• 비교문화연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.83-95
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• 2015

Every country has a dark history in the process of transition to a modern state. Many countries have until the 21st century, especially in East Asia, colonialism, has experienced conflict influenced, racial discrimination, the trauma of such massacre. Such a dark history in many countries are also still in progress. Dark History of China, which maintains the proletarian dictatorship is the 'Cultural Revolution(Wenhua da Geming)'. 'Cultural Revolution' is neither the outer aspect of the ideological struggle, but in fact it was not even class struggle ideology and class struggle. Put an end to the feudal intellectuals in China in the course of the tragedy stood and lead to build a new China suffered the humiliation of being betrayed from state power. Chinese writers after the 'Cultural Revolution' ended, was created in the process of creation reflects the tragedy of the 'Cultural Revolution' in the country(national memory) is suffering from the pain and suffering the same growth process as it saw this novel growth experienced in the personal growth process. "Road leaving at 18 years" of WiHua has ruled out the pain of growing national attention wholly to personal growth and pain. Such "Road leaving at 18 years" in the sense suggests the possibility of a typical growth story in China Contemporary Literature.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.115-141
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• 2000

What is the concept ad reality of so-called 'Knowledge Revolution'\ulcorner Wat is the philosophy ad logic of the people who advocate the necessity and urgency of knowledge Revolution in Korean society\ulcorner Are their arguments rational an desirable for the healthy development of Korean society\ulcorner This article deals with such issues from the socio-cultural point of view. The author argues that the 'real' purpose of knowledge Revolution should be on the recovery of socio-cultural competitive edge rather than the temporary improvement of this economic competence, and that public library revolution should be a prerequisite for the success of Knowledge Revolution. Also suggested are the macro and micro strategies and methods for the realization of the public library revolution.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제6호
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• pp.27-50
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• 2008

This thesis examines contemporary Chinese painting after the Cultural Revolution(1966~76), focusing upon so-called "Chinese Pop art", which I termed as "Socialist Pop art". I considered the art of this period within the broader context of social changes especially after the Tienanmen incident of 1989. After the Cultural Revolution during which idolization of Chairman Mao was at its peak, one of the major changes in communist China was that an anti-Mao wave was generated in almost every social class. For example, novels that revealed the hardships during the Cultural Revolution were published. Posters that openly criticized the Maoism were also produced and displayed on the walls, and demand for democracy spurred widespread activist movements among young generations. These broad social changes were also reflected in art. A variety of art movements were introduced from the West to China, and after a period of experimentation with the new imported styles, artists began to apply the new artistic idiom to their works in order to visualize their own social and political realities they lived in. It was a shift from earlier Socialist Realism to a new expression either directly or indirectly, "Socialist Pop", an amalgam of Socialist Realism and Pop art tradition. After the 1989 crackdown of Tienanmen Square protest, when communist government quelled with brutal measures the students, workers, and ordinary people who rose for democracy, greater urge to protest the Deng Xiaoping regime emerged. This time coincided with the gradual emergence of art using Pop art vocabulary to satirize the social reality, the Socialist Pop art, along with many other art forms all with avant-garde spirit. One of the most frequent subjects of Chinese Pop art was visual images of Chairman Mao and his Cultural Revolution, and new China that was saturated with capitalism, which tainted the Chinese way of life with a Western way of consumerism and commercialism. The reason for the popularity of Mao's image was spurred by the "Mao Craze" in the early 1990's. People suddenly began to fall in a kind of nostalgia for the past, and once again, Mao Zedong was idolized as an entity who can heal the problems of modern China who had been marching towards their ultimate destination, the economic development. But this time Chairman Mao was no more an idol but just a popular, commercial product. He is no more an object of worship of almost religious nature but he has become an iconography symbolizing the complex nature of present Chinese society. During this process of depicting the social reality, Chinese artists are making the authority and sanctity of Maoism ineffective. Dealing with this new trend of contemporary Chinese art in view of "Socialist Pop art" two manners of re-creating Pop art can be illustrated: one that incorporates the propaganda posters of the Cultural Revolution; the other borrows from Chinese traditional popular imagery or mass media, such as photos taken during Mao era. What is worth mentioning is that these posters and photos of the Cultural Revolution can be identified as 'popular' media, as they were directed to educate the popular mass, thus combination of this ingenuous pop media with Western Pop art can be fully justified as a genre unique to China. Through this genre, we can discover a new chapter of the Chinese contemporary painting and its society, as their Pop art can be considered as self-portraits true to their present appearances.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.76-86
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• 2012

