• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.117-127
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• 1999

최근의 보고에 따르면 우리 나라 학생들은 학년이 높아질수록 과학적 수준은 반대로 떨어지는 경향을 보이고 있지만 고등학교 이후 집단의 과학적 추론능력에 대한 연구는 체계적으로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 특히 가설검정능력과 관련된 과학적 추론은 가장 고등한 인지기능의 하나로 여겨지고 있고, 또 창의적이고 비판적인 사고에 매우 중요하다고 보고되어 왔다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리나라 대학생들의 과학적 추론 능력을 조사하고, 이를 미국 대학생들의 과학적 추론 능력과 비교하여 분석하였다. 아울러 본 연구는 가설 검정능력이 과학적 추론능력의 다른 하위요소에 비해 고등한 추론기능이라는 가설도 검정하였다. 고등학교 이후의 과학적 추론에 대한 경향을 조사하기 위하여 본 연구는 한국의 대학생 774명과 미국의 대학생 568명에게 과학적 추론 검사를 실시하여서 비교 분석하였고, 이 자료를 토대로 가설검정능력이 과학적 추론의 다른 하위요소에 비해 고등한 추론이라는 가설도 검정하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 과학적 추론 검사는 보존논리, 비례논리, 변인통제, 확률논리, 상관논리, 그리고 가설검정기능에 관련된 127개의 과제로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 한국 대학생들이 비례 및 확률논리를 평가하는 과제에 대해서는 미국 학생들보다 월등하게 높은 접수를 기록하였고, 보존이나 변인통제, 그리고 상관논리를 평가하는 과제에 대해서는 반대의 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 가설검정 능력을 평가하는 문항에서는 양국 모두 다른 과학적 추론 과제에 비해서 뚜렷하게 낮은 점수를 보여주었다. 본 연구는 이들 결과에 대해서 본 연구의 목적과 관련해서 논의하였고 이의 교육적 적용에 대해서도 논의하였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.722-730
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to test the notion that the inter-individual difference in hypothesis-generating is presumably detected by differentiating subjects' EEG correlation patterns of the prefrontal lobes. To test the notion of the inter-individual difference by EEG analysis, eight healthy undergraduate volunteers' EEG signals on the prefrontal lobes were recorded during hypothesis-generating and resting with eyes-closed condition. Their EEG signals were analyzed by time durations and transformed into correlation patterns. The results showed that subjects' EEG correlation patterns during hypothesis-generating were significantly different among individuals. In addition, the EEG correlation patterns were decreased during hypothesis-generating thinking. Furthermore, subject's EEG correlation showed a fluctuationpattern through-out hypothesis-generating, which is presumably caused by the difference of subjects' thinking activities in hypothesis-generating. This study also suggests a possibility that student's scientific thinking ability and the difficulty of scientific knowledge generating may be measured by the analysis of subject's EEG correlation pattern of the prefrontal lobes.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.137-149
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a descriptive paper test item which can evaluate elementary school students' HGA (scientific Hypothesis Generating Ability) and to propose a counting formula that can easily assess student's HGA objectively and quantitatively. To make the test item can possibly evaluate all the students from 6th graders to 3rd graders, the 'rabbit's ear' item is developed. Developed test item was distributed to four different elementary schools in Seoul. Total 280 students who were in the 6th grade solved the item. All the students' reponses to the item were analyzed. Based on the analyzed data evaluation factors and evaluation criteria are extracted to design a Hypothesis Generating ability Quotient (HGQ). As the result 'Explican's Degree of Likeness' and 'Hypothesis' Degree of Explanation' are chosen as evaluation factors. Also precedent evaluation criteria were renewed. At first, Explican's Degree of Likeness evaluation criterion was turned four levels into three levels and each content of evaluation criterion is also modified. Secondly, new evaluation factor 'Hypothesis' Degree of Explanation' was developed as combined three different evaluation criteria, 'level of explican', 'number of explican' and 'structure of explican'. This evaluation factor was designed to assess how the suggested hypothesis can elaborately explain the cause of one phenomenon. Newly designed evaluation factors and evaluation criteria can assess HGA more in detail and reduce the scoring discordant through the markers. Lastly, Developed counting formula is much more simple than precedent Kwon's equation for evaluating the Hypothesis Explanation Quotient. So it could help easily distinguish one student's scientific hypothesis generating ability.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.731-747
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• 2004

