• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.356-361
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to determine plant growth and physiological responses of corn, barnyardgrass, and soybean to ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid). ALA effect on early seedling growth of test plants was greatly concentration dependant, suggesting that it inhibits at higher concentrations. No significant difference in herbicidal activity of two types of ALA on plant height and weight of test plants was observed. Barnyardgrass was the most sensitive to ALA and followed by corn and soybean, indicating that both crop plants were less affected by ALA concentration as well as different growth stages than barnyardgrass. Greatly reduced chlorophyll contents from leaves of three plant species were observed with increasing of ALA concentration. Compared with untreated controls, higher amounts of three tetrapyrroles were detected from three crop plants, indicating more accumulation in ALA-treated plants. The differential selectivity among plant species would be explained with the differences in tetrapyrrole accumulating capabilities, the susceptibility of various greening groups of plant species to the accumulation of various tetrapyrroles, and their metabolism in various plant tissues. The results indicate that negative biological potential of ALA exhibited differently on plant species, and that the photodynamic herbicidal activity against susceptible plants highly correlated with the extent of tetrapyrrole accumulation by the species.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2024

Larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) are a group of marine organisms that inhabit oligotrophic subtropicaltropical photic zones, commonly possess relatively large shells (i.e., tests) with a complex internal structure and host photosynthetic endosymbionts. In this study, we provide a new report of a LBF species belonging to the genus Sorites Ehrenberg, 1839, with a brief description and images of the test. The sediment samples were collected by SCUBA diving from the east coast of Jeju Island (South Korea). The discoidal test shape and annular series of chamberlets with a single row of apertures surrounded by rim indicate that these specimens belong to the genus Sorites, and this is the first record of the genus in Korea. The arrangement of early chamberlets, septular disposition, and the aperture details suggest that the specimens can be assigned to Sorites orbiculus(Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775). Only three LBF species, including the present species, have been reported from Korean waters. The present study provides additional information for the evaluation of foraminiferal diversity including LBF in Korea and suggests the necessity of continuous investigations to understand the diversity of Sorites species in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2007

The Ministry of Environment plans to introduce the Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) system in Korea. The WET test is well established in developed countries with recognizing of the limitations of physicochemical analysis method and potential risk of chemicals in water medium. Therefore, it is essential to build the ecotoxicity infrastructure for the induction of WET test. In this study, we extensively collected the domestic and foreign toxicity test methods which employ native test species to Korea. And we suggested that the domestic ecotoxicity test methods with domestic test species in Korea through extracting the range of test conditions. Five domestic fish species selected were Carassiu auratus (Crucian carp), Cyprinus carpio(Common carp), Gasterosteus aculeatus (Three spine stickleback), Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Oriental weather fish) and Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka), The toxicity test methods with native test species to Korea were collected from the standard methods (OECD, U.S. EPA, ASTM), government reports, SCI papers and domestic papers. We collected the 32 test methods, and suggested the suitable aquatic toxicity test methods for fish. It is expected that this study could prove a useful information to establish the ecotoxicity test methods with domestic aquatic organisms in Korea henceforth.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2015

