• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.63-76
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• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.77-90
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: The field margins, which are uncultivated area of permanent vegetation located adjacent to field, play an important role in enhancing biodiversity in the agricultural ecosystem. This study focused on floristic characteristics on dry field margins in Korea Peninsula. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted at margins of 196 dry fields in 32 areas in 8 provinces in May and September 2013. The vascular plants of the dry field margins were listed 347 taxa which contain 73 families, 219 genera, 311 species, 1 subspecies, 30 varieties and 5 forms. Of these 347 taxa, 48 taxa were woody plants and 299 taxa were herbaceous plants. Among total 73 families, Compositae (17.6%) was the most dominant family, and followed Gramineae (15.9%), Polygonaceae (5.8%), Leguminosae (4.9%) and Cyperaceae (3.8%). Based on relative frequency values of survey fields, the appearance frequency of Digitaria ciliaris (89.8%) was the highest, and followed Acalypha australis (86.2%), Artemisia princeps (82.1%), Commelina communis (80.6%) and Portulaca oleracea (80.6%). Disturbance index of dry field margins was 55.0% at national level, and Gangwon region was the highest among the 8 regions at regional level. Life form spectrum was determined to be $Th-R_5-D_4-etype$. CONCLUSION: These results will be used fundamental data for studies to improve or even stabilize the current state of plant biodiversity in agricultural environments.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

Objectives: To survey the awareness of patient to scrub typhus to provide data for education and communication concerning scrub typhus. Methods: Patients with scrub typhus (case group, n=299) and people without scrub typhus within the previous 2 years (control group, n=598) were matched for age (within 5 years), gender, and occupation (farmer or non-farmer). The participants were recruited from 15 study areas between October and December 2006. Results: The awareness rate of scrub typhus was 75.1%, and was significantly higher than in the case group (79.4% vs. 66.6%, respectively; p<0.01). The major routes of awareness were from 'past history of scrub typhus in family members or neighbors' (54.9%), 'television' (28.3%), and their past history of scrub typhus (5.5%). The average correct rate of scrub typhus was 48.4%, and the correct response rate of cases was significantly higher than controls (p<0.01). Especially, the correct rate of etiology, incubation period, route of transmission, and acquired immunity was <40%. Through conditional logistic regression test, the factor significantly associated with awareness in case group was age (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-0.98). And the factors associated with awareness in control group were female (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.03-2.36) age (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), family history of scrub typhus (OR, 10.18; 95% CI, 1.37-75.99), history of receiving prevention education (OR, 8.47; 95% CI, 1.14-63.00). Conclusions: The rate of awareness was relatively low in study population. Thus, effective working guidelines and educational program to prevent scrub typhus must be developed, and publicity activities about the prevention of scrub typhus are needed for high-risk groups.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.22-39
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• 1997

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation education on the reduction of the stress of family members who have patients suffering from stroke and to find a new way to nurse the patients and their family. Subjects & Methods: The subjects were sixty-one family members with the patients who had been hospotalized in K hospital of oriental medicine from september the 9th, 1996 to september the fourteen, 1996. This study was performed by simulated control group pretest-posttest design; pretest was done on the control group through a questionnaire, counselling and observation while posttest was done on the experimental group 1-2 days after systemic rehabilitation education. To teach the patients and their family, the amended version of a book written by Lee Hae-jin was used as a tool for systemic rehabilitation education. As a method to estimate ADL score, modified Kang's method was applied and ADL score was measured by well-trained technician. As for the tool to estimate the degree of family stress, Choi's method adjusted to this study was applied. In the analysis of the data, social property of the patient and the characteristic of the disease were surveyed in $X^2$ examination to confirm the consistency between the experimental group and the control group. The diffrence in the degree of the stress, which is a dependent factor, was examined by t-test. The difference in ADL score between the experimental group and the control group was examined by t-test. The difference in the degree of the stress according to the general feature of the family with stroke patient, social property of the patients and the characteristic of the disease were surveyed by F examination. The difference in family stress according to the degree of ADL was surveyed by F examination. RESULTS: 1. After hypothetically-examined systemic rehabilitation education, the total of the score of family stress surveyed in 34 items of three domains was compared between the experimental group and the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups; mean score of experimental group=2.28, that of control group=2.93(t=.17, df=59, p=. 