• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the relationship between friendship level within a hospital organization and job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job stress. Focusing on the hierarchy and occupation of a hospital, different from previous introductory studies. As a study tool, structured questionnaire were devised and used. The subjects were nurses, administrators and medical technicians who worked at 17 tertiary hospitals in Seoul and Kyongin area. To analyze the data, we conducted frequency analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis.The main results of our study can be summarized as followings:Firstly, seen from the viewpoint of social demographic characteristics, on the whole friendship level with fellows is the highest, and then that with subordinates and that with bosses the lowest. Secondly, the friendship level with bosses, subordinates and fellows had a significant relationship with job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job stress, though there were some differences among them. In case of junior managers, the friendship level with fellows had a significant relationship with job satisfaction and organizational commitment; in case of middle managers, the friendship level with fellows had significant relationship with job satisfaction. We found that the friendship level with the bosses had a deeper relationship with job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job stress as we went down the hierarchy. Thirdly, analyzing the differences between occupation, administrators and medical technicians had relatively higher significant relationship with the friendship level with bosses than nurses in job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job stress. High friendship level with the bosses influenced job satisfaction significantly for the nurse; yet, in case of administrators and medical technicians, the friendship level with bosses influenced all of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job stress. Based on our study, we recommend facilitating friendly relationship between the bosses and the subordinates in order to enhance job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job related stress reduction.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2013

Hydrogen penetration into a metal leads to damages and mechanical degradations and its content measurement is of importance. For a precise measurement, a sample preparation procedure must be optimized through a series of studies on sample washing and drying. In this study, two-step washing with organic solvents and thermal soaking in inert gas were tried with a rod-shaped, API X65 steel sample. The samples were machined from a steel plate and then washed in acetone and etyl-alcohol for 5 minute each and dried with compressed air. After then, the samples were thermally soaked in a home-made nitrogen gas chamber during 10 minute at different heat gun temperatures from 100 to $400^{\circ}C$ and corresponding temperature range in the soaking chamber was from 77 to $266^{\circ}C$ according to the temperature calibration. Hydrogen residue in the samples was measured with a hot extraction system after each soaking step; hydrogen residue of $0.70{\pm}0.12$ wppm after the thermal soaking at $77^{\circ}C$ decayed with increase of the soaking temperature. By adopting the heat transfer model, decay behavior of the hydrogen residue was fitted into an exponential decay function of the soaking temperature. Saturated value or lower bound of the hydrogen residue was 0.36 wppm and chamber temperature required to lower the hydrogen residue about 95% of the lower bound was $360^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, a thermal desorption spectroscopy was done for the fully soaked samples at $360^{\circ}C$. Weak hydrogen peak was observed for whole temperature range and it means that hydrogen-related contaminants of the sample surface are steadily removed by heating. In addition, a broad peak found around $400^{\circ}C$ means that parts of the hydrogen residue are irreversibly trapped in the steel microstructure.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine contraction of abdominal muscles on surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of superficial cervical flexors, rib cage elevation and angle of craniocervical flexion during deep cervical flexion exercise in supine position. Fifteen healthy subjects were participated for this study. All subjects performed deer cervical flexion exercise with two methods. The positions of two methods were no volitional contraction of abdominal muscles in hook-lying position with 45 degree hip flexion (method 1) and 90 degrees hip and knee flexion with feet off floor for inducing abdominal muscle contraction (method 2). Surface EMG activities were recorded from five muscles (sternocleidmastoid, anterior scaleneus, recuts abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique). And distance of rib cage elevation and angle of craniocervical flexion were measured using a three dimensional motion analysis system. The EMG activity of each muscle was normalized to the value of reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). The EMG activities, distance of rib cage elevation. and angle of craniocervical were compared using a paired t-test between two methods. The results showed that the EMG activities of sternocleidmastoid and anterior scaleneus during deep cervical flexion exercise in method 2 were significantly decreased compared to method 1 (p<.05). Distance of rib cage elevation and angle of craniocervical flexion were significantly decreased in method 2 (p<.05). The findings of this study indicated that deep cervical flexion exercise with contraction of abdominal muscles could be an effective method to prevent substitute motion for rib cage elevation and contraction of superficial neck flexor muscles.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.538-555
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• 2000