The scientific inquiry enterprise consists of formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, evaluating evidence, and revising hypothesis. Scientific inquiry in the science classrooms requires students' background experience and knowledge with the phenomenon in order to ask appropriate questions, identify and define variables operationally, formulate hypotheses, and design clear and complete experiment. The ability to test hypotheses has been postulated to play a central role in cognitive processes. The purpose of this study was to analyze what the change of the quantity and quality of the hypothesis, the rejecting or accepting of the hypothesis, and the use results in the repetitional hypothesis activity experiments. To examine the problems, this study analyzed 5 classes which were designed and administered to 16 students of the 7th grade. The results of this study showed that students preferred the engineering method to scientific method and the quality of a second hypothesis got low. The quality of the hypothesis came to be higher through a repetitional hypothesis and the number of hypothesis was reduced. The results of the experiments did not play central roles in revising hypotheses and accepting or rejecting hypothesis.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.525-540
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• 1997

The present study tested the hypothesis that maturation of the prefrontal lobes is a crucial factor determining the performance of scientific reasoning tasks, Functions of the prefrontal lobes, such as activating relevant information, sequential planning and monitoring, and inhibiting irrelevant information, are related thinking patterns with scientific reasoning. Therefore, we inferred the idea that the prefrontal lobes play an important role in scientific reasoning. To test the hypothesis. the present study investigated a prefrontal lobe patient's task solving procedures in scientific reasoning tasks and the correlation and regression analysis between a test of prefrontal lobe function and two scientific reasoning tasks, The perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST) was used as a measure of the prefrontal lobe function, The Melinark Type Task and the Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning were used as measures of scientific reasoning abilities. Ages and Group Embedded Figure Test were also used as measures of two alternative hypotheses, general maturation and field independency respectively. The prefrontal lobe patient showed a crucial deficiency in solving scientific reasoning tasks. In the tasks, the patient could not used the reasoning of If... and... then... therefore pattern. In correlation study, the perseveration errors of the WCST showed a significantly negative correlation with two scientific reasoning tasks. Multiple regression study also showed that the perseveration errors measured as a function of the prefrontal lobes have more contribution to scientific reasoning ability than contributions of alternative hypotheses. Therefore, the present study supported the hypothesis that prefrontal lobes play a crucial role in scientific reasoning ability, What function of the prefrontal lobes do play crucial role in scientific reasoning? The present study provided an explanation for the question, which inhibiting ability of the prefrontal lobes is responsible for the scientific reasoning ability, in a part at least. That is, perseverative tendency in task-solving procedures causes a deficiency of an ability to inhibit the wrong information to solve a task. The present study provided a possibility of neuropsychological approach in science education research. The present study also showed an importance of the prefrontal lobe development in the performance of scientific reasoning task.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.595-602
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• 2005

이 연구의 목적은 과학학습에서 가설 생성력 향상에 미치는 삼원귀추모형(TAM)의 적용 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 TAM의 가설 생성 절차에 따른 가설 생성 활동 10개와 전통적인 방법에 따른 가설생성활동 10개를 개발하여 각각26명의 고등학생으로 구성된 TAM 집단과 27명의 전통 집단에 투입하였다. 가설 생성 활동 10개가 투입되는 과정에서 4개의 활동에서 학생들이 생성한 최종 가설의 설명도를 평가하였다. 또한 가설 생성력의 향상 정도를 검증하기 위해서 과학 지식 생성력 검사 A형과 B형을 사전과 사후에 각각 투입하여 연구 대상 학생들의 가설 생성력을 검사하였다. 연구 결과 TAM 집단이 생성한 가설의 설명도가 전통 집단의 가설보다 통계적으로 의미 있는 수준에서 높았다. 가설 생성력 검사에서는 TAM 집단과 전통 집단의 검사 점수가 사전 검사에서는 통계적으로 유의미한 수준에서 차이가 없었으나 사후에는 TAM집단이 의미 있게 높았다. 따라서 TAM을 적용한 가설 생성 활동은 전통적인 방법보다 가설 생성력 향상에 효과적이라고 할 수 있다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.41-61
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• 2019

