• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2015

Purpose: The effect of pigmentation in circle contact lens on lens wearers' tear film stability was investigated in this study. Methods: Non-invasive tear film break-up times of 54 normal eyes before and after lens wearing in twenties and the portion of first tear breakup were measured. The frontal and back surface roughness of circle contact lens was further observed with a scanning electron microscope. The clear lens which was made of hilafilcon B and circle contact lenses which were made of hilafilcon B, polymacon and copolymer of HEMA NVP were tested. Results: Non-invasive tear film breakup time was significantly reduced compared with it before lens wearing. In some case, statistically significant difference in tear film breakup time was also observed between circle contact lenses. The tear file break-up was usually early started in lower than upper portion, and in temporal than nasal portion although there was variation in the lens material. The tear film break-up of circle contact lenses made of hilafilcon B was more commonly observed in peripheral portion(pigmented area) compared with clear contact lens made of same material. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the stability of tear film was affected by wearing circle contact lens and the result seems to be used as the basis for the problem solving that can occur due to the pigmentation when wearing circle contact lens.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.291-295
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• 2018

Metcalfa pruinosa is a pest causing widespread problems to many crops in Korea. This pest infects fruit crops especially, persimmon and grapes. We tested the possibility of M. pruinosa management using essential oils of Alpina galangal and methylcinnamate which were extracted from A. galangal by steam distillation method. The use of essential oil showed a mortality rate of 10.0 and 23.3% for adults and nymphs, respectively. While the use of methylcinnamate resulted to a mortality rate of 40.0% in adults and 36.6% in nymphs. For its repellent effect, it showed an avoidance rate of 50.0 and 63.3% for adult and nymph respectively. Considering these two results, the extract of A. galangal are shown to have some synergic effect for pest control. The result of this study showed a possibility of M. pruinosa control using essential oil and methylcinnamate from A. galangal.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.195-199
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• 1998

AH alkalophilic Bacillus SP. AIk-7, isolated from soil, produced ethylene. The characteristics of this microorganism is the ability to grow well under the alkaline condition, at pH 10.3. This strain is similar to Bacillus alkalophilus in terms of morphological, physiological and biological characteristics. In observation of relationship of cell growth and ethylene production according to incubation times, the ethylene synthesis mostly occur from the late exponential phase to the death phase of growth. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of various substrates on the biosynthesis of ethylene in the intact cell and the cell-free system by the Bacillus sp. AIk-7. In both intact cell and cell-free extract, optimum conditions for ethylene production was achieved at pH 10.3 and 3$0^{\circ}C$. Ethylene was effectively produced from L-Met and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). In this case, ACC as the substrate on ethylene production were two fold higher than L-met at each concentration of substrates. On the other hand, the cell-free ethylene-forming system was used as a tool for the elucidation of the biochemical reaction involved in the formation of ethylene by Bacillus sp. AIk-7. Ethylene production in the cell-free system required the presence of manganese and cobalt ion to be stimulated a little. The result obtained in this work suggests that L-met and ACC may be a precursor more directly related to bacterial ethylene production than any other substrates tested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2005

A one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate vertical profiles of electron acceptors and their reduced species in benthic sediments. The model accounted for microbial degradation of organic matter and subsequent chemical reactions of interest using stoichiometric relationships. Depending on the dominant electron acceptors utilized by microorganisms, the benthic sediments were assumed to be vertically subdivided into six zones: (1) aerobic respiration, (2) denitrification, (3) manganese reduction, (4) iron reduction, (5) sulfate reduction, and (6) methanogenesis. The utilizations of electron acceptors in the biologically mediated oxidation of organic matter were represented by Monod-type expression. The mass balance equations formulated for the reactive transport of organic matter, electron acceptors, and their corresponding reduced species in the sediments were solved utilizing an iterative multistep numerical method. The ability of model to simulate a freshwater sediments system was tested by comparing simulation results against published data obtained from lake sediments. The simulation results reasonably agreed with field measurements for most species, except for ammonia. This result showed that the C/N ratio (106/16) in the sediments is lower than what the Redfield formula prescribes. Since accurate estimates of vertical profiles of electron acceptors and their reduced species are important to determine the mobility and bioavailability of trace metals in the sediments, the model has potential application to assess the stability of selected trace metals in the sediments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.558-562
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• 2015

This study was tested to evaluate the effect of the six different combinations of microbubble, catalyst, and air as oxidant on the sludge and organic matter reduction. When all of microbubbles and catalyst, and an oxidizing agent (under Conditions 1) such as air were used, the sludge was removed more than 99%, and TCOD and SCOD removal was 58% and 13%, respectively. This result was the highest value of six conditions. In the following order, the sludge reduction of the microbubbles with air (Condition 2) and catalyst with air (condition 4) was 95% and 93.1%, respectively. TCOD removal was found to be each 53% and 47%. When the microbubbles were used with oxidant like air, the removal of sludge and organic matter was high. All of these values were higher than that of using only microbubbles and catalyst without air. In the microbubbles and catalyst react under air supply condition, OH-radicals were generated in the reaction process. These OH-radicals in the reaction process decomposed the pollutants by the strong oxidizing power. In all conditions with air, the sludge reduction was high removal rate more than 93% and TCOD removal was over 47%.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2003

