• 벤처창업연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.25-58
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• 2021

본 연구는 주로 횡단적 측정에 의해 설명되는 기업의 성과와 달리, 종단적 측정과 성격이 더 강조되는 기업의 성장을 '스타트업 및 스케일업 생태계'로 대변되는 21세기 기업가적 컨텍스트에서 살펴보았다. 2019년 기준 글로벌 유니콘 기업 479개, 최근 3년간 연평균복합성장률(CAGR)이 15%를 초과하는 미국의 5천 개 비상장 기업 중 매출액 1억달러 이상인 333개의 고성장 기업을 대상으로, 이들 기업의 고성장을, 1)기업가치의 성장, 2)성장의 속도, 3)성장의 효과성 관점에서 전략의 선택, 산업 및 시장환경, 그리고 업력(자원축적의 대위 변수)과의 상호관계를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 기업가치의 성장은 상대적으로 산업 및 시장 특성과 영향 관계가 더 높았다. 성장의 속도는 산업 및 시장환경의 특성과 유효 조합을 이루는 전략의 선택에 따라 더 충실히 설명되었다. 그리고 기업 성장의 효과성은 전략의 선택, 산업 및 시장환경의 특성, 그리고 업력(자원축적의 대위 변수) 모두로부터 영향을 받는 특성을 지니고 있었다. 기업가치 10억 달러 이상, 연간 매출액 1억 달러 이상의 조건을 가진 주식회사 기반의 샘플을 통한 본 연구는, 특히 실무적인 관점에서 초기 스타트업이 향후 스케일업을 위한 일련의 방향을 모색 과정에 유효한 참고가 될 수 있을 것이다. 특히 기업가치, 성장 속도, 성장의 효과성 관점에서 개별 기업이 추구하는 방향성과 정합성을 이루는 성장 동인과 요인을 조합하는데 실효적 참고를 제공하고 있다. 또한 20세기 주류 이론들이 지닌 한계점을 극복하고, 21세기 기업가적 컨텍스트에 부합하는 기업 성장 이론을 개발하는 데 그 기초 참고를 제공하고 있다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제72호
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• pp.185-215
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 회재(晦齋) 이언적(李彦迪)의 "봉선잡의(奉先雜儀)"가 지닌 예학사적(禮學史的) 의의(意義)를 고찰하려는 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 "봉선잡의"와 조선조 16세기에 저술된 대표적인 제례서(祭禮書)를 비교 고찰함으로써, "봉선잡의"가 조선조(朝鮮朝) 예학사(禮學史)에서 지니는 가치와 의미를 도출해 보고자 했다. 본 논문은 먼저 "봉선잡의"의 구성과 내용 특징을 살펴보고, "봉선잡의"와 농암(聾巖) 이현보(李賢輔)의 "제례(祭禮)" 및 추파(秋坡) 송기수(宋麒壽)의 "행사의절(行祀儀節)", 율곡(栗谷) 이이(李珥)의 "제의초(祭儀?)"를 비교 고찰함으로써, 당시 조선사회에서 "주자가례(朱子家禮)"로 대변되는 유교의례가 어떻게 수용되고 있는지를 살펴보았다. "봉선잡의"를 비롯한 16세기에 저술된 제례서들은, "주자가례"의 수용과정에서 모두 시속(時俗)이나 국제(國制)의 절차와 "주자가례"를 절충하여 제례의 행례절차(行禮節次)를 제시했다. 이현보의 "제례"는 '복일(卜日)'이나 제찬(祭饌)의 진설 등에서 시속(時俗)이나 국제(國制)를 많이 따르고 있는데, "봉선잡의"는 이에 비해 좀더 "가례"의 내용에 충실하게 저술되었다. 송기수의 "행사의절"은 제례의 행례(行禮)시에 행해야할 필요한 내용만을 요약해서 정리하여, '복일(卜日)' '제계(齊戒)' '설위진기(設位陳器)' '구찬(具饌)' 등의 절차를 생략했다. 이이의 "제의초"는 "제례"나 "행사의절" 보다는 "가례"의 원칙을 더 많이 따르고 있으나, "봉선잡의"에 비해서는 국제와 시속을 더 많이 반영하는 경향을 보이고 있었다. 이처럼 조선조 16세기에 저술된 제례서는 "가례"를 기준으로 하면서도 국제와 시속을 많이 반영하는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 16세기에 나온 제례서 역시 "가례"와 국제 또는 시속 중에서 어느 쪽에 더 충실한 경향성을 보이는가에 대해서는 약간의 차이가 있었는데, "봉선잡의"는 16세기에 나온 제례서들 중에서 "가례"의 형식이나 내용에 가장 충실한 예서라고 평가할 수 있다. 이와 같이 "봉선잡의"는 조선조에 성리학적 예제(禮制)인 "가례"를 수용하는 과정에서, 우리의 전통적인 습속과 다른 부분을 국제 및 시속과 어떻게 조화시킬 것인가에 중점을 두고 만들어진 예서다. 특히 "봉선잡의" 하권에서 "예기(禮記)"와 "논어(論語)"를 인용하여 제례의 본질(本質)과 의미(意味)에 대해 논한 것은, "가례"와 시속의 차이를 예경(禮經)을 기준으로 절충하고 조화하여 시의성(時宜性) 있는 예법을 추구하기 위한 것이었다고 하겠다. "봉선잡의"가 지닌 예학사적 의미를 정리해 보면, 다음과 같다. 첫째, "가례"에 관한 조선조 최초의 구체적인 성과물이다. 둘째, 제례의 행례(行禮)과정 뿐 아니라, 이론과 실제를 모두 다루고 있는 예서다. 셋째, "가례"의 편차와 형식을 따르면서도, 당시 조선사회의 상황에 알맞게 적용하여 국제 및 시속과의 조화를 모색한 예서다. 넷째, 후대에 나온 예서들처럼 "가례" 일변도의 태도가 아닌, 제례의 본질적 의미에 중점을 두고 서술된 예서다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제35호
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• pp.161-188
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• 2009

유학 특히 주자 성리학의 예(禮)는 절대적 보편적 이치로서 천이(天理)와 상대적 관계적 규범 형식으로서 절문(節文)과 의칙(儀則)으로 개념 규정된다. 예의 본질은 이렇게 두 가지 의미로 구분되는데, 절대성과 상대성이 중층적으로 혼합되어 있지만 단순한 양가성(兩價性)으로 해석되어서는 곤란하다. 예가 발현되는 과정에는 천리(天理)와 인성(人性)이라는 본질 외에 시간(時間)과 공간(空間)이라는 일상성(日常性)이 매개되기 때문이다. 따라서 양자가 서로 조화를 이루었을 때 예(禮)의 현실적 효용이 극대화될 수 있다. 물론 예(禮)는 구분의 원리이고, 악(樂)은 조화의 기능을 수행하여 상호보완적 역할을 하는 측면도 없지 않다. 그러나 예의 본질은 신분, 계급, 귀천 등 현실적 차이 속에서도 쌍무호혜적(雙務互惠的) 성격을 특징으로 한다. 유학은 일반인은 물론 최고 통치자에게도 엄격한 도덕성과 윤리를 요구하며 이를 상실한 인군(人君)은 일개 필부(匹夫)에 불과한 것으로 간주한다. 예를 제정하는 주체가 통치자가 아니라 성인(聖人)인 것도 동일한 맥락에서이다. 예의 현실적 효용은 '예교(禮敎)'를 실현하는 것이다. 예교는 예의 본질과 일상성이 발현되는 개인적 사회적 정치적 기제이다. 