• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2020

The purpose of this research is to clarify the relationship between the location of markets and the spatial structure of historic center in Beijing of 18th century by network analysis method onto the historic map of Beijing 'Qianlong-Jincheng-Quantu(乾隆京城全圖)' produced in 1750. By categorizing the grade of each market, it is revealed that the location of markets in Beijing under Qing Dynasty was not only decided by the various factors as policy of the regime and traditional social usages but also by the spatial structure of urban space in historic part of the city. At the same time, the sociopolitical factors and the spatial structure of urban space might influence reciprocally in defining the physical state of urban space.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.17-32
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• 2007

이 논문에서는 19세기 초에 영국 케임브리지 대학에서 나타났던 '해석학회'를 중심으로 18세기 후반에서 19세기 전반까지의 영국 수학계의 상황을 살펴볼 것이다. 이를 통해 흔히 매우 새롭고 혁신적인 사건으로 언급되는 해석학회의 등장이 19세기 이전 영국 수학계의 꾸준한 개혁 노력들이 축적된 결과 나타날 수 있었음을 보일 것이다. 그 결과 해석학회의 역할과 의의에 대해 새롭게 이해할 수 있게 될 것이다. 또한 이후 영국에서 해석적 방식이 받아들여졌던 과정과 그 경로를 통해 새로운 해석적 방식이 당시 영국의 독특한 지적, 사회적 상황 속에서 대륙과는 다른 방식으로 발전했던 과정을 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

• 복식
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2011

This study set out to investigate the identity of everyday headgear, which is often found in many paintings of Tongshinsa, Joseon diplomatic missions to Japan, in the 18th century. That resembles Yu-geon儒巾, but on the top of the headgear are lappets like a roof. The study proceeded as follows: 1) The painting of Tongshjnsa parade in 1711 was used to analyze wearers of everyday headgear because titles of position are shown for each one. 2) Personal records of Tongshinsa in the 18th century were analyzed to examine the cases of everyday headgear. 3) Cases of everyday headgear in literature around the 18th century were examined. Those researches revealed three findings: 1) The names of everyday headgear with a roof shaped top are Gohu-gwan高厚冠 and Yeonyeop-gwan蓮葉冠. 2) Among Tongshinsa, wearers of Gohu-gwan or Yeonyeop-gwan are medical staff, interpreters, painters, and secretaries. However, it doesn't seem to have been distinction between the two types according to social class and position. 3) People wore everyday headgear, that resembled the two types in appearance, such as Mjnja-geon民字巾, Sunyang-geon純陽巾, Hwayang-geon華陽巾, Jeon-geon戰巾, or Jang-geon將巾 in China and Joseon around the 18th century. Among them, Sunyang-geon and Hwayang-geon seem to have had the closest relationship with Gohu-gwan and Yeonyeop-gwan in terms of shape and character of wearers. The analysis of the research findings led to the two following conclusions: 1) Gohu-gwan and Yeonyeop-gwan were worn as one of everyday headgear to represent appearances of a scholar. 2) Gohu-gwan and Yeonyeop-gwan could be changed versions of the similar everyday headgear or different names of them.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2002

18세기 영국은 시대적 변혁기였다. 영국은 대외적으로는 단속적으로 전쟁을 계속해야 했고, 내적으로는 산업 사회로 전환하고 있었다 영국의 선주들은 계속된 전쟁과 선박량의 팽창으로 인해 선원 부족 문제에 직면하였다. 영국 선주들은 이에 대해 척당 선원 수를 줄이고, 선원의 임금을 올려줌으로써 해결하고자 했다. 18세기가 경과하는 동안 영국 상선의 척당 선원 수는 지속적으로 감소하였다. 1710년 100톤급 선박 1 척당 22-23명이던 선원수는 1810년에는 5명으로 급감하였다. 이처럼 척당 선원 수가 감소한 것은 조타기, 양묘기, 권양기 등의 기계가 도입되고, 선박과 범장의 개량이 꾸준히 이루어졌기 때문이다. 게다가 18세기 내내 단속적으로 전쟁이 계속되었기 때문에 선주들로서는 적은 선원으로 선박을 운항할 수 있는 방법을 강구하지 않을 수 없었다. 또한 선주들은 임금을 올려줌으로써 선원들을 해상 생활로 유인하고자 했다. 18세기 중엽25실링에 불과했던 선원의 임금은 프랑스혁명전쟁기에 이르면 5-10파운드까지 치솟았다. 척당 선원 수가 감소하고 선원의 임금이 꾸준히 상승한 것은 전쟁이 지속된 18세기에 영국의 선주들이 급변하는 해운 환경에 적절히 대응한 결과였다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.536-543
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• 2003

