• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 1998

Objective : The sensation of dysphagia, heartburn, globus hystericus, and functional dyspepsia are common symptoms of the functional upper gut disorders. This study was designed to investigate quantity of perceived stress, depression, and anxiety in the patients with functional upper gut symptoms whose esopahgeal manometry(EM) and gatroesophageal reflux (GERT) test were normal. Methods : A total of 38 patients who complained of the symptoms had been tested with 24-hour ambulatory EM and conventional GERT in our gastrointestinal clinic. Thirty patients whose tests had been normal(patients group) were assessed with Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), and Spielberger Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) and compared with 30 patients(control group) without functional upper gut symtpoms in the hepatobiliary clinic. The two groups were also assessed by quantity of perceived stress during the last year through self-report. Results: 1) These patients tended to be predominently female, older, and possessed a lower education than control group. 79% of 38 patients who had been tested were normal. 2) Compared to the control group, the patients had significantly higher mean scores on four subscales(somatization, depression, anxiety, and positive symptom distress index). 3) The patient group had significantly more perceived stress than the control group. 4) The patients group had significantly higher levels of depression than the control gorup, but there was not any significant difference in the STAI. 5) There were significant positive correlations between the BDI score and the STAI-trait, the STAI-stait and the STAI-trait, the quantity of perceived stress and the STAI-trait. Conlusion : The patients with functional upper gut symptoms displayed more, psychological distress, sornatization, anxiety, and deperssion. Among them, patients had higer depression than control group. Functional upper gut symtoms could be more appropriately viewed as somatic symptoms of depression. These findings suggest that such patients need to have psychiatric intervention and treatment.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to compare the physical health, anxiety and depression of the Dan-Jeon Breathing trained group with those of a non-trained group and to analyze the relationship between the training period of Dan-Jeon Breathing method and physical health, anxiety, and depression. The number of people in the Dan-Jeon Breathing trained group over 3 months was 149 and in the non-trained group 142. Data were collected from August to October 1999. As tools, 35 physical symptom questions were chosen from The Cornell Medical Index modified by Nam(1965) and from the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R) by Kim(1984); 10 questions on anxiety and 13 questions on depression were used in the study. The statistics of the study were gathered by using SPSS Window; the analysis was made by applying $X^2$-test, t-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and Scheffe tests. The results were as follows. 1. The Dan-Jeon Breathing trained group had lower physical symptom score and showed less anxiety and depression than the non-trained group, which supported the 1st, 2nd, 3rd hypotheses. 2. The longer the training period of Dan-Jeon Breathing, the lower the physical symptom score, which supports the 4th hypothesis, but the 5th and, 6th hypotheses were not supported because anxiety and depression did not get lower as the training period of Dan-Jeon Breathing got longer. 3. The physical symptom score, anxiety and depression that were made by the general characteristics of Dan-Jeon Breathing trained group were analyzed. As a result, the physical symptom score of women was greater than that of men. Physical symptoms score and the rate of anxiety and depression were different by education levels. The degree of anxiety was different by age. Those who have a religion have a higher physical symtoms score than people who have no religion. There was no difference in physical health score, anxiety and depression according to marital status, economic status and occupations. The results suggest that the physical and mental health status of Dan-Jeon Breathing trained group is better than that of the non-trained group. Physical symptoms scores gets lower as the training period of Dan-Jeon Breathing gets longer which results in the improvement of physical health status.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1993