구득된 인간 본성의 발현, 주체와 타자의 소통을 매개하는 문화의 형성, 윤리 도덕적 규범에 기초한 정치행위 등이 활발한 사회가 예교가 지향하는 유교적 공동체의 본모습이다. 유교적 공동체의 원리로서 예교의 특징을 민본성(民本性)과 시의성(時宜性)을 중심으로 고찰한 이유는 예의 본질이 구현되는 일상성(日常性)의 측면에 착안한 것이다. 이는 유교가 지닌 본원적 특질인 동시에 천리(天理)와 인성(人性) 자체에 대한 원리적 탐구에 머물지 않고 인정(人情)과 시속(時俗)이라는 현실을 실천의 장으로 고민하는 실학적(實學的) 성격인 것이다. 16, 7세기를 거치며 조선사회에서는 예의 일상화(日常化)가 본격적으로 진행되는데, 세종조 이후 삼강행실도(三綱行實圖)가 지속적으로 보급되어 도덕수신서(道德修身書)로 활용되었고 도덕성과 호혜성에 기반한 향촌자치규약인 향약(鄕約)이 보급 시행되었다. 율곡 이이는 중국의 여씨향약(呂氏鄕約)을 전범으로 하여 해주향약(海州鄕約)을 완성하였는데, 예교의 본질을 일상에서 실현하고자 하는 실학적 특성으로 평가할 수 있다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.131-144
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• 1998

The lack of characteristical understanding of the Home Economics Education will have difficulty in achieving the goal of the Home Economics Education. To allow the Home Economics Education class in school contribute toward the enhancement of the quality of life, it is inevitable to reinforce the recognition of the importance and necessity of the Home Economics Education and to newly propose a directional guidance forward the coming 21st century. The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for planners of the future Home Economics Education by surveying research administrators in charge of programming the overall school curriculum. This study was conducted under the following procedure to have the outcome as follows ; 1. Answers from respondents of age over 50 or careers over 16 years tended to grasp the goal of Home Economics Education in relation to the enhancement of quality of life rather than to the accumulation of knowledge, skill or capacity. 2. Of all the surveyed, 9.64% regarded Home Economics Education as an essential part of school education and the positive ratio was higher with younger respondents. 3. To the question asking if the high school Home Economics Education could have influence on one's capacity, 97.2% of the answerers said yes. The respondents with career under 15 year showed 100% of positive agreement in this matter and of age under 40 marked much higher ratio of 98.84% than the elders. 4. The overall recognition of the necessity for separate sections in Home Economics Education programmed in accordance with the 6th Revision of High School Curriculum displayed a considerably high ratio, with a little differences among age and job groups. The purpose of this study is to analyze and understand adolescents'culture, thereby to provide fundamental information for Preventive Education for Adolescents'Problems in Home Economic Education. 745 articles collected in computer communication service were used for the analysis. The data were analyzed by frequency and percentage using the SPSS/PC+computer program. The most important results of this study were as follows ; 1) Concerning 'Adolescent's Problems's, problems such as violence, homicide and robbery were treated with the greatest frequency. It was also analyzed that the older generations are highly inclined to understand adolescents'culture as a negative one, for example, 'delinquency'or 'immaturity'. 2) Although the area of 'Adolescents'Education'was treated most frequently reflecting the high educational concern in our society, the significant part of those articles were on wrongful educational administration. As much as 70.6% of the articles analyzed were on 'Education'and 'Problems'. Thereby it may be concluded that the other areas such as health, activities, worries, values and harmful environments ere treated respectively as only a 'subculture'or'fragmentary culture'. The articles containing correlations and interactions among them and certain alternative proposals were very rare. 3) The areas such as 'Worries and Counselling'and 'Health'were occupying only a small portion of the articles. The articles which were treating the practical worries and their resolutions were even rarer. 