• 천문학회보
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.72.1-72.1
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• 2014

In the Joseon Dynasty, A day divided into 100 gak (刻, approximately a quarter) or 12 Sijin (時辰, double hours) that was composed of half-Sijin as Cho (初, beginnings of double hours) and Jeong (正, mid-points double hours). The timekeeping system was changed from 100 gak to 96 gak with using $sh{\acute{i}}xi{\grave{a}}n$ calendar (時憲曆) in 1654. And then 12 Sijin was changed to the 24-hours system in the same manner as current with the enforcement of the solar calendar (太陽曆) in 1896. We examine the record of the timekeeping system and notation of hours from the astronomical almanacs and official gazettes during 50 years after 1896. The Korean Empire Government first adopted the standard meridian of the Gyeongseong (former name of the Seoul in Korea) in 1908. However the mean solar time was applied to the almanac since 1913. After 1896, the year of enforcement of the solar calendar, the expression of times on a Korean almanac was written with O-jeon (午前, morning) and O-hu (午後, afternoon). The definition of 1day 24-hours system was first stated by the legislation in 1900. The expression of times was used 24 hours without O-jeon and O-hu in 1916. In daily life, the 24-hours system has used in parallel with 12-hours system divided into morning and afternoon even today.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.229-246
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• 1998

This dissertation classifies sample patients by a measure of K-DRG to identify the most frequent group. and investigates the differences in the dependency of nursing by patient classification system in the SICU of Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. It also calculates the mean nursing care hours and costs per craniotomy patient, who is shown to be the most frequent patient group. The results of the research can be used as basic data for the development of relevant nursing cost system in the future. The results of the research are as follows: 1. Using data from 97 sample patients, as many as 26 groups are identified when the patients are classified by K-DRG. KDRG-001 (craniotomy) is found to be the most frequent group(43.30%). 2. The result from patient classification system grouping in craniotomy patients shows homogeneity in terms of dependency of nursing with 35 patients in the 4th group, 145 patients(74.36%) are in the 5th group. and 15 patients are in the 6th group among the total 195 sample patients. 3. The direct nursing care hours for the 4th, 5th, and 6th patient classification system groups are found to be 381 minuites. 483 minuites, and 519 minuites, respectively, which shows that the nursing care hours increases as the dependency of nursing is intensified. The indirect nursing care hours are found to be 454 minuites(7.57 hours). The total mean nursing care hours, which is the sum of the direct nursing care hours(467 min.: 7.78 hours) and the indirect nursing care hours (454 min.: 7.57 hours), is 921 minuites(15.35 hours) per patient a day. 4. The nursing care cost is calculated to be 123,297 won per patient a day. Considering the average duration in the ICU, we can find the total nursing care cost is 610,318 won.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2011

Since the horizontal global radiation and hours of bright sunshine are a main factor for designing photovoltaic system, it is necessary to evaluate its characteristics all over the country. The work presented here are the investigation of horizontal global radiation and hours of bright sunshine in Korea. The data utilized in the investigation consist of horizontal global radiation and hours of bright sunshine collected for 28years(1982.12~2009.12) at measuring stations across the country. The analysis shows that the annual-average daily horizontal global radiation is3.61kWh/m2 and the annual-average daily hours of bright sunshineis 5.1 Hrs in Korea. We also constructed the contour map of hours of horizontal global radiation and hours of bright sunshine in Korea by interpolating actually measured data across the country.

• 환경생물
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 2005

8일간 생장한 보리 유식물에 72시간 동안 dimethipin을 처리하면서 엽록소 함량의 변화와 광합성적 전자전달 활성을 측정하였다. 10/sup -3/M dimethipin을 72시간 처리한 경우 엽록소 함량이 33% 감소하였다. 이에 비해 7일간 암소에서 생장시킨 후 dimethipin을 처리한 보리 유식물은 녹화 48시간에 10/sup -4/M에서 대조구에 비해 43% 엽록소 함량이 감소하였으며, 엽록소 a/b 비율이 증가하였다. 24시간의 dimethipin처리는 PSⅡ+PSⅠ활성에 거의 영향을 미치지 않았다. 10/sup -4/M dimethipin처리는 48시간 배양시 10% 그리고 72시간에는 25%의 PSⅡ+PSⅠ 활성을 억제하였다. Water splitting system을 제외한 PSⅡ+PSⅠ 활성은 10/sup -4/M dimethipin을 48시간 처리할 경우 16% 그리고 72시간에는 27% 억제되었다. 10/sup -4/M dimethipin을 24시간 처리할 경우 PSⅡ활성은 8%, 48시간에서는 13% 그리고 72시간에서는 18% 억제되었다. 10/sup -4/M dimethipin을 24시간 처리할 경우 PSⅠ활성은 4%, 48시간에서는 8% 그리고 72시간에서는 10% 억제되었다. 7일간 암소에서 자란 황백화된 보리 유식물을 녹화시간 6, 12, 24와 48시간에 dimethipin을 처리할 경우 PSⅡ+PSⅠ 활성은 5, 10, 10 그리고 11% 억제되었다. 반면에 water splitting system을 제외한 PSⅡ+PSⅠ 활성은 모든 처리시간에서 그 효과가 없었다. 또한 PSⅡ와 PSⅠ의 활성도 대조구와 큰 차이가 없었다. 이와 같이 dimethipin에 의해 야기된 광합성적 전자전달활성의 억제는 엽록체 합성과정에서의 영향보다는 엽록체의 기능에 영향을 주는 것으로 사료되며, 이러한 엽록체 기능의 감소는 dimethipin에 의해 야기되는 30∼40%의 엽록소 함량감소에 의한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2019

