• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.361-367
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• 2014

Host plants of the Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata are known as Solanaceae plants such as potato, tomato, eggplant and Lycium chinense. Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky) cause continuous damage from early June to mid-August in leaves of L. chinense under environmental-friendly management in Cheongyang, Chungnam. The developmental period of egg and larva of H. vigintioctomaculata were investigated. H. vigintioctomaculata were reared on L. chinense at several temperatures, for example, 15, 20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$ in the laboratory. In addition, the control effect of 5 eco-friendly agricultural materials were examined. As results, hatching rate is the highest to 91% at $25^{\circ}C$. Egg periods were 10.8, 7.7, 5.1 and 3.7 days at each tested temperature, respectively. And the total developmental periods from egg to adult were 42.7, 26.3, 18.4 and 19.4 days at each tested temperature, respectively. Otherwise, their eclosion rates from pupa to adult were showed 58%, 77%, 85%, 65% at each tested temperature, respectively. As a result of the control effect, both adults and larvae of H. vigintioctomaculata were shown a high mortality to mixture with extract of Sophora flavescens, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Melia azedarach. Additional, larvae is shown high mortality to extract of Azadirachta indica and Cymbopogon nardus. Thus H. vigintioctomaculata might be controled by using plant extract of eco-friendly agricultural materials in due season.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2009

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) are serious insect pests that have a wide host range including cucumber, tomato, and pepper. In this study, we tested larvicidal efficacy of several on-the-market environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) to select the effective products after the target pests were stabilized in indoor rearing condition. The developmental periods of two whiteflies are as follows: in the case of T. vaporariorum, egg duration is 9.6 days and nymph is 18.9 days, and in the case of B. tabaci, egg duration is 7.4 days and nymph is 15.2 days under $25^{\circ}C$ with relative humidity (RH) of $60{\pm}5%$ and a photoperiod of 16 L:8D. The total period of T. vaporariorum was 5 days longer than B. tabaci. Among 22 EFAMs six products showed more than 60% of insecticide efficacy against T. vaporariorum BTV B, BTV D, BTV G, BTV L, BTV M, and BTV S. On the other hand, seven EFAM products showed over 60% of insecticide efficacy against B. tabaci BTV D, BTV G, BTV K, BTV L, BTV M, BTV N, and BTV U. In the case of Spodptera litura previously, 16 EFAMs were tested against $2^{nd}$ instar S. litura, and six EFAMs were found to have more than 90% efficacy. Test of these six EFAMs against entire larval stages were performed in this study. Although some of these products showed still more than 90% of insecticidal efficacy against up to $3^{rd}$ instar larvae, the efficacy of these EFAMs sharply decreased as ages increase, resulting in less than 60% of efficacy of the products at most. This result indicates the difficulty to control S. litura with the on-the-market EFAMs alone under economic injury level. Collectively, it is required to find more EFAMs, and find alternative method, and combined way of controlling to control those insect pests tested in this study.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.283-307
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• 2010

In this study, a new open-ended format math testing system for elementary school students has been proposed. This system is an application of the recently proposed Constructive Multiple-choice Testing (CMT) system on math testing. The CMT system is a testing system in which the examinee has to respond to an item twice, first in an open ended format, and then in the multiple choice format. The advantages of this system is that process information can easily be obtained and that the examinee can receive feedback immediately after the test, based on his/her multiple choice responses. This open-ended format math testing system includes the manager mode, which allows the generation of the test items and student account management, and the testing mode, which allows the students to input their solution process using the menu bar and the keyboard. When two groups, one tested using the CMT system and the other tested using the paper and pencil test, were compared, there was no significant difference in average scores between the two groups although the testing time was longer for the group tested using the CMT system. This result suggests that the open-ended format math testing system proposed in this study can be used effectively in the actual classroom setting.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.15 no.2 s.70
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• pp.18-23
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• 2006

Foaming of slag is a thermodynamically unstable phenomenon and has significant effects in iron and steelmaking processes. For better recycling method of pulp sludge, the application as an defoaming agent during steelmaking process was adopted and tested. The forming machine has been modified in order to produce the briquettes, which are made of pulp sludge and slag with different weight ratio. Influencing factors on the foaming phenomena have been studied and tested for better understanding of foaming phenomena. Experiments were carried out with $CaO-FeO-SiO_2$ based slags with Ar gas injection and addition of coke particles. The slag basicity and (%FeO) contents adapted as major factors to treasure foaming tendency of the slag system. It was found that foam index (${\Sigma}$) gradually decreased as both the basicity and the (FeO) content increase. Four kinds of antifoaming agent such as aluminium dross, cokes, rice bran and pulp sludge with steelmaking slag have been tested in actual process. Aluminium dross was the most effective, and pulp sludge with steelmaking slag also showed the desired results.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-359
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• 2009