4) 'Values'of the adolescents tended to be viewed by the older generations very negatively. It was also found that the older generations gave the tendency to see the 'consumption culture'of the adolescents as a kind of 'counter culture'or'subculture'.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.221-232
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• 2008

This paper represents the final results of a research program sponsored by the European Commission through project WIND-CHIME ($\underline{W}$ide Range Non-$\underline{IN}$trusive $\underline{D}$evices toward $\underline{C}$onservation of $\underline{HI}$storical Monuments in the $\underline{ME}$diterranean Area), in which the possibility of using advanced seismic protection technologies to preserve historical monuments in the Mediterranean area is investigated. In the current research, the dynamic characteristics of two outstanding Mamluk-Style minarets, which similar minarets were reported to experience extensive damage during Dahshur 1992 earthquake, are investigated. The first minaret is the Qusun minaret (1337 A.D, 736 Hijri Date (H.D)) located in El-Suyuti cemetery on the southern side of the Salah El-Din citadel. The minaret is currently separated from the surrounding building and is directly resting on the ground (no vaults underneath). The total height of the minaret is 40.28 meters with a base rectangular shaft of about 5.42 ${\times}$ 5.20 m. The second minaret is the southern minaret of Al-Sultaniya (1340 A.D, 739 H.D). It is located about 30.0 meters from Qusun minaret, and it is now standing alone but it seems that it used to be attached to a huge unidentified structure. The style of the minaret and its size attribute it to the first half of the fourteenth century. The minaret total height is 36.69 meters and has a 4.48 ${\times}$ 4.48 m rectangular base. Field investigations were conducted to obtain: (a) geometrical description of the minarets, (b) material properties of the minarets' stones, and (c) soil conditions at the minarets' location. Ambient vibration tests were performed to determine the modal parameters of the minarets such as natural frequencies and mode shapes. A $1/16^{th}$ scale model of Qusun minaret was constructed at Cairo University Concrete Research Laboratory and tested under free vibration with and without SMA wire dampers. The contribution of SMA wire dampers to the structural damping coefficient was evaluated under different vertical loads and vibration amplitudes. Experimental results were used along with the field investigation data to develop a realistic 3-D finite element model that can be used for seismic risk evaluation of the minarets. Examining the updated finite element models under different seismic excitations indicated the vulnerability of such structures to earthquakes with medium to high a/v ratio. The use of SMA wire dampers was found feasible for reducing the seismic risk for this type of structures.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2008