66). 2. In the survey on family stress in 34 items, the items over mean score 3.0 were firstly the anxiety of possible disability and relapse of the disease and secondly to watch the patient's suffering without doing anything in the domain of the change of the disease and the difficulty in caring. And the items of the lowest stress with less than mean 2.0 score were little chance to meet the relative and friends, inconsistent treatment and attitude of the medical workers and the change of the attitude of the relative due to the patient orderly in the domain of social and personal relation and the responsibility as the family. The items which showed the difference between two groups were aggravation of neighboring patient(t=3.36, df= 59, p=.001) and the possibility of patient's death(t=2.19, df=58.38, p=.033) in the domain of the change of the disease and the difficulty in caring. 3. In the study on the stress difference according to general features of the family with the stroke patient, the score of family stress with the occupation was higher with mean 2.49 than that of the family stress without occupation with mean 2.16, but there was no significant difference. (F=5.21, df=1/59, p=.026). 4. In the study on the stress difference according to social property of the patient and the characteristic of the disease, there was significant difference in the age of the patients (F=2.98, df=3/57, p=.039). These results show that even if there is no statistically significant difference between two groups, sixteen of the experimental group are less than 3.0 in ADL score(standard 6 score)while eight of the control group are less than 3.0 and that ten of the experimental group are in the year range of 39-49 while four of the control group are in the year range of 39-49 which showed significant difference in family stress. These imply that there is a possibility that the experimental group have serious and fundamental stress resulting in high pretest stress compared with the control group. It might be due to the characteristic of simulated control group pretest-posttest design that the psychologic-supportive effect by the education was not observed. On the basis of these results, the followings are suggested. 1) A study on the nursing-mediated method to reduce the stress in the items which are not resolved by rehabilitation education, a study on nursing according to the patient's age and a study on the supportive nursing toward the family with occupation are required. 2) More than two times consecutive nursing-mediated rehabilitation education to measure the family stress is required. 3) Comprehensive and multilateral systemic education program including the instruction on western-eastern medicine, physical therapy, exercise and diet through collaboration of the experts in each field is required. 4) Family stress at home as well as in the hospital needs to be estimated and home rehabilitation and home-nursing needs to be continued.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.46-69
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• 2001

Hospice Care is the best way to care for terminally ill patients and their family members. However most of them can not receive the appropriate hospice service because the Korean health delivery system is mainly be focussed on acutly ill patients. This study was carried out to clarify the situation of hospice in Korea and to develop a hospice care delivery system model which is appropriate in the Korean context. The theoretical framework of this study that hospice care delivery system is composed of hospice resources with personnel, facilities, etc., government and non-government hospice organization, hospice finances, hospice management and hospice delivery, was taken from the Health Delivery System of WHO(1984). Data was obtained through data analysis of litreature, interview, questionairs, visiting and Delphi Technique, from October 1998 to April 1999 involving 56 hospices, 1 hospice research center, 3 non-government hospice organizations, 20 experts who have had hospice experience for more than 3 years(mean is 9 years and 5 months) and officials or members of 3 non-government hospice organizations. There are 61 hospices in Korea. Even though hospice personnel have tried to study and to provide qualified hospice serices, there is nor any formal hospice linkage or network in Korea. This is the result of this survey made to clarify the situation of Korean hospice. Results of the study by Delphi Technique were as follows: 1.Hospice Resources: Key hospice personnel were found to be hospice coordinator, doctor, nurse, clergy, social worker, volunteers. Necessary qualifications for all personnel was that they conditions were resulted as have good health, receive hospice education and have communication skills. Education for hospice personnel is divided into (i)basic training and (ii)special education, e.g. palliative medicine course for hospice specialist or palliative care course in master degree for hospice nurse specialist. Hospice facilities could be developed by adding a living room, a space for family members, a prayer room, a church, an interview room, a kitchen, a dining room, a bath facility, a hall for music, art or work therapy, volunteers' room, garden, etc. to hospital facilities. 2.Hospice Organization: Whilst there are three non-government hospice organizations active at present, in the near future an hospice officer in the Health&Welfare Ministry plus a government Hospice body are necessary. However a non-government council to further integrate hospice development is also strongly recommended. 