We have conducted a verification test of correlation between bird community indices and bird sound recording results in order to use the equipment which deals with the automatic sound collecting system, the song meter. The study areas include four sites which are Gombaeryoung and Zochimryoung in Jeombongsan Mountain and Jookryoung and Gochiryoung in Sobaeksan National Park. We collected the bird sound data five times using a sound recorder and field survey results in the same place of the study site. As a result of the sound recording from the field survey, the species recorded by three researchers of sound analyst include common resident species or species which have a relatively conspicuous call and song. On the contrary, the species recorded by only one researcher are a relatively rare or inconspicuous species or was familiar with the personal experiences of each researcher. The number of species recorded by only one researcher totaled fourteen species (36.8 %), and that of two researchers totaled twelve species (31.6 %), and that of three researchers totaled twelve species (31.6 %). The correlations of the number of species among three researchers was not significant in some results, but the sum or maximum count of the number of species was useful to estimate a significant correlation between the result of researchers and the indices of field surveys. As a result of correlation analysis by using sound recordings, the maximum number of species among the three researchers significantly correlated with the number of species, the species diversity index and the species abundance index in the field survey at the same site, however it did not correlate with the number of individuals and species evenness index. As a result of sound analysis collected from the stationary sound recording system; song meter, the number of frequencies in bird songs and calls correlated with the number of species in the field survey at the same site. The number of calls and songs decreased as time went by. Finally, we could test the active time range and change the activity strength by using a sound recording system. In particular, that sound recording system is able to collect data in same time and site, so it is expected so that the equipment not only replenish a shortage of researchers and survey periods in field research in a short term monitoring survey, but also be able to acquire statistical objectivity.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The aquatic animals of Tan stream were composed of 46 species, 28 families, 11 orders, 6 classes in 4 phyla during the survey period of April, 1996 to December, 1996. They were composed of 31 species in aquatic insecta, 6 species in annelida, 3 species in mollusca, 1 species in crustacea, and 5 species in fishes, respectively. Major dominant species in Tan stream were Chironomidae sp.1, Chironomidae sp.2, Chironomidae sp.3, Tubufucidae sp.1, Physa acuta and hirudo niponica. Dominance indices of benthic macroinvertebrates ranged highly from 95.74 to 100.00% at lower stream(site 4), but ranged 50.00 to 95.85% at site 1 through site 3. The aquatic animals ranged from 25 to 32 species at site 1 through site 3, but they were only 3 species at site 4 for survey period. Tan stream in the light of urban stream ecosystem has a little less riffle areas and hydrophyte areas by cementation of riparian area and channel type of water course. Therefore, the species of aquatic animals in Tan stream decreased because of deterioration of water quality according to reduction of self-purifcation ability and loss of microhabitat according to reduction of hydrophyte areas and riparian areas. The tendency of decreasing species of aquatic animals appeared seriously at lower stream From drive licence test authority at Kangnam-ku, Seoul to conjunction point of the Han river.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2020

In this study, we briefly describe five newly recorded foraminiferal species from off the southern coast of Jeju Island: Ammolagena clavata, Neoeponides bradyi, Nodosaria lamnulifera, Rhabdammina abyssorum, and Uvigerina schwageri. Ammolagena clavata and Rhabdammina abyssorum are the first reports of the genera Ammolagena and Rhabdammina in Korea. In addition, R. abyssorum is reported from a depth of 103 m, which is a relatively shallow record within the distribution depth range for this agglutinated deep-sea species. Ammolagena clavata also shows interesting characteristics that the test usually attaches to substrates including shell fragments, sediment particles, or other foraminiferal tests. All other three species have typical calcareous and hyaline tests. The present report on unrecorded species improves the understanding of foraminiferal species diversity in Korean waters and confirms the need for the further research on foraminifera in the adjacent seas of Korea.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1336-1347
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• 2013

The marine algal flora assemblages settled on the artificial seaweed reefs in Jeju-do before and after rocky cleaning were investigated during summer and the early succession of seaweeds attached to the test panels on the structures of the artificial reef after rocky cleaning were observed by visual observations and under the dissecting microscope in order to evaluate the effects of this rocky cleaning operation. Species composition and algal biomass on the Bboolsamgak-typed seaweed artificial reefs before and after rocky cleaning were measured and compared before and after rocky cleaning. Before rocky cleaning in July 2012, only nine algal species had existed on the Bboolsamgak-typed seaweed artificial reefs, however, twenty algal species occurred on the seaweed artificial reefs after rocky cleaning in July 2013. Particularly, 15 species among them in July 2013 were not found in July 2012 and they seemed to occur newly on the artificial reefs. A large quantity of algal biomass increased in July 2013 after rocky cleaning. Based on the importance value, there was a drastic change in the dominant species between July 2012 and July 2013 after rocky cleaning. By dissecting micrographs, an epiphytic diatom, Licmophora sp. and flagellates, were observed on the 9th day. A chlorophyte, Ulothrix flacca was observed after 14 days, Ulva pertusa, Bryopsis pulmosa, crustose coralline algae, and Cladophora spp. were after one month. After two months, a significant species succession was observed from three previous chlorophyte species to crustose coralline algae existed as a dominant species on the panels. In this study, however, any brown algae were not found until three months in the early seaweed succession. All above results indicates that the rocky cleaning is a very efficient method for the establishment of macroalgal assemblages on the artificial reefs.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2008