Since fire was founded in the world, human races have invented various heating methods. Ondol is traditional heating method in Korea. It is very the important work to trace the history and characteristics of Ondol which originated and was developed in the Korean peninsula. Especially, the study on Ondol will contribute to improving the present heating methods and predicting future ones. In this paper, we shall study through the analysis of documents such as oriental documents, the document of Choseon dynasty, European documents and American documents. In order to discover the origins of Ondol as one of the excellent heating method all over the world, This study aims at identifying the history and characteristics of Ondol in the Korean peninsula, through document analysis. Results of this study are as follows. 1) The first document about Ondol is Sookyongjoo(水經注), Chinese ancient geography book. Contents recorded in the book include the description related to Ondol at Kwankyesa temple which was located at the border land between Gogooryo(ancient Korea) and the northeast of China. 2) Ondol was popular heating method in Gogooryo(ancient Korea) and it was used in not only Gogooryo but also Silla Kingdom and Beakje Kingdom. Thereafter, it was also used widely in Goryo dynasty and Choseon dynasty. Thereby we know that Ondol has been used as a heating method for a long time in the Korean peninsula. 3) Ondol was covered with a floor paper since the beginning of Choseon dynasty. the paper made room clean and impacted on Korean life style. Because the floor was clean and warm, Koreans thus took off shoes and sat on the floor. 4) Ondol was spreaded to Jeju island in Korea before 16th century but wasn't used widely there. The reason was that Ondol was rare high class heating system and the weather was warm in Jeju island. 5) The overspreading of Ondol caused that poor people built roughly Ondol in the last of Choseon dynasty. So, the quality of Ondol gradually became lower and lower. 6) A westerner was impressed by the novelty of Ondol and Frank Lloyd Wright had played an important role to update and spread Ondol widely all over the world. Hailing Ondol as the ideal heating system, Frank Lloyd Wright began incorporating it in his buildings back in the U.S. and even invented a modified ondol system, using hot water running through pipes instead of the hot exhaust through flues.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제6권
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• pp.81-99
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• 2004

For making something to use as a tool since the emergence of mankind, the initial pragmatic purpose has transformed into a new genre of art over time. Things defined like this have rooted in our culture as tradition so far. In the midst of today's various trends, a reflection of tradition and a modern search for tradition by re-creating it are much more needed. To any people in any time, a new trend would undeniably develop on the basis of its previous tradition in any form. The colors appearing in such artwork are also an expression of each people's unconscious potentiality as essential grounds for human aesthetic. The traditional Korean Bojaki, which was made out of women's pragmatic mind trying to recycle trashy pieces of cloth in the 19th century of Chosun Dynasty, appears as a symbolization of our nation's original form in unconsciousness. It includes Confucianism, Buddhism, Zen and the Yin-Yang and Five Elements thought, which have been together with naturalism. The five