21st century has different characters from 20th century which was an era of machine and rationality based on the industrial revolution. With the advent of the digital revolution, it became an era of pluralism, culture, and emotion. The digital technology made it possible to connect the whole world together in real time and brought about the entirely new notion of time and space. It also dramatically altered the world view. Now we have a different set of social and cultural values from the past. This paper researched the influences of these social and cultural changes on public designs. The leading trends of public designs were analyzed and the successful cases were studied. The main research methodologies were the document review and the instrumental case study. The major social & cultural paradigms of a present era were classified as 'pluralism', 'digital & information revolution', 'human-centered value (against machine-centered value of 20th century)', and 'organic world view'. Each of the classified paradigms was analyzed more to find out the influences on the various trends of public designs. 'Pluralism' has influence on 'experiential public design', 'community art', and 'public design of local values'. 'Digital & information revolution' has influence on 'content-centered public design', 'smart public design', 'immaterial public design', and 'performance in public design'. 'Human-centered value' has influence on 'universal design approach in public design', and 'emotional public design'. 'Organic world view' has influence on 'sustainable public design', and 'ecological public design'.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권39호
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• pp.215-231
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• 2015

중국 애니메이션의 역사에서 문화대혁명은 초기 애니메이션의 발전을 저해하고 이후 중국 애니메이션의 성장이 저조해지는 데 원인을 제공한 계기로서 부정적으로 평가된다. 따라서 이 시기 애니메이션 작품들은 학술 연구의 대상으로 분석되거나 연구되는 일이 거의 없이 일률적으로 평가절하되었다. 그러나 모든 문화예술의 창작은 특정한 역사적 조건 속에서 발전하며 그 나름의 미학적 성과를 지닌다. 본고는 문화대혁명 시기의 문화예술 창작을 주도했던 미학 원칙들을 고찰하고 해당 시기의 중국 애니메이션이 거둔 성과를 객관적인 관점에서 파악하려는 데 일차적인 목적을 둔다. 문화대혁명은 무산계급의 문화를 부각시킨다는 마오쩌둥의 사회주의 이데올로기에 따라 이전 시기까지의 문화예술을 지양하고 새로운 계급 문화를 창조하는 데 목적을 두었다. 따라서 이 시기의 문화예술 창작은 우리가 일반적으로 수용하는 미학 원칙과 어긋나는 부분이 많으며 비문자적이고 반엘리트적인 특성을 지닌다. 모범극은 문화대혁명 시기 문화예술의 미학 원칙을 모범적으로 구현한 창작물로 손꼽히며 문화대혁명 시기의 중국 애니메이션이 지향했던 미학 원칙들을 이해하는 데 참조가 된다. 본고는 삼돌출(三突出), 홍광량(紅光亮), 고대전(高大全)이라는 문화대혁명 시기의 미학 원칙이 구체적인 작품 속에서 어떻게 반영되고 있는지, 문화대혁명 시기 애니메이션은 이러한 미학 원칙을 어떻게 수용하고 나름의 방식으로 적응했는지 확인하기 위해 모범극과 문화대혁명 시기 중국 애니메이션의 상관관계에 대해 비교 연구하는 데 중점을 두었다. 먼저 모범극과 중국 애니메이션의 유사성을 중심으로 문화대혁명 시기의 미학 원칙이 작품 속에서 어떻게 구현되고 있는지 분석한 뒤, 분석 내용에 따라 이러한 미학 원칙이 중국 애니메이션의 창작에 끼친 긍정적인 영향과 부정적인 영향을 중립적으로 서술하였다. 구체적인 분석과 비교 고찰 과정에서는 크게 캐릭터와 장면 연출의 두 가지 측면에서 접근을 시도하였다. 캐릭터의 측면에서 문화대혁명 시기의 중국 애니메이션은 어린 소년, 소녀를 주인공으로 내세워 바람직한 공농병(工農兵) 형상을 부각시키기 위해 붉은 입술과 홍조를 띤 뺨을 강조해 건강함을 강조하고, 매끈한 질감과 정교한 터치로 반짝이는 느낌을 강조하며, 깔끔하고 선명한 색채로 빛나는 색감을 강조하는 '홍광량'의 원칙을 구현하는 데 치중하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 장면 연출의 측면에서 문화대혁명 시기의 애니메이션은 소수의 안타고니스트에 비해 다수의 프로타고니스트를 강조하고, 다수의 프로타고니스트 가운데서도 뛰어난 영웅 인물들을 강조하며, 또 뛰어난 영웅 인물들 가운데서도 주요한 영웅 인물을 강조하는 '삼돌출'의 단계별 연출 방식을 사용하였다. 또한 영웅 인물은 일반적으로 로우앵글로 찍음으로써 높고 크고 완벽한 모습으로 연출해 '고대전'의 미학 원칙을 충실히 구현하고자 하였다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2002