The Chosun Dynasty in the $18^{th}$ century was a period of revival for science, art, and culture, bringing about Silhak(practical science), a new trend in the history of Chosun thoughts. In the history of fine arts, realistic landscape paintings and genre paintings were popular as realism became prevalent. From the aspect of food culture, in particular, the luxurious and elegant Korean-styled food culture was completed during this period. Iwanwasuseoksihoedo was painted by Jeong Hwang (1735-1800) in 1789, depicting a banquet on an elder's $60^{th}$ birthday. It is classified as a genre painting in the late Chosun Period but it contains things that comes into our heart, which are white porcelain with blue celadon pictures, white porcelain bowls, busy atmosphere of a banqueting house where food is being carried in a hurry and elders' serene appearance. All these things show the abundance of life, the room and comfort of old ages, and the beauty and relish of life in the well-arranged living ground. Hoehonyedo was painted on an elder's $60^{th}$ marriage anniversary by an unknown artist presumably in the $18^{th}$ century is a painting as realistic as a documentary photograph. The work gives viewers pleasure and comfort because it describes not a mighty clan but the superb later years of an official who had lived right and upright life. In the aspect of food culture, it displays the food culture of the splendid sixtieth marriage anniversary of a Korean official through noble etiquette among family members, seat planning, unique table culture and high quality tableware including white porcelain with celadon pictures and pure white porcelain.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.97-115
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• 2022

The study aims to explore a new direction for research on buttons by understanding the functions and artistic features of buttons on Western clothing in the 18th and 19th centuries, and to use the findings to develop a textile design. In terms of the research method, the period was set in the 18th and 19th centuries, when decorative features and artistic values of buttons on Western clothing reached theirpeak, while theoretical analysis was made based on literature and previous research papers on Western clothing, websites of the Metropolitan Museum and French Museum of Decorative Arts and other website materials, as well as special exhibition materials of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. Textile designs were developed using computer programs, including Clip Studio Paint and Adobe Photoshop, by integrating the reinterpreted motif of buttons in the 18th and 19th centuries and the styles that prevailed at that time. The results are as follows. First, buttons on Western clothing had the following three functions: a practical function, a symbolic function representing the wearer's status, and a decorative function expressing individuality and beauty. Second, buttons in the 18th century were works of art made with various handicraft techniques and were an important medium that expressed the wearer's fashion sense. In addition, buttons in the 19th century were mass-produced as a result of industrialization and took a major step forward with the development of materials and dyeing. Buttons reflected themes of poetry, drama, biblical stories, music and art, lifestyle,, along with the political and social atmosphere that rapidly changed after the revolution and fashion trends. Third, the artistic features and shapes of buttons were reinterpreted to create a design motif, and the design was developed reflecting the characteristic elements of the rococo style of the 18th century and the art nouveau style of the 19th century that can conform to modern fashion, thereby rediscovering the artistic meaning and value implied in buttons. In the future, the research on creative buttons of 20th century artists is expected to be conducted from various perspectives.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2007