The purpose of this study, in which 573 students from 2 high schools in Kang Nung city participated was to identify the attitude and experience of sexual harassment. This information will provide useful data, and promote a more systematic sexual harassment education program. The subjects of this study were 278 male students and 295 female students. The data was collected from September 25 to October 6. 2000. The data was analyzed using the statistical Computer package. SPSS to manipulate the data along with frequency, percentage, and mean t-test. The results from this study were summarized as follows. 1. The results from this comparison between two groups were significant in their attitude on sexual harassment(t=-2.26. p=0.024). Female students had higher scores than male students. 2. As a cause of sexual harassment. 'A man's misjudgement regarding a women as sexual objects(n=130: 22.7%)'. 'Patriarchal system of unequal distribution of power and status between the sexes(n=105: 18.3%)'. 'The effect of sexual stimulatives. (pornography. pornovideo. TV program ect.)(n=89: 15.5%)'. 3. As a countermeasure for prevention, 'Punishment, law and regulation of the sexual harasser(n = 151; 26.4%)', 'A preventive education of sexual harassment in adolescence (n = 125: 21.8%)'. 'Reformation of gender inequality and sex discrimination in the socio-structure(n=76; 13.3%)'. 4. Out of 573 students who participated in this study, 209(36.5%) students reported experiencing an incident of sexual harassment. For 278 males who participated in this study, 88(31.7%) had experienced an incident of sexual harassment. For the 295 females who participated in this study, 121(41.0%) had experienced an incident of sexual harassment. The type of sexual harassment is reported physical sexual harassment(n = 248: 40.5%), verbal sexual harassment(n = 226; 36.7%), and visual sexual harassment(n=139: 22.6%). 5. Their age in which they had experienced harassment was usually 'after 16 years of age(n=122: 58.4%)'. The age of harassers were mostly teenagers(n=112; 53.6%). The relationship to the with sexual harasser was a stranger (n=85; 40.7%), or a friend(n=78: 37.3%). After the incident of sexual harassment occurred, some students informed friends (n=114: 54.5%), 63(30.1%) told no one. Male students' feelings after the experienced harassment ranged from: 'be interesting', 'be pleasant'. Female students' feelings after the experienced harassment ranged from; 'be surprised', 'get a shock', 'fear', 'shame'.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.100-109
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• 2002

Significant damage to concrete results from the intrusion of corrosive solutions, for example, dissolved chlorides corrode reinforcing steel and cause spatting. Effectively blocks the penetration of these solutions will eliminate or greatly reduce this damage and lead to increased durability. This study is to investigate the effects of pozzolanic admixtures, fly ash and silica fume, and a blast furnace slag on the chloride ion penetration of concretes. The main experimental variables wore the water-cementitious material ratios, the types and amount of admixtures, and the curing time. And it is tested for the porosity and pore size distributions of cement paste, chloride ion permeability based on electrical conductance, and 180-day ponding test for chloride intrusion. The results show that the resistance of concrete to the penetration of chloride ions increases as the w/c was decreased, and the increasing of curing time. Also, concrete with pozzolans exhibited higher resistance to chloride ion penetration than the plain concrete. The significant reduction in chloride ion permeability(charge passed) of concrete with pozzolans due to formation of a discontinuous macro-pore system which inhibits flow. It is shown that there is a relationship between chloride ion permeability and depth of chloride ion penetration of concrete, based on the pore structure (porosity and pore size distributions) of cement paste.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.67-75
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• 2009

While the trend of all industries recently lies in combination, construction industry is much interested in enhancing efficiency and competitiveness in the aspect of site control by adopting RFID. Though RFID has been applied to diverse areas thus far, it cannot be easily applied to construction industry due to diverse physical, chemical and use-environmental properties of construction materials. Furthermore, it is rarely applied to the site because of many problems in its application. It is required to prepare RFID code issuance and system that can systematically control the code as well as to research the standardization of frequency, specification, protocol, package method, recognition method, etc in order to apply RFID to construction industry. In this research, RFID code issuance and management program are proposed as a part of program research to apply RFID. Furthermore, the restricted matters of existing RFID tag are drawn to produce pilot product of RFID tag that can solve it so as to perform site application test. According to the experiment, effective recognition distance varies depending on material/environmental property and control efficiency changes depending on attachment method and application method. Thus, preparing diverse restrictive factors and solutions by systematically analyzing control method(medium, process) of current architecture materials and applying it to construction site can be the way to successfully apply RFID.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.249-261
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was carried out in order to examine the relationship of job satisfaction and quality of life on the dental technicians and to analyze its influence. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire survey was carried out by having convenience sampling as 220 dental technicians who work in Seoul Metropolis, Gyeonggi-do Province, Daejeon and Chungnam Province from March 12, 2012 to April 13. A research tool was used questionnaire that was proved reliability and validity. It was prepared with totally 50 questions such as 12 items for subjects' general characteristics, 18 items for job satisfaction measurement, and 20 items for life quality measurement. An analysis of the collected data was computationally processed by using SPSS Win 17.0 program. An analytical technique was made by using statistical techniques such as frequency & percentage, T-test or One-way ANOVA analysis. The following are the analytical results of the collected materials. Results: As a result of analyzing research subjects' job satisfaction level, there was significant difference(P<0.05) in items of religion, hobby life, working environment, and rest time out of daily work. The whole mean in job satisfaction was indicated to be relatively high with 3.13. However, job satisfaction with social recognition, salary, and safety was indicated lowly. As a result of analyzing research subjects' life quality level, there was significant difference(P<0.05) in items of religion, hobby life, working environment, and rest time out of daily work. The whole mean in quality of life was indicated to be relatively high with 3.10. However, the satisfaction was indicated lowly in the whole life quality and the life environment sphere. As a result of analyzing correlation between job satisfaction and life quality, all variables were indicated to be positive correlation in high significance level, thereby having been indicated that the higher job satisfaction leads to the higher life quality. Conclusion: As a result of research, the dental technicians' job satisfaction was indicated to have high correlation with quality of life. An effort is judged to be necessary for establishing fair compensation system, improving welfare policy and enhancing social recognition and position in order to promote dental technicians' quality of life.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this experiment was to illuminate the relationship between the phosphorus removal rate of unit operation and the phosphorus removal rate of phosphorus volume loading in the Ferrous Nutrient Removal process, which consists of an anoxic basin, oxic basin, and iron precipitation apparatus. Methods: This study was conducted in order to improve the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in domestic wastewater using the FNR (Ferrous Nutrient Removal) process which features an iron precipitation reactor in anoxic and oxic basins. The average concentration of TN and TP was analyzed in a pilot plant ($50m^3/day$). Results: The removal rate of T-N and T-P were 66.5% and 92.8%, respectively. The $NH_3-N$ concentration of effluent was 2.62 mg/l with nitrification in the oxic basin even though the influent was 17.7 mg/l. The $NO_3$-N concentration of effluent was 5.83 mg/l through nitrification in oxic basin even though the influent and anoxic basin were 0.82 mg/l and 1.00 mg/l, respectively. The specific nitrification of the oxic basin ($mg.NH_3$-Nremoved/gMLVSSd) was 16.5 and specific de-nitrification ($mg.NO_3$-Nremoved/gMLVSSd) was 90.8. The T-P removal rate was higher in the oxic basin as T-P of influent was consumed at a rate of 56.3% in the anoxic basin but at 90.3% in the oxic basin. The TP removal rate (mg.TP/g.MLSS.d) ranged from 2.01 to 4.67 (3.06) as the volume loading of T-P was increased, Conclusions: The test results showed that the electrolysis of iron is an effective method of phosphorus removal. Regardless of the temperature and organic matter content of the influent, the quality of phosphorus in the treated water was both relatively stable and high due to the high removal efficiency. Nitrogen removal efficiency was 66.5% because organic matter from the influent serves as a carbon source in the anoxic basin.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1491-1496
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• 2009

