two approaches have been used separately. However this study tries to analyze the general impact factors on the view count and content based network structures all together. In addition, when building a content based network, this study forms the network structure by analyzing user comments on 22,370 contents of YouTube not based on the individual user based network. From this study, we re-proved statistically the causal relations between view count and not only general factors but also network factors. Moreover by analyzing this integrated research model, we found that these factors affect the view count of YouTube according to the following order; Uploader Followers, Video Age, Betweenness Centrality, Comments, Closeness Centrality, Clustering Coefficient and Rating. However Degree Centrality and Eigenvector Centrality affect the view count negatively. From this research some strategic points for the utilizing of contents diffusion are as followings. First, it is needed to manage general factors such as the number of uploader followers or subscribers, the video age, the number of comments, average rating points, and etc. The impact of average rating points is not so much important as we thought before. However, it is needed to increase the number of uploader followers strategically and sustain the contents in the service as long as possible. Second, we need to pay attention to the impacts of betweenness centrality and closeness centrality among other network factors. Users seems to search the related subject or similar contents after watching a content. It is needed to shorten the distance between other popular contents in the service. Namely, this study showed that it is beneficial for increasing view counts by decreasing the number of search attempts and increasing similarity with many other contents. This is consistent with the result of the clustering coefficient impact analysis. Third, it is important to notice the negative impact of degree centrality and eigenvector centrality on the view count. If the number of connections with other contents is too much increased it means there are many similar contents and eventually it might distribute the view counts. Moreover, too high eigenvector centrality means that there are connections with popular contents around the content, and it might lose the view count because of the impact of the popular contents. It would be better to avoid connections with too powerful popular contents. From this study we analyzed the phenomenon and verified diffusion factors of Youtube contents by using an integrated model consisting of general factors and network structure factors. From the viewpoints of social contribution, this study might provide useful information to music or movie industry or other contents vendors for their effective contents services. This research provides basic schemes that can be applied strategically in online contents marketing. One of the limitations of this study is that this study formed a contents based network for the network structure analysis. It might be an indirect method to see the content network structure. We can use more various methods to establish direct content network. Further researches include more detailed researches like an analysis according to the types of contents or domains or characteristics of the contents or users, and etc.

• 재활복지
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.221-244
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• 2013

This study made an exploratory verification targeting severely-disabled persons on how self-determination right and empowerment of the factors organizing independent living affect community relation and productivity of the disabled. For the foregoing, this study collected data for about 2months from May through July 2012 targeting the disabled using Center for Independent Living and the Center for Human Right of the Disabled. As a result of research, this study revealed First, the level of self-determination right of the disabled differed meaningfully depending on the variables such as age, academic ability, existence of spouse, receiving pension, monthly income, residential type, time of occurrence of disability and disability rating, and in the level of empowerment, it showed a meaningful difference according to the factors like academic ability and disability rating. Second, the level of formation of community relation differed meaningfully according to the variables such as age, academic ability, existence of spouse, residential type, time of occurrence of disability, disability rating etc., and the level of productivity showed a meaningful difference according to the variables such as academic ability, existence of spouse, receiving pension, monthly income, multiple disabilities, disability rating etc. Third, as a result of investigation on the effect of self-determination right and empowerment of the disabled on their community relation, both self-determination right and empowerment turned out to have a meaningful and positive (+) effect on the community relation of the disabled. Fourth, as a result of investigation on the effect of self-determination right and empowerment of the disabled on their productivity, this study found that only the variable of empowerment exercises a meaningful and positive (+) influence on the productivity of the disabled. Therefore, self-determination right and empowerment are considered an important variable for enabling them to enjoy independent living in the future by strengthening community relation and productivity of the disabled. For this, it is required to fulfill social welfare and recognize the significance of self-determination right and empowerment in the process of rehabilitation, and develop as well as revitalize a variety of programs related to the above.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.201-218