Background : The current medical statistics used in clinical research are the results of Fisher's significance test and the Neyman-Pearson hypothesis test, which were combined by psychologists. Also, in the philosophical background, it is related to Popper's falsificationism based hypothesis-deductive method and reduction to absurdity. Objectives : This study was designed to find complementary and alternative methods of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis used for the clinical research methodology of Korean medicine otolaryngology. Methods : The body of this paper was divided into seven part. These are historical background, hypothesis test, hypothesis test method used in the design of clinical study, falsificationism and reduction to absurdity, problem and alternative method of the Neyman-Pearson hypothesis test, diagnosis example of sinusitis differentiation syndromes by Bayesian statistics. Through this process, we found out problems of frequentist statistics and suggested alternative methods. Result & Conclusion : As a solution to the problems of the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis, there are effects size, confidence interval, Bayesian statistics and Lakatos methodology of scientific research programmes.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.200-213
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• 2003

가설의 생성과정과 검증과정에 대한 연구는 가설의 생성과정, 가설을 검증하기 위한 실험설계과정, 실제 실험수행과정, 실험결과에 따른 가설의 평가과정 등으로 세분화할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 연구들 중에서 가설을 검증하기 위한 실험설계과정에 대한 연구이다. 이를 위해, 본 연구에서는 제안된 가설을 검증하기 위해 학생들이 제안한 실험설계 내용을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, (1) 실험설계를 위해서 실험방법, 실험결과의 예측, 예측된 결과에 의한 가설평가의 3요소가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. (2) 학생들은 옳다고 생각하는 가설과 틀리다고 생각하는 가설에 대해서 모두 검증하려는 경향을 보였다. (3) 간혹, 옳다고 생각되는 가설에 대해서는 실험적 검증이 아닌 이론적 검증을 하려는 경우도 관촬되었다. (4) 학생들이 제안한 실험설계의 유형은 직접실험과 비교실험으로 나눌 수 있었고, 비교실험은 긍정비교실험과 부정비교 실험으로 나눌 수 있었다. (5) 학생들은 옳다고 생각하는 가설에 대해서는 긍정비교실험설계를, 틀리다고 생각하는 가설에 대해서는 부정비교실험설계를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. (6) 학생들은 옳다고 생각하는 가설에 대해서는 실험설계를 하면서 가설을 지지하는 결과만을 예측하였고, 틀리다고 생각하는 가설에 대해서는 실험설계를 하면서 가설을 반증하는 결과만을 예측하였다. (7) 이러한 편향된 예측과 반대되는 예측을 하도록 강요하여도 이를 거부하는 경우가 많았다. 따라서, 자신의 예측과 반대되는 결과에 대한 거부반응은 실험결과의 해석에서 뿐 아니라 실험설계 단계부터 있을 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.120-125
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to test the validity of the confirming abduction model (CAM). CAM is a process model which explains how reasoners confirm their hypothetical explicans. To test this model, 154 8th grade students were sampled from one middle school in Korea. Three types of vapor condensation hypothesis confirming tests were developed and administered to the subjects. The results of this study revealed that student confidence increased when hypothetical explicans were borrowed into experienced phenomena from questioning phenomena. These results validated CAM. According to CAM, the process. of confirming hypothetical explican is as follows: representing a questioning phenomenon, representing an experienced phenomenon that is similar to the questioning phenomenon, representing the hypothetical explican of the questioning phenomenon, comparing the questioning phenomenon with the experienced phenomenon, and borrowing the hypothetical explican as the hypothetical explican of the experienced phenomenon from the hypothetical explican of the questioning phenomenon. This study also discussed the implications of these findings for teaching and learning in science education.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.36-46
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find out the influence of MBL Exhibition Class on the Elementary School students' academic achievement, scientific research abilities and affective characters. For the purpose, three classes were sampled in the 5th grade of an elementary school. Among the three classes, two were designated as the comparative classes consisted of 68 students and the other was the experimental class, 33 students. The comparative classes were given lessens according to the content presented in the textbook of 7th Education Curriculum and the experimental class was given re-built lessons with using MBL machines. Before and after giving lessons, students of both classes took a test for science academic achievement. And also the scientific research abilities and affective characters were examined. The conclusions from this study is as follows. First, according to the result of science academic achievement test after giving lessons, the mean of the experimental class was higher than that of the comparative classes meaningfully. Second, scientific research abilities of the experimental class was shown higher than that of the comparative classes meaningfully. Specially, basic research abilities were improved very meaningfully and only hypothesis-building ability was improved among integrated research abilities. Third, it doesn't seem that MBL exhibition class is effective on affective characters(interest, attitudes).