Stroke is usually associated with the cerebral blood flow of the central nervous system. However, studies concerning the effects of neurologic sysmptoms induced from stroke on the peripheral blood flow has not taken place sufficiently. To ascertain the feasibility of a blood flow meter adopting to use doppler ultrasonogrphy, under the prospect that hemiparesis induced from stroke may have effect on the peripheral blood flow, the peripheral blood flow velocity was observed. The control group made up of healthy people without any factors capable of effecting the peripheral blood flow velocity, and patient group which consist of hemiparetic people induced from stroke, were recruited. Volumes of recruitment are 21 persons in the patient group, and 29 persons in the control group, but the final numbers of people are 17 and 21 respectively because of the inconsistancy in the method of the test. The non-invasive method of Doppler effect of Ultrasound was used to measure the blood flow velocity. The blood flow velocity in the peripheral part of left and right fourth fingers:dorsal branches of proper palmar digital artery to dorsum of distal phalanges, was measured in the control group and patient group through Doppler Ultrasound. In comparison of the control group and the patient group, the systolic blood flow velocity from the peripheral part of the upper extremity was lower in the patient group than that of the control group. According to such results, it is concluded that hemiparesis induces the reduction of the peripheral blood flow velocity in the systolic phase.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.3-25
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• 2007

In 2002 Republic of Korea successfully launched a self-made mined proportion rocket and it is expected that she will be able to have own space launching system by 2010. According to Article 14 of the Space Exploration Promotion Act, a new law should be established to impose the limit of compensation for the damage by space accident. Therefore, The Space Accident Liability Act was passed in Korean Congress on Nov. 22, 2007 and it will be enforced in six months. The purpose of this Act is to provide reparation for the damage of the third parties that a launch causes; and the Commonwealth should be insured against any possible space accidents to pay for such a damage. Here space accident means the damages to our life, body, and properties from the launching of space objects. There should be an actual loss to establish the compensation of Liability Act. Article 2 in Liability Act defines "damage" as follows: the term "damage" means loss of life, personal injury or loss of or damage to property of persons. Physical and material damages are included in the conception of damage. The meaning of a launching includes any test launch and launch for a real arrangement which will ultimately provides a wide range of compensation. Article 4 indicates that absolute liability should be imposed in compensating for damage by space accidents. Article 4 also indicates that a launching party should be absolutely liable to compensate for the damage caused by its space object on the surface of the Earth. In general, liability stands where fault is. But if the activity is ultra-hazardous and causes serious harm, the individual needs to compensate for the damage unlimitedly. Because of the many launchings for the Seattleite launching, a launching organization is obligated to the liability insurance in preparation for the space accidents. According to the Article 6 of Space Accident Liability Act, to be insured for the compensation for damage is obligatory. It says: "In accordance with Article 11 in the Space Exploration Promotion Act, the person who wants to receive an approval f3r launching needs to be insured in compensation for the possible damage by space accidents.