3.Hospice Finances: A New insurance standards, I.e. the charge for hospice care services, public information and tax reduction for donations were found suggested as methods to rise the hospice budget. 4.Hospice Management: Two divisions of hospice management/care were considered to be necessary in future. The role of the hospice officer in the Health & Welfare Ministry would be quality control of hospice teams and facilities involved/associated with hospice insurance standards. New non-government integrating councils role supporting the development of hospice care, not insurance covered. 5.Hospice delivery: Linkage&networking between hospice facilities and first, second, third level medical institutions are needed in order to provide varied and continous hospice care. Hospice Acts need to be established within the limits of medical law with regards to standards for professional staff members, educational programs, etc. The results of this study could be utilizes towards the development to two hospice care delivery system models, A and B. Model A is based on the hospital, especially the hospice unit, because in this setting is more easily available the new medical insurance for hospice care. Therefore a hospice team is organized in the hospital and may operate in the hospice unit and in the home hospice care service. After Model A is set up and operating, Model B will be the next stage, in which medical insurance cover will be extended to home hospice care service. This model(B) is also based on the hospital, but the focus of the hospital hospice unit will be moved to home hospice care which is connected by local physicians, national public health centers, community parties as like churches or volunteer groups. Model B will contribute to the care of terminally ill patients and their family members and also assist hospital administrators in cost-effectiveness.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-44
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• 1999

Digital maps produced in Korea are various in scale and include a lot of geographic and attribute data. In this study, it is argued that, to reduce the production cost and the difficulties for renewal, it is necessary to establish the already nationally drawn 1:5,000 scale digital maps as the base maps and simplify them as much as the TIGER files in the U.S. The comprehensive data included in the digital maps in Korea are mostly land use information, which are supposed to be established separately from the digital maps. The land use information system could be maintained and updated cheaply and frequently at the local government level. In response to common needs, the land use information could be imported to GIS and used for analyses. As technologies and societies changes, the Census questions and methodologies should be changed for better uses. Along with GIS, the Census would be developed and processed more reliably and efficiently. Also, it is recommended for Korean government to develop the Census Tract and Block Group system. Current Eup, Myon, Dong as basic units for Census information may not be useful or effective for micro level urban analyses and public service planning activities because of their large population and land areas. It is recommended that optimum population of a Census Tract be 5,000 and a Block Groups 1,500, and one Census Tract includes 1~9 Block Groups. It is recommend that Census Tract and Block Group boundary lines be decided flexibly in light of population, physical features, socio-economic attributes, and tradition. For urban analyses using GIS, socio-economic census data, city government's information such as parcel data and building permit data, survey data, and satellite image data could also be used. The existence of Census Tracts and Block Groups as well as GIS could help for the data and methods to be useful for urban analyses and public service provisions.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual conditions of the subjective oral malodor perception of the survey subjects. Through the subjective questionnaire method over about 3 months from June to August in 2007, the data was collected targeting 275 adults. Statistical methods used were Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and One-way ANOVA. And, the following results were obtained. 1. When having seen the ratio of those who were conscious of oral malodor, the adults, who responded with saying of feeling oral malodor at present and at ordinary times, accounted for 68.4% and 79.3%, respectively. And, the adults, who responded with saying of not feeling, were indicated to be 31.6%(at present) and 20.7%(at ordinary times), respectively. 2. Almost 83.5% of total people answered that they had most severe oral malodor at the time of awakening and 51.9% of subjects answered tongue contributed to the their oral malodor. 3. About the type of oral malodor, although 37.2% of the group thought the type of oral malodor was a food smell and fetid smell was second general burning smell occurred the time of hunger(22.5%). 4. In the answers of hoping for treatment of oral malodor, 66.9% of the people showed positive response to dental treatment for controlling their oral malodor. Especially 7.3% of subjects showed very big desire for treatment. 5. In the level of oral malodor that is felt now according to the time of a meal, the case of within 1 hour after having a meal was responded to be not felt the oral malodor with 44.7%. And, there was response with saying of not feeling oral malodor in 37.6% as for 1-2 hours, 16.3% as for 2-3 hours, 14.8% as for 3-4 hours, and 23.7% as for more than 4 hours. Thus, the level of oral malodor according to the time of a meal showed the statistically significant difference(p<0.01). Through the results of this study, it could be known about whether or not being conscious of oral malodor in general people, the main cause and region for oral malodor, the importance and practicing method of tongue brush through literature. Accordingly, there is necessity of further researching and comparing whether or not being conscious of oral malodor by diversely surveying relevancy with factors of causing oral malodor based on the objective oral malodor measurement value. The future diverse researches are thought to be necessarily performed in order to prevent or reduce oral malodor.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2010