A hat is a general term for what human beings wear on their heads in order to protect them from the cold or heat, to be used for ornament, or to symbolize social position. A hat represents the position of a man who wears it, attitude toward the society, and faith for a religion for males. Since men's hats can create their image and uniqueness in casual wear from current fashion items, they are proposed as a fashion accessory item of designers each season. The purpose of this study is to review hats, which are part of costume, in a more analytic method. The research range of this study is hats for men in the upper class in the 17th to 18th centuries from the history of costume when diverse periodic and characteristic costume changes occurred. In the 17th to 18th centuries in the middle of the Chosun Dynasty, changes in costume occurred as the feudal society of the dynasty had been dissolved since the Japanese invasion in 1592. Political power was established in France as the Baroque Age began in the 17th century. Since European costume, especially women's costume led fashion in France, the country represented the age better than any other countries. Aristocratic costume in the Rococo Age of the 18th century was changed to completely different shape of costume after the French Revolution. In this regard, this age was deemed to be the most appropriate for the comparison or costume. Another purpose of this study is to review the common and different features of periodic factors that affect changes in costume by researching the hats of the two countries in the same age in order to understand relation between periodic characteristics and costume throughout history of costume.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to research about the construction of Chiseong around the Heunginjimun Gate area in the 18th century. the conclusions derived from the historical evidence of the number, location, size, and form, and construction method of Chiseong was as follows. First, the Chiseong(Square-shaped lookout) of Hanyangdoseong was built in the 29th year of King Yeongjo(1753) and can be found in the national record. Five sites of the Chiseong are currently identified. It is assumed that the Foru was installed on top of some of the Chiseongs. Second, Chiseong was destroyed sequentially in the first half of the 20th century. Third, Chiseong is a rectangular in shape and six are constructed. Fourth, Sixth Chiseong could figure out through Hengryeopungsokdo, the drawing of Jeong Seon.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.5835-5843
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• 2014

본 논문은 관련 연구가 부족한 북한지역의 황해도를 대상으로 황해감사의 순력 행정 체계 및 그와 관련된 도내 읍치시설의 이용에 대하여 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 18-19C초에 작성된 현존하는 4종의 황해감영 일기를 분석하였다. 분석을 통해 황해감사의 순력 경로 및 주요 읍치와 순력시 유람의 내용을 살폈고, 황해감사의 도임 행로와 도계처 및 교귀처를 밝혔으며, 순력 중에 행한 특징적인 집무를 확인하고, 황주를 중심으로 관찰사 순력 중의 집무 및 행례와 읍치시설을 이용상황을 밝혔다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.47-62
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• 2022

본 연구는 18세기 후반 조선산학서의 기하 영역 중 평면도형 관련 내용들이 이전 시기와 비교하여 어떻게 차별화되어 다루어졌는지 살펴보고, 평면도형과 관련된 설명과 계산법의 변화, 문제해결과정에서 수학적 논리의 엄밀성, 새롭게 등장한 수학 주제에 초점을 맞추어 분석하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 18세기 후반에 저술된 서명응의 <고사십이집>과 황윤석의 <산학입문>, 홍대용의 <주해수용>을 주 분석문헌으로 선정하여 이전시기의 <묵사집산법>, <구일집>과 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 도형을 측정 대상으로서가 아니라 성질을 탐구하는 대상으로 설명하고, 서법(西法)을 별해로 추가 제시하거나 기존 풀이법을 대체한 사례가 확인되었다. 또한 일부 문제에서 수학적 근거를 토대로 계산법의 타당성을 기술하거나 도형그림을 삽입한 도해(圖解)를 통한 설명, 근삿값에 대한 명확한 인식과 보다 정밀한 근삿값 설명 등은 수학적 논리의 엄밀성을 추구한 대표적 사례였다. 오늘날의 삼각함수에 해당하는 팔선(八線)과 삼각형의 구성요소 사이의 관계를 일반 삼각형으로 확장한 사례는 18세기 후반에 새롭게 등장한 기하 영역 주제였다. 이상은 18세기 후반의 조선산학이 서양수학의 이론적이고 논증적인 전개 양식을 점진적으로 수용한 근거라고 할 수 있다.