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine how dentists perceived dental coordinators including their education, hiring criteria, working condition and job. It's basically attempted to help define the job and role of 5 and to suggest how they should be nurtured. The subjects in this study were dentists at dental hospitals and clinics where dental coordinators were employed among approximately 200 dental institutions in Seoul, Cyeonggi province and Incheon. After a survey was conducted in June 2005, answer sheets from 99 respondents were analyzed. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. Regarding education for dental coordinators, 99.9% of the dentists investigated felt the need for separate education programs for dental coordinators, 42.4% knew what would-be dental coordinators learned about, and 81.8% considered it necessary for them to take intermediate or higher courses. An organization affiliated with the Korea Dental Hygienists Association was viewed as the best institute to educate dental coordinators, and educational institutes that included a department of dental hygiene was looked upon as the second best one. 68.7% believed that dental coordinators should take an official examination to test their qualifications, and concerning educational subsidy, the largest group of the dentists thought that a certain amount of subsidy should be provided. 2. As for coordinator hiring, the top priority was the impression(look) of applicants(55%), followed by adjustability to existing employees(24.5%) and professional competency(17.3%). As to the route of hiring, 41.4 percent, the largest group, reeducated some of existing employees, and dental hygienists were regarded as the best personnels to serve as a coordinator. Concerning job performance, they put the most emphasis on interpersonal relationship, which was followed by executive ability, impression and career, 58.6% the largest group, believed that dental coordinators should have a three-year or higher career to work at a dental institute. 3. As to working conditions, 75.7%, the largest group, paid dental coordinators based on their job performance, and 23.2%, the second largest group, had their pay equal to that of dental hygienists, 88.9% allowed them to determine their own retirement age. 4. In regard to their perception of dental coordinators, the largest number of the dentists considered it necessary for them to keep receiving education(4.29), and the second largest group felt that they served to enhance the image of dental institutes(4.18). The third largest group thought that they contributed to letting patients more satisfied with the quality of dental services. But they tended not to agree that their turnover rate was low(3.04), and they didn't find them to receive appropriate education, either(3.10). 5. The current major job of coordinators associated with customer services was handling appointments with customers(91.9%), treating unsatisfied customers(85.9%), and controling waiting time(84.8%). Regarding self-management, coordinators directed their energy into having good manners(89.9%), acquiring fundamental dental knowledge(84.8%), and learning how to treat customers(83.8%). Concerning hospital affairs handling, they were most responsible for information desk(87.9%), which was followed by receiving(86.9%). As a result of investigating what type of job the dentists hoped dental coordinators to fulfill in consideration of their career, their age and type of investment, the dentists wanted them the most to speak a foreign language, which belonged to the field of self-management.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.84
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• pp.99-123
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• 2017

We analyzed the movie (2016/ directed by J-yong E), which is entangled in politics of gender, age, class, or sexuality, naming as "spaces of Others", using the concepts of heterotopia of Foucault. Foucault addressed three types of spaces: the realistic space where we currently live, the unrealistic and non-existent utopia, and heterotopia, which functions antithetically to reality. Thus, Foucault's heterotopia can be considered to indicate "heterogeneous spaces" in reality. The Bacchus Lady revolves a 65-year old prostitute So-Young, sells her body to old men at the parks in downtown of Seoul. Old prostitute on streets are often referred as "Bacchus Ladies", because suggest the popular energy drink a bottle of Bacchus while selling sex. The movie represents some minorities such as transgender, Tina and madam of the club, G-spot, migrant women like Camila and Aindu, and a amputee, Dohoon. Through these people's bodies, the problems such as imperials, nations, ethnics, gender, age, class are entangled in the movie. The politics of these points work and construct heterotopias in four spaces of Others. First, the spaces which ageing and death are intersected. Second, the spaces of So-Young for prostitutes, Third, the spaces of So-Young's mothering: she adopted her baby to American when he was a infant, so she have felt guilty. Fourth, the spaces for So-young's quasi-family with Minho, a Kopian boy who was abandoned by Korean father, Dohoon, who is a poor amputee, and Tina, who is a transgender singer. Fifth, the spaces of speech of So-Young as the subaltern: the subaltern does not have the language to express its own experiences. In order to listen to the words of subaltern, we must do the task of measuring the silence. This cinematic representation of So-young as the subaltern makes her speak about her situation. Finally, the spaces constructed by the movie can be connected 'heterotopia of crisis', 'heterotopia of deviation' and 'heterotopia of fantasy'. The spaces of the movie represents lives of Others, nevertheless, So-Young's Otherness through spaces of heterotopia was transformed to an absolute Other by patriarchal traits of cinematic narrative.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.52-64
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• 1970