Provitamin $B_5$ liquid crystal ($PVB_5$-LC) was the new emulsion system to enhance moisturizing activity on the skin. In this study, it should be mentioned that PVB5-LC could be prepared with the main compound of hydrogenated lecithin (HL) in oil-in water (O/W) emulsion. The key ingredient of humectants was contained 2% of provitamin $B_5$ ($PVB_5$) into the $PVB_5$-LC. The best suitable compositions of $PVB_5$-LC were made from 4.0 wt% of HL, 4.0 wt% of cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) as emulsifier and gelling agent, 3.0 wt% of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG) and 2.0 wt% of glycerin as moisturizers, 3.0 wt% of cyclomethicone (CMC), 3.0 wt% of isononanoate (ININ), 3.0 wt% of capric/caprylic triglyceride (CCTG), 3.0 wt% of macadamia nut oil (MNO) as emollients. As the analytical result of $PVB_5$-LC, it could know that the distribution range of particle size was 0.14 to 12.37 m level (mean size 3.24 m). It was certified the multi lamellar phase around the droplet of liquid crystal when observed the droplet particles through a polarization microscope. And it clinically was tested the effectiveness of moisturizing activity (in-vivo) compared with control sample (O/W emulsion). The effectiveness of moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with Skincon-200EX after 6 hours went up 49.0% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 25.7% (p<005, n=20). Also, in case of Comeometer CM-825, the moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC after 6 hours rose 36.6% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 10.8%. Therefore, it was known that the effectiveness moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with HL was remarkably superior compared with O/W emulsion cream.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.429-437
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is for checking anti-inflammatory effects of Syzygium aromaticum ethanol extract. For this, we investigated biological active evaluation about anti-inflammatory effects by Syzygium aromaticum ethanol extract. Syzygium aromaticum was extracted with 70% ethanol. This extract was tested for the cell viability on RAW 264.7 cell line by MTT assay, nitric oxide inhibitory activity and expression of inflammatory mediators. The extract showed low cytotoxicity as more than 90% cell viability in under 25 ㎍/ml concentration. On LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell line, nitric oxide inhibition activity result showed that the extract reduced NO productions in a concentration-dependent manner. Expression of inflammatory cytokines as PGE₂, TNF-α and IL-1β decreased in a concentration-dependent manner and iNOS and COX-2 proteins expression were decreased significantly in western blot analysis. We confirmed that the Syzygium aromaticum ethanol extract has excellent anti-inflammatory effect. This results suggested that extract of Syzygium aromaticum may have value as the cosmetic materials.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 1976

Three species of Rhodophyceae namely Chondrus ocellatus, Grateloupia filicina and Gigartina tenella were collected from the coast of Haeundae, Busan, on June 33, 1975. And analysed with respect to the content of carrageenan and such chemical characteristics as the content of sulphate and 3, 6-anhydrogalactose, the solubility in potassium chloride solution. In addition, the same chemical properties were tested on the fractions separated by the different concentration of potassium chloride. Carrageenan content in Chondrus ocellatus was relatively higher than two other samples. All the samples showed more than thirty five percent. The Gigartina-carrageenan showed the highest 3,6-anhydrogalactose content among three samples of carrageenan obtained from different species, and the lowest marked from the Grateloupia-carrageenan. In comparison of the solubility of carrageenan in potassium chloride solution, the precipitation yields at 0.125M potassium chloride were marked in order of Chondrus-carrageenan, Grateloupia-carrageenan, and Gigartina-carrageenan, and the yields at 0.125 M to 2.0 M potassium chloride were in Gigartina-carrageenan, Grateloupia-carrageenan, and Chondrus-carrageenan, and the yields from the soluble fraction at 2.0 M potassium chloride were in order of Grateloupia-carrageenan, Gigartina-carrageenan, and Chondrus-carrageenan. It is noteworthy from the result of characteristics of carrageenans that, 3,6-andydrogalactose content was closely related to the solubility of carrageenans in potassium chloride solution and to the sulphate content which might affect reversibly.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.256-263
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• 2001

Physicochemical characteristics of kochujang prepared with meju, koji and mixture of meju and koji were analyzed during fermentation in order to improve quality of traditional sikhe kochujang. Amino nitrogen content, an index of kochujang quality, was remarkably higher in kochujang prepared with p-2 koji, p-1 koji, mixture of p-2 koji and meju. Titratible acidity of kochujang slightly increased and pH of kochujang increased until 40 days of fermentation and then decreased there after. Citric acid was found as a major organic acid followed in decreasing order by malic, oxalic, succinic, acetic and lactic acids. As a free sugar, maltose, glucose and fructose were detected. Free sugar content was higher in kochujang prepared with p-1 koji than the others. The major free amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, phenylalanine and arginine, and total free amino acid content was higher in kochujang prepared with koji, and mixture of meju and koji than the one with traditional meju only. In sensory evaluation, all tested groups did not show a significant difference. This result indicates that addition of koji to sikhe kochujang influences on taste components like free sugars and free amino acids, but decisively not on the sensory properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1607-1611
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• 2015

This study investigated the regulatory effects of African mango (Irvingia gabonesis, IGOB $131^{TM}$) extract on blood glucose level in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Experimental groups were treated with two different doses of IGOB $131^{TM}$ (1% and 2% in each AIN93G supplement) for 5 weeks [4 weeks pre-treatment and 1 week post-STZ treatment (60 mg/kg body weight)]. STZ-induced diabetic rats showed significantly reduced body weight gain compared to normal control (NC). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was measured using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips. The area of under the curve for the glucose response from OGTT in STZ-induced diabetic rats was higher than that of NC rats, and there was a significant difference between the DM and the IGOB $131^{TM}$-treated groups. Serum glucose levels after sacrifice were significantly lower in the IGOB $131^{TM}$ group than the DM group. However, there was no statistical difference between low- and high-dose treatments. Serum insulin levels increased by 234.4% and 175.9%, respectively, upon treatment with IGOB $131^{TM}$. Serum lipid profiles were not significantly different among the experimental groups. The tested samples had no effects on serum levels of lipid profiles (triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol). These results suggest that IGOB $131^{TM}$ is able to ameliorate diabetes by reducing serum glucose levels that may result from increased insulin levels.