colors appearing in the Yin-Yang and Five Elements are the basis. Fourteen selected samples around the five colors seen in the color scheme of the Chosun era's Bojaki were measured and their color values were found by analyzing them based on HCV(Hue, Chroma, Value)of the five primary colors as well as the five secondary colors. After choosing a few colors with bare eyes close to traditional Primary Colors and Secondary Colors amongst 14 pieces of data which particularly used traditional Five Colors and examining them using spectrophotometer(JX777), the following conclusions were drawn. Comparing only colors in Primary Colors, the result was red 7.11R 4.59/10.69, blue 6.71PB 3.18/6.45, yellow 3.91Y 7.56/6.12, respectively. With regard to Secondary Colors, it was reported that red 7.96RP 5.42/10.3, blue 7.8B 5.16/5.53, green 8.03GY 6.05/4.34, yellow 2.73Y 7.47/4.07, purple 2.39RP 4.69/4.56, respectively. (diagram) As a result, the standard of Five Colors can be used in modern fiber color. There are differences in dyeing material, methods and kinds of fiber of that time, but women of Chosun Dynasty combined and made fabric which was circulated. Consequently, an applicable attribute of the aye-color values was considered.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book II
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• pp.26-31
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• 2003

Korean Ginseng is a medicinal herb which grows naturally in korea. an ancient country situated in north-eastern Asia. Its medical use was already well known to herb doctors in this region about five thousand years ago since the effectiveness of korean ginseng has been recognized through practical use for a long time. Korean Ginseng has always been regarded as a devine cure. The name "Ginseng" can be found in various medicinal books. many of which were written as early as B.C. 100. In the records of many chinese medical books. dating from the inception of publishing, it was noted that Korean Ginseng was of the highest level of quality. Korean Ginseng originally grew in the mountains of korea. However, this wild Korean Ginseng(js called SANSAM) could not meet the ever-increasing demands. and from the 16th century. it has been cultivated on farms for mass processing and supplying in korea(js called INSAM). It was already recognized in korea a long time ago(B.C. 57 - A.D. 668) that Korean Ginseng possessed the qualities of panacea, tonic and rejuvenator, and had other medicinal properties as well. The effectiveness of Korean Ginseng is widely recognized among south-eastern Asians as well as Chinese. As its effect has been proved scientifically. Korean Ginseng is now becoming the ginseng for all human beings in the world. Korean ginseng is differently called according to processing method. Dried thing is Insam(white ginseng), boiled or steamed is Hongsam(red ginseng). 장뇌삼(long headed ginseng) is artificially grown in the mountain no in field for a long time. So the body is thin and some long. but ingredients are concentrated. Korean wild ginseng(SANSAM) is rare in these days but we developed cosmetic ingredient. The scientific name of Korean Ginseng is Panax Ginseng. It has acknowledge as a natural mysterious cure among the notheastern peoples. because of its broad medicinal application. The origin of the word" Panax" derived from panacea. a Greek word meaning cure-all. According to the classification method of herb medicines in the Chinese medicinal book. "God-Farmer Materia Medica(A.D. 483-496) korean Ginseng was described as the superlative drug: panacea. tonic and rejuvenator. We studied skin immunological effect. collagen synthesis. cell growth and whitening effect of SANSAM extract. IN cosmetics.. SANSAM extract had skin fibroblast cell growth effect. recover damaged skin in the sun and protect fine wrinkle. Also. In hair product.. inhibits hairless, white hair.its hairless, white hair.