문화대혁명은 현대 중국을 이해하는 데 있어서 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는 정치운동이다. 그간 문화대혁명에 대한 연구는 정치적 음모 내지는 노선투쟁에 집중하고 있었기 때문에, 그것이 지닌 정치지리학적인 측면에 대해서는 주목하지 않았다. 이 글은 적어도 소수민족지구에서 진행된 문화대혁명에 대한 연구는 정치지리학적인 견지에서 보다 실체에 접근한 결과를 얻을 수 있다는 전제에서 출발한다. 내몽고자치구와 어룬춘자치기에서의 문화대혁명의 전개과정을 살펴본 결과 중국 지도부에게 변강 혹은 민족자치지방은 '지역' 내지 '공간'으로서 중요한 것이지, '민족'이 중요한 것은 아니라는 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 특히 문화대혁명 기간 중 혁명지도부는 '민족'을 이용하여 '공간'을 조작하거나, '공간'을 이용하여 '민족'을 조작하는 경향이 있었다. 따라서 민족자치구역에서 문화대혁명은 '민족'을 '계급'으로 해체하고, '자치구역'이라는 '공간'을 일반적인 의미에서의 '지방'으로 분해시키면서, '인민'과 국토'로 통합시키는 과정의 일부였다고 할 수 있다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.197-215
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• 2007

Yangbanxi("model plays") symbolize the Cultural Revolution(1966~1976) in China. The Eight Model Revolutionary Works include five Chinese Modern Peking Operas, namely, Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy(智取威虎山), Harbor(海港), Shaijabang(沙家浜), The Red Lantern(紅燈記), and Raid on the White Tiger Regiment ; (奇襲白虎團), ballets such as The Red Detachment of Women(紅色娘子軍) and The White-Haired Girl(白毛女) ; and a symphony: Shajiabang(沙家浜). On April 24, 1967, Chinese leaders, including Mao Zedong, saw a performance of The White-Haired Girl. Yanbanxi was performed in Beijing between May 24 and June 15 the same year. The Red Lantern was designated as a work for the proletarian classes by Jiang Qing(Mao Zedong's third wife and the most influential woman in China) and spread nationwide. It was also made into a film to be enjoyed by many people. The modern Chinese operas went a long way in their creation of visual images of revolutionary heroes. The Red Lantern, in particular, came to be regarded as the most representative revolutionary opera. In the course of such a process, Jiang Qing used Yangbanxi as a political tool for compelling the people to worship and pledge their allegiance to Mao in an effort to turn the Cultural Revolution into a class struggle on behalf of her husband. During the Cultural Revolution period, artists were made to associate with workers, farmers and soldiers based on the idea of advocating revolutionary arts for the proletarian classes. The characters in The Rend Lantern were portrayed as heroes from the proletarian classes according to the demands of the era. Chinese leaders set forth the principles of artistic expression, stressing three important factors: politics, heroes, and heroic acts, which were to be applied to all the visual arts, including Yangbanxi. This paper attempts to present a new view of fine arts during the Cultural Revolution in China by focusing on the productive significance of a leading style of a specific era in the past. To that end, this paper sheds light on products made in conformance with political instructions, stressing the importance of revolutionary heroes in The Red Lantern.