Interest in marine organisms as potential sources of bioactive agents has increased in recent years. The red seaweed, Callophyllis (C.) japonica, is abundant in the coastal regions of Jeju Island in South Korea. A previous study shows that C. japonica extracts have antioxidant activity and radioprotective effects. In this study, an methanol extract of C. japonica was tested whether it has antibacterial effects against the bacteria from swine. In vitro antibacterial activities of the crude extracts prepared from the C. japonica using 80 % methanol were tested for inhibitory activity against the Escherichia (E.) coli (S175), Enterococcus (E.) faecium (ATCC 51558), Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and Staphylo-coccus (S.) aureus (ATCC 25923) by using broth dilution method. All organisms were incubated in brain heart infusion medium containing 1% extract at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hrs. The 3 days-old piglets were fed an experimental diet supplemented with 1% C. japonica for 1 week. And the change of the coliform bacteria in feces were examined after supplement of C. japonica for 1 week. When the inocula containing $10^2{\sim}10^3$CFU/ml of each organism were used the extracts of C. japonica showed various degrees of antibacterial effects on all bacteria tested. The CFU value ($6.3\times10^8$CFU/ml) of C. japonica for E. coli was decreased 30% compared with vehicle controls ($9.0\times10^8$CFU/ml) after 8 hrs incubation. The proliferation rate of E. faecium was inhibited about 68% at 4 hrs, 81% at 8 hrs and 76% at 12 hrs after incubation, respectively. The proliferation rate of S. Typhimurium was inhibited about 96% at 4 hrs, 90% at 8 hrs and 72% at 12 hrs after incubation with extracts of C. japonica. The proliferation rate of S. aureus was inhibited more than 90% each time courses. Conclusively, a red seaweed extract of C. japonica was found to be effective against a number of gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as E. coli, E. faecium, S. Typhimurium, and S. aureus. The number of coliform bacteria was increased in the 1% C. japonica-treated group, as compared to those of controls. This result suggests that C. japonica extracts be added as an effective natural antibacterial agent. The precise mechanism of antibacterial effects and its application on swine industry remains to be further studied.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.941-957
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to use meta-analysis to analyze result of 17 studies which investigated the effects of integrated programs, and 11 studies which examined the effects of exercise programs on pain, depression, and disability. The 28 studies analyzed in this work were selected from the following sources. MEDLINE Search, bibliographies of related studies, main academic journals of nursing in Korea, and journals on arthritis issues. For the analysis of the data, homogeniety of effect sizes which were calculated based on data in the 28 studies was tested and its average effect size was computed by using meta analysis software package which was developed by Song(1992, 1998). The results can be summarized as follows : 1) Homogeneity tests were conducted on integrated programs on pain. In the prelimiary homogeneity tests on effect size of all 17 studies, no homogeneity was found. When homogeneity tests on the effect size of the remaining 15 studies were performed, excluding two studies which had extremely larger effect size compared to other studies, the 15 studies were found to be homogeneous(Q=16.38, p=.23). The obtained average effect size, D(Mean Standardized Difference Between Means), was .25. When homogeneity tests on effect size on pain was conducted for the excercise programs, effect size for all nine studies were found to be homogeneous (Q=7.42, p=.49) and the average effect size D=.30. Therefore, Hypothesis 1 was rejected from the results, that an average effect size of the integrated programs on pain was not significantely different from that of the exercise programs on pain. 2) Since only two studies investigated the effect of exercise programs on depression, comparison between the average effect size of integrated programs and that of exercise programs on depression could not be conducted, and hypothesis 2 could not be tested. Thereby, only the average effect size of integrated programs on depression was obtained. Eight studies were tested to be positive on the homogeneity of effect sizes(Q=18.31, p=.02) at $\alpha$<.01 and its average effect size was D=.11. 3) For the analysis of integrated program on disability, 13 studies, except for four which had an extremely large effect size compared to the others were found to be homogeneous at $\alpha$<.01 (Q=22.30, p=.04) and the average effect size on disability was D=.16. For analysis of the exercize programs on disability, eight studies, except for one which had an extremely large effect size compared to others, were found to be homo geneous(Q=7.87, p=.34) and the average effect size on disability was D=.60. Therefore, Hypothesis 3 was accepted from the results that an average effect size of exercise programs on disability was significantly larger than that of integrated programs on disability.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 1987