A series of experiments were conducted to establish a marine ecotoxicological standard method using marine primary producers, Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica as candidate test species. Marine diatom, S. costatum was selected as standard test species in terms of the ecological roles and international uses as test species. Test methods and test acceptability criteria are as follows; $72{\sim}96$ hr population growth inhibition $EC_{50}$ as endpoint. Static non-renewal method, and population growth rates over 0.04/hr in control as test acceptability criterium. S. costatum is widely distributed in the world ocean and used for standard species of marine toxicity test method by ISO (International Standardization Organization). Possible salinity ranges for this test method are $20{\sim}35\;psu$, and reproducibility and interlaboratory test results were consistent through the calibration tests. Sensitivity of the test method was comparable or better than other toxicity tests such as rotifer neonate mortality, bioluminescent bacterial inhibition, seaweed sporulation and sea urchin fertilization tests.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.192-202
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• 2019

Objectives: According to the central limit theorem, the samples in population might be considered to follow normal distribution if a large number of samples are available. Once we assume that toxicity dataset follow normal distribution, we can treat and process data statistically to calculate genus or species mean value with standard deviation. However, little is known and only limited studies are conducted to investigate whether toxicity dataset follows normal distribution or not. Therefore, the purpose of study is to evaluate the generally accepted normality hypothesis of aquatic toxicity dataset Methods: We selected the 8 chemicals, which consist of 4 organic and 4 inorganic chemical compounds considering data availability for the development of species sensitivity distribution. Toxicity data were collected at the US EPA ECOTOX Knowledgebase by simple search with target chemicals. Toxicity data were re-arranged to a proper format based on the endpoint and test duration, where we conducted normality test according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. Also we investigated the degree of normality by simple log transformation of toxicity data Results: Despite of the central limit theorem, only one large dataset (n>25) follow normal distribution out of 25 large dataset. By log transforming, more 7 large dataset show normality. As a result of normality test on small dataset (n<25), log transformation of toxicity value generally increases normality. Both organic and inorganic chemicals show normality growth for 26 species and 30 species, respectively. Those 56 species shows normality growth by log transformation in the taxonomic groups such as amphibian (1), crustacean (21), fish (22), insect (5), rotifer (2), and worm (5). In contrast, mollusca shows normality decrease at 1 species out of 23 that originally show normality. Conclusions: The normality of large toxicity dataset was not always satisfactory to the central limit theorem. Normality of those data could be improved through log transformation. Therefore, care should be taken when using toxicity data to induce, for example, mean value for risk assessment.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2010

Neocaridina denticulata is a small freshwater shrimp indigenous to Korea. As an indigenous species has long-adapted to particular water environments, the species can be a suitable indicator to assess environmental risks caused by hazard chemicals in the particular site. Thus Neocaridina denticulata, a small freshwater shrimp indigenous to Korea, is worth considering for a test species for such purpose. N. denticulata were exposed to pentachlorophenol sodium salt, sodium azide and potassium dichromate using automatic flow-through system for 96 hours. The 96 hr lethal concentrations ($LC_{50}$) of these chemicals were calculated as $0.53{\pm}0.09\;mg/L$, $2.40{\pm}0.61\;mg/L$ and $1.21{\pm}0.09\;mg/L$ respectively and showed relatively small deviation from repetitive test results. When compared with the toxicity values of other species for each chemical, N. denticulata had moderate or high sensitivity to the toxicity of these chemicals. It can be concluded that N. denticulata is a good test species to evaluate acute toxicity of various hazardous chemicals.