A comparison was made between workers exposed to organic solvents and those not exposed to them regarding stress perception and psychopathology, using GARS scale and SCL-90-R. The exposed group scored significantly higher than the non-exposed group in stress perception relevant to job-wort changes in relationship, sickness or injury, financial, and overall global area. The exposed group was significantly higher in somatization scale than the non-exposed group. However, there was no significant correlation between duration of exposure and psychopathology. In each of the groups. female workers showed more psychopathology than male ones. Age showed significantly nagative correlation with psychopathology. These results suggest that the exposed group shows higher stress perception and more psychopathology than the non-exposed group. Thus. it is emphasized that health policy makers as well as employers should pay more attention to health. espcially mental health for the workers exposed to organic solvents.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the differences between clinical and quantitative sensory testing (QST) results among persistent idiopathic dentoalveolar pain (PIDP), inflammatory dental pain, and control group subjects to identify discriminative clinical features for differential diagnosis. Methods: Thirty-three patients (5 PIDP-a without surgical procedures 10 PIDP-b with surgical procedures, 8 dental pain patients, and 10 controls) were evaluated for clinical features and QST results. Cold pain threshold, heat pain threshold, mechanical pain threshold (MPT), mechanical pain sensitivity, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were performed. Psychological factors were assessed using Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) and a chart review was conducted to evaluate additional discriminative clinical features such as pain quality and treatment prognosis. Results: The dental pain group had lower PPT than the PIDP-b and the control group. The PIDP-a group showed higher MPT and PPT than the PIDP-b and dental pain group but the difference was not statistically significant. Differences in SCL-90-R SOM (Somatization), O-C (obsessive-compulsive), ANX (anxiety), and PSY (Psychoticism) values were statistically significant among groups. PIDP-a and PIDP-b groups showed remaining symptoms after treatment and the pain tended to spread widely, whereas, in toothache patients, symptoms disappeared after treatment. However, factors that confound the diagnosis, such as an increase in pain during chewing and a decrease in the pain threshold at the affected site, could also be identified. Conclusions: PIDP and dental pain groups have distinct clinical symptoms, but there are also factors that cause confusing in diagnosis. Therefore, various clinical examination results should be carefully reviewed and comprehensively evaluated in the differential diagnosis process.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.155-162
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• 2015

Purpose: The association between pain and sleep is described as a vicious cycle and psychological distress is well known as comorbid condition in the patients with pain and sleep problems. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbance and its relationship to clinical and psychological profiles in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. Methods: The sample consisted of 123 TMD patients (90 women and 33 men), with a mean age of $39.9{\pm}15.4years$. Self-report measures of sleep quality, pain and psychological profile were conducted via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Brief Pain Inventory and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision at the initial visit. The primary diagnosis of TMD were categorized as TMD with internal derangement without pain, TMD with joint pain, TMD with muscle pain and TMD with joint-muscle combined pain. The chi-square test, independent t-test, oneway ANOVA and multiple linear regression analysis were used for statistics. Results: The patients was grouped as good sleepers (n=32, scores of 5 and lower) and poor sleepers (n=91, scores of 6 and higher) according to the recommended cutoff point of the global PSQI score (>5). TMD patients with pain showed poor sleep quality than TMD patients with internal derangement without pain. Poor sleepers had high pain interference and elevated psychological distress. Among them, pain interference and depression were significant predictors to sleep quality. Conclusions: The results suggest that sleep disturbance is a prevalent complaint in TMD patients, and sleep problems in TMD patients are associated with pain and psychological distress.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.48-53
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in clinical signs and symptoms, and psychological profiles of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) between juvenile and adult patients. Methods: Two-hundred eighty-three TMJ OA patients who visited the Orofacial Pain Clinic of Seoul National University Dental Hospital were classified by juvenile (153 patients; mean age $14.2{\pm}1.7$ years, range 9-16 years) and adult (130 patients; mean age $34.0{\pm}2.8$ years, range 30-40 years) groups, and compared the clinical symptoms based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) axis I guidelines including Graded Chronic Pain (GCP) scale, mandibular range of motion, and the associated symptoms. Psychological profiles were also evaluated using the Symptom Checklist 90-Revision (SCL-90-R). Results: Juvenile patients reported lower pain intensity and a lower prevalence of headache and clenching than adult patients. Their mandibular range of motion was also higher than adult patients. Juvenile patients showed a lower percentage of patients with T-score above 50 in somatization (SOM), obsessive-compulsive (O-C), interpersonal sensitivity (I-S), and paranoid ideation (PAR) than adults. Based on the GCP scale, the percentage of the high disability group was lower in juveniles. Conclusions: Juvenile TMJ OA patients generally showed milder clinical symptoms than adults. Adult patients showed higher prevalence of psychological problems and higher disability than juvenile patients. Age should be considered in evaluation and treatment of TMJ OA patients to achieve better treatment results and understanding its pathophysiology.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2003