Objective: We surveyed awareness levels of brucellosis, Q fever and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) among dairy farmers in Gyeonggi Province to suggest directions for public education and public relations. Methods: We designed questionnaires to evaluate awareness of 3 major zooneses. We conducted a questionnaire survey to assess knowledge of the general characteristics of them, information sources for the awareness of zooneses, and the mode of transmission. Subjects were 716 workers from 482 dairy farms in Gyeonggi province. Results: The awareness levels for brucellosis, Q fever, and EHEC were 90.2%, 2.5% and 56.6%, respectively. Awareness of brucellosis and EHEC were tended to increase with higher number of school years. Television was the most common route of information for these zoonoses. Most common responses for questions concerning the method of transmission for each zoonoses, 'Contact with parturient fluid or placenta of animal' was 63.2% for brucellosis, 'Ingestion of raw meat or residual product' was 66.7% and 64.2% for Q fever and EHEC, respectively. The most common reason why dairy farmers think that it is difficult to prevent zoonoses was the inconvenience of wearing protection. Conclusions: Education programs for zoonoses, especially Q fever, are needed for dairy farmers. In addition, publicity information activities about prevention of zoonoses are needed for high risk groups, such as the dairy farmers surveyed.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.417-427
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was conducted to develop a Korean version of the Participatory Action Oriented Training (PAOT) program and training materials for improvement of agricultural working environments. Methods: The PAOT manual and checklist were developed on the basis of the original English version of the training materials, a questionnaire survey of agricultural health and safety professionals, and a brainstorming conference. Good example pictures were collected through visits to agricultural workers' houses, and an easily understandable picture was drawn by an animation specialist. A PAOT action manual and five types of action checklists were developed for use in different agricultural environments. Each action checklist contained six categories and 38 items of agricultural health and safety principles; the six categories were material storage and handling, work stations and tools, machine safety, physical environment, working schedule and organization, and basic health and safety management. Incorporating these training materials, a one-day Korean PAOT program was developed. Results: Among 307 candidate agricultural workers from four rural Korean villages, 94 workers (59 males, 35 females) participated in a PAOT from July 2007 to Oct 2008. The PAOT program was successful and the mean self-estimated satisfaction score of the participants was greater than 90%. Conclusions: A Korean PAOT program and training materials were successfully developed and applied to Korean agricultural workers. Although more studies are needed, it is expected that PAOT will greatly contribute to the improvement of agricultural working conditions and health and safety through the use of agricultural workers' self initiatives.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.182-194
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• 2013

Objectives: To identify and compare the health behaviors and health status of the elderly between urban and rural areas using the data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The study population comprised 3,823 elderly people aged 65 years or older who participated in the $4^{th}$ KNHANES (2007-2009). The areas were classified into "large cities," "cities," and "rural areas" using the administrative and residential areas. The health behaviors and health status of the elderly between the rural and urban areas were compared using a complex sample design with the Rao-Scott chi-square test and weighted multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Compared to large cities, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of rural areas were as high as 1.58 (1.25-2.01) for the influenza vaccination and as low as 0.47 (0.37-0.59) for flexibility exercises, 0.56 (0.38-0.81) for muscular exercises, and 0.76 (0.62-0.92) for obesity. The ORs (CI) for osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus were as low as 0.81 (0.66-0.99) and 0.70 (0.55-0.89), respectively. Conclusions: The health behaviors and health status of the elderly are better in rural areas than in urban areas despite the fact that the socioeconomic conditions in rural areas are poorer that those in urban areas. These findings suggest that programs suitable for residential areas should be developed and that studies to explain the differences in residential areas are needed.