• 복식
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.58-68
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• 2011

With Expo 2012 Yeosu to be held in 2012, this study intends to propose designs for fashion cultural products into which the characteristics of local cultures of Yeosu are fused. Using symbols of Expo 2012 Yeosu and cultural symbols of Yeosu City as motifs, this study will develop patterns and then, apply them to neckties, handkerchiefs, and T-shirts. Adobe Illustrator CS2 and Adobe Photoshop CS2 will be used. This study developed basic motifs so that cultural resources using camellia, Odong Island, and the Turtle Ship, which represent Yeosu City, could be well harmonized with the topic of Expo 2012 Yeosu. This paper set three basic motifs of new formative images, using graphic images that were made by omission of forms, simplification, overlap, repetition, and calligraphy of the name of Yeosu holding the event. Each set motif was expanded to three motifs again through change, conversion, and mixture of colors, and three types of repetitive applied patterns were developed through revolution, symmetry, repetition, and reversal of each motif. The modern and refined image for neckties, to which the developed motif was applied, was made by directly applying the repetitive pattern of each motif or by making $45^{\circ}$ revolution. For handkerchiefs, revolution, enlargement, reduction, and gradation were applied to the motif so the pattern could be highlighted to the maximum and finally, a colorful image was developed. For T-shirts, three designs-a half-sleeved box type, a sleeveless round neckline type, and a sleeveless V-neckline tight type-were developed, through which availability of the design was increased. Through enlargement, reduction, revolution, and repetition of each motif, this paper layout the pattern on the whole part of a T-shirt, pursuing a decorative and casual image.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.254-273
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• 2023

2023년 문화재청은 60년간 이어져 온 '문화재' 체제를 '국가유산' 체제로 탈바꿈하고 있다. 이 과정에서 문화유산 개념발전의 역사맥락에 대한 연구의 필요성을 느꼈다. 국내에서 현재 사용하고 있는 문화유산과 관련한 개념들은 국외에서 수입한 것들이 많다. 그렇기 때문에 우선적으로 원산지에서의 개념발전 역사를 알아야 한다. 이에 본고에서는 문화유산 개념의 원산지로 주류를 이루는 유럽을 대상으로 삼았다. 특히 유럽 내에서도 프랑스를 선택하였다. 프랑스는 18세기 말 공화국을 설립한 이래로 일찍이 유럽의 기념물 개념에서 국민의 유산으로 새로운 지평을 열었기 때문이다. 본고에서는 프랑스의 역사 중 프랑스 대혁명기를 대상으로 삼았다. 프랑스 대혁명기 구체제가 붕괴되고 보호체계를 잃어버린 기념물들이 어떻게 다시 새로운 국민국가의 보호 테두리 안으로 들어갔는지가 본 연구의 탐구대상이다. 프랑스 정부는 기념물들의 보존을 위한 행정조직으로 기념물위원회 및 예술임시위원회를 탄생시켰다. 두 조직은 혁명과 전시상황 속에서 이념과 정치선전에 구속되었기 때문에 기념물 보존활동에 한계를 보였다. 하지만 그런 시대 분위기 속에서도 지침서를 통하여 보존원칙을 수립하였고 기념물을 바라보는 새로운 가치관을 만들었다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 특히 전국에 배포한 지침서 중 기념물들을 바라보는 시각에서 국민의 유산이라는 시각을 보였다는 것은 선구적이다. 이것은 이후 프랑스의 문화유산 개념발전의 새로운 방향성을 제시해주었다. 이 흐름 속에서 기념물, 역사기념물, 문화재, 문화유산으로 프랑스의 문화유산 개념은 발전해나간다. 프랑스 혁명기의 역사는 구체제의 붕괴로 인한 가치관의 혼란 속에서 이전 체제의 기념물들을 새로운 보호체계 속에 집어넣었다는 점에서 보편적인 시사점을 도출할 수 있다. 이는 분단국가로서 가치관의 혼란위험이 잠재되어 있는 대한민국의 문화유산 분야에도 시사하는 바가 있다.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2019

With technology rapidly changing our economic, cultural and social realities, the question of how to educate the generation for the fourth industrial revolution has been a pressing issue. The purpose of this study is to review teachers' perception regarding the educational change in the fourth industrial revolution. For this purpose, we surveyed 420 school teachers and administrators. Most teachers highly understand The Fourth Industrial Revolution and they think AI(Artificial Intelligence) is a core technology. They recognize The Fourth Industrial Revolution is very important and great influence in the education field. For this, they need educational innovation in the education field. Elementary school teacher perceive understanding Elementary school teachers think that understand The Fourth Industrial Revolution and change of curriculum is highly important. And, Secondary school teachers perceive that the change of education system and class is very necessary. Lastly, STEAM education is the most appropriate to prepare for a changing society.