Fingerlings hatched from the eggs of the puffer, Fugu rubripes, which were spawned on May 21, 1969, and were cultivated. The results of their growth during 150 days, until October 25th, are summarized as follows: 1. The eggs began to hatch after 163 hours, at a water temperature of 15.9 to $17.4^{\circ}C$, and the hatching rate was $61.56\%$. 2. They reached the post-larval stage 6 to 7 days after hatching, and at this time a high mortality occurred. The mortality rate was 57.26 to $68.0\%$. 3. Sixteen days after hatching some of the larger fingerlings (6.7mm in total length) began attacking some of the smaller ones (4.6mm in to total length). 4. Twenty five to twenty eight days after hatching, the fish changed their food, and at this time a second high mortality occured. The total mortality rate amounted to 90.7 to $90.9\%$ of the total hatch. 5. After the fingerling stage. cannibalism occurs. The fish usually attack the caudal part of other fingerlings. It occurs regardless of body length and when the food supply is short. 6. The food coeffiicient at the age of 46 days (when body length is 53 to 68 mm) was 5.5 for short-necked clams, 8.5 for earth-worms, and 8.7 for fishes. 7. A third hish mortality occurred 53 to 63 days after hatching, the total mortality amounting to 95.76 to $97.34\%$, and the main cause of the mortality was found to be rickets resulting from nutritional deficiency 8. The growth rates were as follows: 2.68mm just after hatching, 3.84mm at the age of 10 days; 7.96mm after 25 days; 20.96mm or 130mg after 40 days; 73.68mm or 9.06g after 80 days: and 123mm or 31.8g after 150 days. 9. The water temperature during the above period was 15.7 to $28.4^{\circ}C$ with an average of $22.10^{\circ}C$ and the salinity was 25.53 to $34.50\%$ with an average of $32.07\%$, 10. The young of this species could endure well a wide range and sudden rise in salinity, and could survive easily when the salinity suddenly fell to $5\%$, but a considerable mortality occured when it fell to $3\%$. 11. When the fish were tranferred directly to fresh water from normal sea water they died out in 9 hours and 40minutes. However, when transferred from water of $5\%$ salinity at which they were reared for 54 days, they survived for 60 hours and 40 mimutes longer than in the former case.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2979-2982
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• 2016

Background: High dose ionizing radiation can induce ovarian cancer, but the effect of low dose radiation on the development of ovarian cancer has not been extensively studied. We evaluated the effect of low dose radiation and total background radiation, and the radiation delivered to the ovaries during the treatment of rectosigmoid cancer and breast cancer on ovarian cancer incidence. Materials and Methods: Background radiation measurements are from Assessment of Variations in Radiation Exposure in the United States, 2011. Ovarian cancer incidence data are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of ovarian cancer following breast cancer and rectosigmoid cancer are from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Obesity data by US state are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mean ages of US state populations are from the United States Census Bureau. Results: We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, which reveal that in 194,042 cases of breast cancer treated with beam radiation, there were 796 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.41%); in 283, 875 cases of breast cancer not treated with radiation, there were 1,531 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.54%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p < 0.001, two tailed Fisher exact test). The small dose of scattered ovarian radiation (about 3.09 cGy) from beam radiation to the breast appears to have reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 24%. In 13,099 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer treated with beam radiation in the SEER data, there were 20 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.15%). In 33,305 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer not treated with radiation, there were 91 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.27%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p = 0.017, two tailed Fisher exact test). In other words, the beam radiation to rectum and rectosigmoid that also reached the ovaries reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 44%. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between ovarian cancer in white women and radon background radiation (r = - 0.465. p = 0.002) and total background radiation (r = -0.456, p = 0.002). Because increasing age and obesity are risk factors for ovarian cancer, multivariate linear regression was performed. The inverse relationship between ovarian cancer incidence and radon background was significant (${\beta}=-0.463$, p = 0.002) but unrelated to age (${\beta}=-0.080$, p = 0.570) or obesity (${\beta}=-0.180$, p = 0.208). Conclusions: The reduction of ovarian cancer risk following low dose radiation may be the result of radiation hormesis. Hormesis is a favorable biological response to low toxin exposure. A pollutant or toxin demonstrating hormesis has the opposite effect in small doses as in large doses. In the case of radiation, large doses are carcinogenic. However, lower overall cancer rates are found in U.S. states with high impact radiation. Moreover, there is reduced lung cancer incidence in high radiation background US states where nuclear weapons testing was done. Women at increased risk of ovarian cancer have two choices. They may be closely followed (surveillance) or undergo immediate prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. However, the efficacy of surveillance is questionable. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is considered preferable, although it carries the risk of surgical complications. The data analysis above suggests that low-dose pelvic irradiation might be a good third choice to reduce ovarian cancer risk. Further studies would be worthwhile to establish the lowest optimum radiation dose.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.13-29