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate 1) the prevalence of depressive symptoms, 2) the severity of depressive symptoms, 3) the correlation of depressive symptoms with clinical variables, and 4) factors that contribute to depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: One hundred eighteen patients with Parkinson's disease referred from the Parkinson's Disease Clinic of Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea, completed a self-administered questionnaire package, which included basic demographic data, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, a structured interview and a complete neurological examination, including the Hoehn and Yahr stage, the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(some selected scales of UPDRS part III), the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale(ADL), and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed. Results: 1) Based on BDI score, subjects were divided into four groups:severely(40.7%), moderately(13.6%) and mildly(12.7%) depressive and non-depressive(33.1%). 2) The severity of depressive symptom in Parkinson's disease was positively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr(H & Y) stage(r=0.34, p<0.0001), the severity of motor symptom(r=0.35, p<0.0001), and trait anxiety inventory(r=0.33, p<0.001). On the other hand, the severity of depressive symptom was negatively correlated with educational level(r=-0.34, p<0.001), ADL(r=-0.37, p<0.0001) and Parkinson's disease quality of life (PDQL)(r=-0.69, p<0.0001). Among several clinical variables, the PDQL was the most influential factor predicting whether the depressive symptom was present or not. Conclusion: This study suggests that depressive symptom is very prevalent among patients with Parkinson's disease. Data from this study indicate that medical staffs who take care of patients with Parkinson's disease should pay attention to finding and treating depressive symptom among their patients. With appropriate psychiatric intervention, patient's depressive symptom can be minimized or alleviated and thus, the quality of life in these patients is likely enhanced.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.3866-3875
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of mental health among nursing students in Korea and identify factors influencing the tendency to mental health. A self-report survey was conducted with South Korean nursing students who were from 19 to 23 years old. 269 nursing students were included in the study. The instruments utilized in the study were Symptom Checklist-90-Revision, Stress and multidimensional coping. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and Simultaneous multiple regression with SPSS WIN 20.0. The average mental health score of the participants was 0.57. Significant predictors for mental health 'College-level stress', 'Self-criticism', 'Passive withdrawal', 'Nursing satisfaction' and 'Health state'. The study findings suggest that nursing students require special concern regarding the risk of mental health. Multi and interdisciplinary mental health promotion program will enhance the mental health of nursing students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.29-37
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between psychosocial factors and the severity of musculoskeletal pain in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: A total of 60 subjects were recruited from among the veterans with musculoskeletal pain at D Veterans Hospital. PTSD was evaluated by using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; severity of pain was measured by using the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ); depression and anxiety were measured by using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision; and the quality of sleep was measured by using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. All data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software for Windows. RESULTS: The averages cores of pain intensity ($7.48{\pm}1.67$), SF-MPQ-sensory ($13.84{\pm}7.52$), SF-MPQ-affective ($4.41{\pm}3.79$), depression ($19.30{\pm}11.37$), anxiety ($13.39{\pm}7.99$), and quality of sleep ($10.05{\pm}5.89$) were obtained in veterans with PTSD. SF-MPQ-sensory measures sleep quality (r=0.346, p<0.01), SF-MPQ-affective measures depression (r=0.318, p<0.01) and anxiety (r=0.404, p<0.01), and these showed a statistically significant positive correlation in veterans with PTSD. Pain levels were observed to be higher in veterans with PTSD. Moreover, in these subjects, physical pain had a significant influence on the anxiety variable among the psychosocial factors. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that musculoskeletal pain provides meaningful information about depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder in veterans with PTSD. Our data suggest that musculoskeletal pain may need to be addressed as part of the health management process of veterans.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.458-463
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• 2016

This study aimed to assess changes in maximum bite force and psychological elements in patients with bruxism treated with botulinum toxin who visited the hospital with a chief complaint of masseter hypertrophy. From among the subjects with masseter hypertrophy as the chief complaint, 10 patients with and 10 without bruxism were selected. We measured bite force prior to botulinum toxin injection and at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the injection and assessed changes in psychological elements by using Symptom Checklist 90 Revision. The study results showed statistically significant differences in maximum bite force on both the right and left sides between the patients with and those without bruxism, according to periodic changes (p<0.05). Depression elements showed statistically significant changes in the patients with bruxism (p<0.05). In the bruxism and non-bruxism groups, the patients recovered from anxiety in accordance with the periodic changes (p<0.05). Our study results indicate that the patients with bruxism show significant changes in interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety according to the treatment periods, and that occlusal force and depression were significantly related. Therefore, when setting a treatment plan for bruxism, multilateral psychological elements must be considered, along with functional elements.