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) was purified from infected maize leaves. Antiserum against RBSDV was prepared for virus detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). In detection of RBSDV by ELISA, effective dilution range of antiserum extracted in RBSDV-containing host plants and insect vectors was from 320 to 2,560 times in rice plant, 320 to 5,120 in maize plant, and 160 to 2,560 times in insect vector, Laodelphax striatellus F, respectively. The percentage of viruliferous vector in overwintered nymphs of Laodelphax striatellus determined by ELISA were 3.0 in Milyang, 2.3 in Chilgok, and 3.7 in Sunsan area. Dead insect vector which could not be tested for vims infection by conventional rice seedling inoculation test could be tested by ELISA. One hundred plants of rice and maize were randomly sampled in the field and tested whether or not they were infected with RBSDV. In rice plants, 4 out of 98 plants turned out to be infected with RBSDV by ELISA. In maize plant, 3 out of 92 plants which were excepted 8 plants to be appeared symptom already were infected. As a result, ELISA could be detected even in case of symptomless plants at early stage of viral infection.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2004

Basic properties of artificial lightweight aggregate by using waste dusts and strength properties of LWA concrete were studied. Bulk specific gravity and water absorption of artificial lightweight aggregates varied from 1.4 to 1.7 and 13 to 16%, respectively. Crushing ratio of artificial lightweight aggregate was above 10% higher than that of crushed stone or gravel. As a result of TCLP leaching test, the leaching amount of tested heavy metal element was below the leaching standard of hazardous material. Slump, compressive strength and stress-strain properties of LWA concrete made of artificial lightweight aggregate were tested. Concrete samples derived from LWA substitution ratio of 30 vol% and W/C ratio of 45 wt% showed the best properties overall. Thermal insulation and sound insulation characteristics of light weight concrete panel with the optimum concrete proportion were tested. Average overall heat transmission of 3.293W/㎡$^{\circ}C$ was observed. It was higher by about 15% than those of normal concrete made by crushed stone. Sound transmission loss of 50.9 ㏈ in frequency of 500 ㎐ was observed. It was higher by about 13% than standard transmission loss.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.858-864
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• 2008

In the greenhouse fields for fruits and vegetables during the winter in Korea, there are serious damages by the sclerotium diseases due to the low temperature and humidity. This study was carried out to select an antagonic agent for the biological control of the sclerotium diseases. The 55 antagonic agents were selected from the rhizosphere in soil where the fruits and vegetables were cultivated in the green house fields, and strain AB02 among the tested isolates was estimated to be the strongest antagonist against the sclerotium disease. Using strain AB02, the antifungal spectrum was tested against 5 different plant pathogens. According to the results of the test, strain AB02 . showed the high antagonistic effect against Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. For the experiment of biological control against the sclerotium disease, it was estimated the suppression effect and the control effect by the strain in the pot experiment using the green perilla. According to the result of the pot experiments, the suppression effect was 40% and the control effect was 62%, respectively. For the stimulation effect of the tested plant growth by strain AB02 compared to the control, it was improved as 120% for the total length, 141% for the liveweight, 121% for the total number of leaves, 185% for the leaf area, and 327% for the liveweight of the root, respectively. Strain AB02 showing the antagonistic effect against the sclerotium disease and the stimulation effect for the plant growth was identified as Bacillus sp.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2009

We have conducted in vitro experiments with nano-silver liquid for their effect against various plant pathogenic bacteria. Different types of nano-silver liquid WA-CV-WA13B, WA-AT-WB13R and WA-PR-WB13R were used. These are classified based on different manufacturing processes. The tested bacteria were provided by KACC. We experimented ten bacterial isolates in Clavibacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Xanthomonas genera. In order to determine the level of concentrations of control effects, different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) of each different nano-silver liquid were added in the culture media. As a result, WA-CV-WA13B showed high inhibition effect against C-1 at 10 ppm, and showed minor inhibition effects against P-6, X-1, and X-2. WA-AT-WB13R showed bactericidal effect against P-6 at 10 ppm. At 10 ppm, WA-AT-WB13R showed relatively high inhibition effects against C-1, X-1, and X-2. WA-PR-WB13R showed bactericidal effects against P-5, P-6 and X-2 at 10 ppm or higher concentrations. All the tested three nano-silver liquid showed bactericidal effects against all the tested plant pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of 25 ppm or higher. These results indicated the possible use of nano-silver liquid for the control of plant pathogenic bacteria.