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to consider the relationship between point of view and prospect behavior occurring in the experience of a painted landscape. This study analyzes one hundred scenes from the 'real landscape painting' by Kyumjae, one of the most famous landscape painters in 18th century Korea. The results of the study are as follows: 1. It clarified that Kyumjae's real landscape painting's 100 scenes have many view points such as roads, bridges, pavilions, mansions, towers, terraces, hillsides, bases of mountains, broad flat roots, brooksides, and ferries that are apt to occur in the experience of a landscape. The spatial characteristics of view points are expanded fields of vision, evening and night scenes, edges of landforms and structures from which to improve ones vantage point. 2. It showed that 99 out of real landscape painting's 100 scenes depict a view point'to look'and 79 of 'to look through', 73 of 'look around'and 24 of 'to look over'. 3. It showed that real landscape painting's 100 scenes depict that the view point 'to look' is mainly upon a road from which people are looking over an elevated landscape such as the top of a mountain or rockwall. The view behaviors of looking down are depict 15 pavilions, 14 mansions, 2 broad rocks and 10 mountain tops on which people experience landscapes such as fields, rural communities and streams. The view behaviors to look depict 33 ships, 24 roads, 24 pavilions, 19 mansions and 12 terraces on which people experience landscapes such as distant views of mountains, rivers and landscapes. The view behaviors to look around to obtain orientation of landscape are depict 16 pavilions, 10 mountaintops. To glimpse on the way of journey depict 33 ships and 29 roads. To look over depict 11 mansions and 6 pavilions on which experience borrows the landscape. To look through landscapes such as rivers, mountains and rockwalls depict 15 roads, 14 pavilions and 11 mansions. To exchange looks depict 30 ships, 14 roads, 12 pavilions and 12 mansions. We expect that these results might give clues toward the experience of landscapes and the practice of landscape design methods which select viewpoints, and in the design of view points suitable to prospect behaviors.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.313-340
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• 2004

남한산성(南漢山城)은 병자호란을 상징하는 경관요소로서 치욕스러운 과거의 기억을 간직한 채 한강남쪽 평지 한 가운데 솟아있다. 남한산 아래의 고위평탄면상에는 산성의 수축을 계기로 고골(古邑)에서 이전해온 광주부(廣州府)의 치소(治所)가 자리하였는데, 조선시대에 성내동(城內洞)으로 불리다가 1910년에 읍내동(邑內洞), 1914년에는 다시 산성리(山城里)로 개칭되어 오늘에 이르고 있다 생활환경이 열악한 일개 산촌에 불과했던 산성마을은 행정중심지로 계획되었으며 정책적으로 모임(募入)한 300여 호에서 출발하며 전성기에는 600호 가까운 규모로 성장하였다. 성내에는 종묘봉안처(宗廟奉安處)(좌전(左殿)), 사직봉안처(社稷奉安處)(우실(右室)), 행궁(行宮)을 겸한 광주부(廣州府)의 관아(官衙), 수어영(守禦營)과 광주부(廣州府) 소속의 공해, 시장(市場) 등 유교적인 도회도식(都會圖式)에 규정된 기본요소로 구성된 상징경관이 형성되었다. 성내동민(城內洞民)은 복호(復戶)의 혜택이 주어진 산성 안팎의 토지를 경작하고, 상품을 교역하는 한편, 모군(募軍)으로 자신의 노동을 상품화하면서 궁핍한 생활을 이어갔다. 사회경제적인 상황의 변화와 함께 1917년 산성으로 들어오는 길목에 자리한 주막리(酒幕里)가 광주군 신 청사의 입지로 결정되면서 산성취락은 해체단계를 맞아 한적한 벽촌으로 남게된다.