• Smart Media Journal
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.45-59
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• 2023

Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) is a task of localizing an object in an image using only image-level labels. Previous studies have followed the conventional class activation mapping (CAM) pipeline. However, we reveal the current CAM approach suffers from problems which cause original CAM could not capture the complete defects features. This work utilizes a convolutional neural network (CNN) pretrained on image-level labels to generate class activation maps in a multi-scale manner to highlight discriminative regions. Additionally, a vision transformer (ViT) pretrained was treated to produce multi-head attention maps as an auxiliary detector. By integrating the CNN-based CAMs and attention maps, our approach localizes defective regions without requiring bounding box or pixel-level supervision during training. We evaluate our approach on a dataset of apple images with only image-level labels of defect categories. Experiments demonstrate our proposed method aligns with several Object Detection models performance, hold a promise for improving localization.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.897-900
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• 2012

We examined theory for force-induced unbinding on a two-dimensional free energy surface where the internal dynamics of biomolecules is coupled with the rupture process under constant tension f. We show that only if the transition state ensemble is narrow and activation barrier is high, the f-dependent rupture rate in the 2D potential surface can faithfully be described using an effective 1D energy profile.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1992

The adsorption efficiency of some adsorbents for the organic solvents and gas phase of smoke was investigated. 1. Specific surface area of activated carbon increased to 1900 mfg with increased activation time. 2. Adsorption efficiency of benzene and acetone increased with increasing total surface area. Adsorption capacity for gas phase such as hydrogen cyanide, aldehyde was proportional to the micro pore surface area under 20A. 3. The removal efficiency of particulate matter of smoke was higher with the adsorbents of relatively higher pore size compared to that of micro pore.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1978

Hadong Kaolin (Halloysite) was granulated cylindrically and treated with 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution for 6-48 hrs at 60-10$0^{\circ}C$. The crystalling structure of surface of the products was studied by X-ray powder diffraction method. The reaction rate of halloysite to sodium A zeolite showed a gradual decrease from surface to inner layer. At the surface layer, the reaction mechanism was observed as first order consecutive reaction as follows: halloysitelongrightarrowamorphous aluminosilicatelongrightarrowsodium A zeolitelongrightarrowhydroxysodalite By applying the above reaction mechanism, the rate constants and activation energies was measured.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.460-467
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• 2016

Activated carbons (ACs) have been used as EDLC (electric double-layer capacitor) electrode materials due to their high specific area, stability, and ecological advantages. In order to prepare ACs with high density and crystallinity, coal tar pitch (CTP) was activated by $K_2CO_3$ and the textural and electrochemical properties of the obtained ACs were investigated. Although the CTP ACs formed by $K_2CO_3$ activation had much smaller specific surface area and pore volume than did the CTP ACs formed by KOH activation, their volumetric specific capacitance (F/cc) levels as electrode materials for EDLC were comparable due to their higher density and micro-crystallinity. Structural characterization and EDLC-electrode performance were studied with different activation conditions of $CTP/K_2CO_3$ ratio, activation temperature, and activation period.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on multifidus and external oblique abdominis muscle activation during hip contraction of three types (concentric, isometric, eccentric) in standing position. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty healthy adult men volunteered to participate in this study. Muscle activation was recorded from gluteus maximus, both multifidus, and both external oblique abdominis by surface electromyography (EMG) while holding position in the type of gluteus maximus contraction. EMG values were normalized by maximum muscle contractions (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction). All subjects performed hip extension with three contraction methods. The type of gluteus maximus contraction using Thera-band was composed of concentric contraction (type 1), isometric contraction (type 2), and eccentric contraction (type 3). To measure muscle activation on the gluteus maximus contraction type, each position were maintained for 5 seconds with data collection taken place during middle three seconds. Muscle activation was measured in each position three times. Results: For the results of this study, there was no significant difference within three contraction patterns of the gluteus maximus (concentric, isometric, and eccentric) each both multifidus, both external oblique abdominis, and gluteus maximus. And there was no significant difference among both multifidus, both external oblique abdominis, and gluteus maximus each hip extension contraction type. Conclusions: These findings suggest that specific contraction types of the gluteus maximus does not lead to a more effective activation of the multifidus, external oblique abdominis, and gluteus maximus.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate how different levels of compression exerted on the femoral region (known as the power zone) by coated fabric influences the activation and anaerobic capacity of the rectus femoris. Method: Three different levels of compression on the rectus femoris of the participants, namely 0% (normal condition), 9% (downsize), and 18% (downsize), were tested. The material of the fabric used in this study was nonfunctional polyurethane. Surface electromyography test was used to investigate the activation of the rectus femoris, while the isokinetic test (Cybex, $60^{\circ}/sec$) and Wingate test were used to investigate the maximum anaerobic power. Results: The different compression levels (0%, 9%, and 18%) did not improve the strength and anaerobic capacity of the knee extensor. However, knee flexor interfered with activation of the biceps femoris, which is an agonist for flexion, during 18% compression. Conclusion: Compression garments might improve the stretch shortening cycle effect at the time of eccentric contraction and during transition from eccentric to concentric contraction. Therefore, future studies are required to further investigate these findings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to know the muscle activation after sub-talar joint mobilition and active exercise, and the low leg muscle activity through the well-balanced interaction of ankle joint around muscle. Methods : For this study 61 experimental subjects are divided into 24 people of supination foot group, pronation foot group 17 people of, 20 people of control group through navicular drop test. Surface EMG was used in order to measure the muscle activities. following is the result of the data analysis about each experiment that has been carried on a week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks before, and even comparing with pre-experimental state. Results : In electromyogram study, the higher muscle activation there was before the experiment, the more muscle activation increase there was after the experiment in Tibialis Anterior, Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis.(p<.05). Conclusion : This study shows the balanced activation of foot and ankle-around muscle. It shows that foot shape affects the balanced activation recovery of lower leg muscles.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.187-191
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of our study aimed to identify the effect of static and dynamic bridge exercise with gym ball using gym ball on muscle activation of trunk and lower-limb in healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 20 healthy adults participated in this study. The individuals performed general bridge exercise, static and dynamic bridge exercise using gym ball. During the three methods of bridge exercises, electromyography (EMG) data (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction) of the rectus abdominis, erector spinae, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius were recorded using a wireless surface EMG system. Results: Rectus abdominis activation showed significantly greater during dynamic bridge exercise compared with general bridge exercise and dynamic bridge exercise. Erector spinae, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius were greater during static and dynamic bridge exercise compared with general bridge exercise. Conclusion: Based on our results, bridge exercise using gym ball, particularly integrating lower-limb movement, could be a useful method to enhance muscle activation of trunk and lower-limb (rectus abdominis, erector spinae, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.445-449
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• 2012

The activation process of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is important for the mass production of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. The conventional activation process for the MEA requires excessive time and hydrogen gas and it might become the barrier for the commercialization of the fuel cell. The conventional activation process is based on hydrolysis of ion conducting membrane. In the study, we suggest the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique as an on-line activation process and the CV activation process consists of two steps : 1) the humidification of the polymer electrolyte membrane and the electrode with 100% RH humidified nitrogen ($N_{2}$) gas, and 2) the removal step of the oxide layer on the surface of the Pt catalyst with CV cycling. The cycling reduces the activation time of the MEA by 2.5 h and use of hydrogen gas by 1/4.