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution and location factors of startups by generation (young and middle-aged) in Seoul. To this end, a research model was established that included factors of industry, population, and startup institutions by generation in 424 administrative districts using the Seoul Business Enterprise Survey(2018), which includes data on the age group of entrepreneurs. As an analysis method, descriptive statistics were conducted to confirm the frequency, average and standard deviation of startups by generation and major variables in the administrative districts of Seoul, and spatial distribution and characteristics of startups by generation were analyzed through global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis. In particular, the spatial distribution of startups in Seoul was confirmed in-depth by categorizing and analyzing startups by major industries. Afterwards, an appropriate spatial regression analysis model was selected through the Lagrange test, and based on this, the location factors affecting startups by generation were analyzed. The main results derived from the research results are as follows. First, there was a significant difference in the spatial distribution of young and middle-aged startups. The young people started to startups in the belt-shaped area that connects Seocho·Gangnam-Yongsan-Mapo-Gangseo, while middle-aged people were relatively active in the southeastern region represented by Seocho, Gangnam, Songpa, and Gangdong. Second, startups by generation in Seoul showed various spatial distributions according to the type of business. In the knowledge high-tech industries(ICT, professional services) in common, Seocho, Gangnam, Mapo, Guro, and Geumcheon were the centers, and the manufacturing industry was focused on existing clusters. On the other hand, in the case of the life service industry, young people were active in startups near universities and cultural centers, while middle-aged people were concentrated on new towns. Third, there was a difference in factors that influenced the startup location of each generation in Seoul. For young people, high-tech industries, universities, cultural capital, and densely populated areas were significant factors for startup, and for middle-aged people, professional service areas, low average age, and the level of concentration of start-up support institutions had a significant influence on startup. Also, these location factors had different influences for each industry. The implications suggested through the study are as follows. First, it is necessary to support systematic startups considering the characteristics of each region, industry, and generation in Seoul. As there are significant differences in startup regions and industries by generation, it is necessary to strengthen a customized startup support system that takes into account these regional and industrial characteristics. Second, in terms of research methods, a follow-up study is needed that comprehensively considers culture and finance at the large districts(Gu) level through data accumulation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.83-94
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• 2023

This study analyzed the satisfaction of green infrastructure around 39 dams, including multi-purpose dams, water dams, and flood control reservoir dams, to induce space improvement in terms of sustainability, and the results of the study are as follows. First, the satisfaction level based on the Likert scale of 5 points for the currently created dam green infrastructure was 3.76, and there were differences depending on the respondents' gender, age, residence, number of dam visits, and the need to pursue sustainability, and it was analyzed to be statistically significant. In the case of gender, p<.05, age, residence, number of dam visits, and the need to pursue sustainability were found to be p<.01. Regression analysis was conducted to confirm the effect of these respondents' characteristics on satisfaction, and it was analyzed that only the number of dam visits and the need to pursue sustainability had a statistically significant effect, and other characteristic variables had no significant effect. Second, in terms of satisfaction with the conceptual image of public bridge, view place and play space, which are the main spaces of dam green infrastructure considering sustainability, view place was the highest at 4.43, the play space was 4.35 and public bridge was analyzed as 4.21. The t-test result for the satisfaction of each space was found to be p<.01, and the difference in values was analyzed to be significant. The difference from the current satisfaction with green infrastructure was also analyzed as p<.00, showing a statistically significant difference. Third, as a way to revitalize green infrastructure around the dam through the results of satisfaction analysis, it is necessary to identify needs for major visitors in their 40s and 50s and create a space considering them. It was proposed to derive facilities and programs that can be introduced to other regions through the analysis of green infrastructure status around dams in Chungbuk, Jeonju, and Ulsan, where there are relatively many dams. Furthermore, satisfaction analysis by space showed that green infrastructure around the dam could be activated in terms of sustainability when selecting packaging materials considering the structure and shape of the dam, arranging observation facilities considering lake prospects, and introducing amusement facilities using local environmental resources. This study differs from previous studies in that it presented space improvement measures in consideration of sustainability for green infrastructure around dams for non-urban areas, and space improvement can contribute to improving it connectivity in urban and non-urban areas, which can also contribute to improving the sustainability of green infrastructure in Korea.