Background: High doses of methotrexate (MTX) are often used in various chemotherapy protocols to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in children, but its delayed elimination increases the occurrence of adverse events, such as bone marrow suppression. The aim of this study was to investigate the elimination of MTX at 24 and 48 hours. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed electronic medical records of ALL or NHL pediatric patients who received $5g/m^2$ MTX infusion over 24 hours (between June, 2012 and July, 2018) at the Yonsei University Health System, Korea. The delayed elimination of MTX concentrations was assessed with 100 or $150{\mu}M$ MTX at 24 hours, and 2 or $5{\mu}M$ at 48 hours. Results: Among the 85 MTX cycles administered, 23 cycles were classified in delayed elimination group, and 62 cycles showed normal elimination. At 24 hours, the delayed elimination group with MTX concentration > $100{\mu}M$ showed higher percentage than group with MTX concentration < $100{\mu}M$ (45.8% vs. 19.7%, p = 0.015). However, no differences were observed at $150{\mu}M$ MTX (p = 0.66). At 48 hours, the delayed elimination was higher than the normal elimination at both concentration baselines (p < 0.001 at $2{\mu}M$, p = 0.024 at $5{\mu}M$). Conclusions: MTX concentrations greater than $100{\mu}M$ show high probability of delayed elimination at 24 hours. When MTX levels are above normal, leucovorin and hydration regimens should be continued to prevent delayed elimination.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2021

Objective : Several studies have reported inconsistent findings among countries on whether off-hour hospital presentation is associated with worse outcome in patients with acute stroke. However, its association is yet not clear and has not been thoroughly studied in Korea. We assessed nationwide administrative data to verify off-hour effect in different subtypes of acute stroke in Korea. Methods : We respectively analyzed the nationwide administrative data of National Emergency Department Information System in Korea; 7144 of ischemic stroke (IS), 2424 of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 1482 of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), respectively. "Off-hour hospital presentation" was defined as weekends, holidays, and any times except 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM on weekdays. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality in different subtypes of acute stroke. We adjusted for covariates to influence the primary outcome using binary logistic regression model and Cox's proportional hazard model. Results : In subjects with IS, off-hour hospital presentation was associated with unfavorable outcome (24.6% off hours vs. 20.9% working hours, p<0.001) and in-hospital mortality (5.3% off hours vs. 3.9% working hours, p=0.004), even after adjustment for compounding variables (hazard ratio [HR], 1.244; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.106-1.400; HR, 1.402; 95% CI, 1.124-1.747, respectively). Off-hours had significantly more elderly ≥65 years (35.4% off hours vs. 32.1% working hours, p=0.029) and significantly more frequent intensive care unit admission (32.5% off hours vs. 29.9% working hours, p=0.017) than working hours. However, off-hour hospital presentation was not related to poor short-term outcome in subjects with ICH and SAH. Conclusion : This study indicates that off-hour hospital presentation may lead to poor short-term morbidity and mortality in patients with IS, but not in patients with ICH and SAH in Korea. Excessive death seems to be ascribed to old age or the higher severity of medical conditions apart from that of stroke during off hours.

• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2022

현대의 산업자본주의는 근로의 제공과 임금의 수령이라는 관계가 사회를 규율하는 중요한 원리로 자리 잡고 있다. 근로계약에 따라 자신의 노동력에 대한 처분권을 사용자에게 맡기고 제공받는 임금은 직접적인 보상이 되고 있으며, 적절한 휴식의 보장으로 인간다운 삶의 보장과 재생산을 할 수 있어야 한다. 자유계약에 의한 근로관계의 구축은 근로자 보호에 문제점을 나타내고 있으며, 이에 따라 근로자에 대한 최소한의 권리로 근로시간의 최대치를 정하고 최소휴식의 기준을 설정·부여하고 있다. 근로시간의 단축은 근로자의 삶의 질이라는 측면에서 매우 중요하지만 효율적인 기업활동에 있어서도 중요한 문제이다. 우리나라는 2020년 기준 연간 근로시간이 1,908시간으로 장시간 근로를 하고 있으며, UN산하 자문기구인 지속가능발전해법네트워크(SDSN)가 조사한 행복지수에서 OECD 37개국 중에서 하위 3번째로 나타나고 있다. 이에 따라 근로시간 단축의 필요성은 인정되어, 2018년부터 1주의 최대 근로시간이 52시간으로 제한하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 기업의 부가가치 창출력을 유지하고, 근로자의 다양한 니즈에 부응하기 위한 방안으로 법적으로 다양한 근로시간의 예외를 두고 있으며, 우리나라 근로기준법은 3개월 이내의 탄력적 근로시간제와 3개월을 초과하는 탄력적 근로시간제, 선택적 근로시간제와 근로시간의 연장을 허용하는 연장근로의 제한을 두어 이를 허용하고 있다. 하지만 2021년 개정된 탄력적 근로시간제를 적용하는 것과 최근 논의되고 있는 정산 단위기간의 확대에 대한 논의에서 탄력적 근로시간제의 문제점이 있어 이에 대한 개선이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문은 탄력적 근로시간제의 문제점과 이에 때한 개선방안을 살펴보고자 한다. 탄력적 근로시간제는 미리정한 기준에 따라 특정일 또는 특정주에 법정근로시간을 초과하더라도 근로기준법에서 정하고 있는 근로시간에 위배되는 것이 아님과 동시에 초과한 연장근로에 대한 가산임금을 지급하지 않아도 되는 제도로 주로 계절별 시기별 업무량 편차가 심한 제조업, 판매서비스업, 연속사업이나 장기간 조업을 위한 전기·가스·수도, 운수업 등에 있어 교대근무형태로 유용하게 활용되고 있으며, 운용에 따라 보다 짧은 근무일 설정을 통한 휴일 확대 등 근로시간 단축의 방편으로 활용되기도 한다. 하지만 정산 단위기간을 확대할 경우 근로자가 수령할 수 있는 가산임금을 수령하지 못하게 되어 근로자에게 불리하다. 따라서 첫째, 현재 논의되고 있는 정산 단위기간 확대를 하려면 현행 기준에서 확대되는 기간에 대하여 추가임금 지급을 하도록 하여야 한다. 둘째, 탄력적 근로시간제의 개별근로자에 대한 적용을 개선하여 근로자대표와의 서면합의에 있어 개별근로자와 충분한 협의를 하도록 하는 조치가 필요하고, 셋째, 정산 단위기간 동안 연장 근로의 허용시간을 명확히 하여야 하며, 넷째, 1일 최대근로시간이 정해지지 않고 있어 근로시간의 한도를 최대 근로시간으로 제한하거나 연속휴식에 대한 적용이 필요하며, 추가적으로 근로자대표의 서면합의가 탄력적 근로시간제의 적용에 있어 중요한 문제이므로 근로자대표의 대표성을 확보하여야 할 것이다.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2019

최근 ICT기술이 발전함에 따라 사이버공격 또한 지능화, 고도화 되고 있다. 이러한 사이버공격에 대응하기 위해서는 24시간 365일 보안관제체계를 유지해야 하며, 이를 위해 보안관제는 필수적인 교대근무를 해야 한다. 보안관제요원은 24시간동안 교대근무를 통해 사이버공격에 맞서 실시간으로 대응할 수 있어야 하나 2018년 근로기준법 개정에 따라 인력과 보안관제 근무체계에 영향을 주게 되었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 주 52시간 근무시간 단축에 따른 효율적인 보안관제 근무체계를 제안한다.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2002

According to the Labor Standard Law in Japan which was enacted after World War II in 1947, all work hours for adult men, women, and youth were set at a maximum of eight hours per day and forty-eight hours per week. In other words, a six-day work week, with only one-day off, was set. Now we are in the full five-day and two-day off school system. The five-day school week influences on our home life. Students are highly enthused by the new system, in looking forward to their personal time they now have to play with friends, to relax, or just watch TV. To implement this new five-day school system positively and effectively, we should see the point at issue related to the two-day off system from a different angle, which suggests that we should see far ahead into the future.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.18.1-18.7
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• 2023

South Korea has the highest policy priority for working hour regulations because it has longer annual working hours than other Organization for Economic Development Co-operation and Development countries and has fewer holidays. According to the results of the Working Conditions Surveys between 2006 and 2020, in 2020, 6% of wage earners worked for > 52 hours weekly. The percentage of workers exceeding 52 hours weekly has decreased over time; however, disparities exist based on age, industry, occupation, company type, and company size, particularly in service-, arts-, and culture-related occupations and workplaces with fewer than 5 employees. South Korea's working hours system is greatly influenced by the 52-hour weekly maximum; sometimes, a maximum of 64-69 hours, including overtime, is theoretically possible. To ensure healthy working hours, it is important to actively protect workers who fall through the cracks, such as those in businesses with fewer than 5 employees.