• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

To strengthen the R&D capability and the competitiveness of the Korean oriental medicine industry, an adequate supply of qualified R&D personnel including medical doctors of Korean oriental medicine is an important precondition. This study analyze current and future R&D manpower requirements including medical doctors in the Korean oriental medicine research area. Our analyses can be utilized for developing the government R&D manpower planning including the adequate supply of medical doctors for the Korean oriental medicine research. For the study, we conducted and analyzed a delphi survey of the experts, the principal investigators, with expertise in Korean oriental medicine research areas. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, in 2007 the Korean oriental medicine R&D personnel is currently under-supplied as many as 302 people including 111 medical doctors of Korean oriental medicine. The rate of under-supplied is 28.2%. Second, in 2017 the forecast shows that the R&D personnel in this area will be more severely under-supplied as many as 539 people including 185 medical doctor of Korean oriental medicine. The rate of under-supplied will be 32.6%. As a result, the confrontation of demand and supply forecasts shows that, in general, severe shortages of R&D manpower in the areas of Korean oriental medicine will result if there are not adequate manpower policy adjustment.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.4 s.63
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• pp.296-306
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• 2006

It is difficult to solve problems regarding the adjustment on demand and supply of LNG due to seasonal variations of domestic demand of LNG, a discordance among import pattern and limits of storage facilities and so on. Also, there may be instability in LNG supply due to chances of accidents at LNG producing areas. Therefore, it is very important to secure large LNG storage facilities and to stabilize LNG supply management on a long term basis. The objective of this study is to examine the real-scale applicability of a lined underground rock storage system, which have been verified by a successful operation of the Daejeon LNG pilot plant. The new technology has many advantages of better economy, safety and environment protection, for above-ground and in-ground storage systems. The results of this study may promote the first ever real scale underground LNG storage system in a rock cavern.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.43-56
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• 2007

VRP(Vehicle Routing Problem) is studied in this paper, where two different kinds of missions are to be completed. The objective is to minimize the total vehicle operating distance. A mixed integer programming formulation and a heuristic algorithm for a practical use are suggested. A heuristic algorithm consists of three phases such as clustering, constructing routes, and adjustment. In the first phase, customers are clustered so that the supply nodes are grouped with demand nodes to be served by the same vehicle. Vehicle routes are generated within the cluster in the second phase. Clusters and routes are adjusted in the third phase using the UF (unfitness) rule designed to determine the customers and the routes to be moved properly. It is shown that the suggested heuristic algorithm yields good performances within a relatively short computational time through computational experiment.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.17-36
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• 2021

Purpose - This study provides useful information to stakeholders by forecasting the tramp shipping market, which is a completely competitive market and has a huge fluctuation in freight rates due to low barriers to entry. Moreover, this study provides the most effective parameters for Baltic Dry Index (BDI) prediction and an optimal model by analyzing and comparing deep learning models such as the artificial neural network (ANN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM). Design/methodology - This study uses various data models based on big data. The deep learning models considered are specialized for time series models. This study includes three perspectives to verify useful models in time series data by comparing prediction accuracy according to the selection of external variables and comparison between models. Findings - The BDI research reflecting the latest trends since 2015, using weekly data from 1995 to 2019 (25 years), is employed in this study. Additionally, we tried finding the best combination of BDI forecasts through the input of external factors such as supply, demand, raw materials, and economic aspects. Moreover, the combination of various unpredictable external variables and the fundamentals of supply and demand have sought to increase BDI prediction accuracy. Originality/value - Unlike previous studies, BDI forecasts reflect the latest stabilizing trends since 2015. Additionally, we look at the variation of the model's predictive accuracy according to the input of statistically validated variables. Moreover, we want to find the optimal model that minimizes the error value according to the parameter adjustment in the ANN model. Thus, this study helps future shipping stakeholders make decisions through BDI forecasts.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2013

In order to improve oyster farming condition, estimation of food availability (CC) was carried out in Garorim Bay, Seosan, Korea. The primary production of the waters were ranged from 0.07 to $0.26gC/m^2/day$. A strong tendency was observed that the inner side of the bay was higher at primary production. Estimated food availability was ranged from 0.0424 to 1.655. Temporal shortage in food supply was observed at April with about 15% less than the oysters' requirement, which may be causative of spat mortality after introducing into the farms. Food availability was met the food demand during summer but significant shortage was also observed at after August, which may main causative of retarded oyster fattening in the waters. This study suggested that adjustment of cultural density may be necessary for the improved harvesting of the oyster.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-75
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• 2023

Compared to the EU, which legislates the Carbon Border Adjustment System (CBAM), the United States' carbon border adjustment policy movement is still relatively slow. Recently, however, a related bill has been proposed in the United States, and research institutes have been presenting research results on how to introduce an upstream carbon tax rather than an emission trading system and carry out carbon border adjustment based on it. Therefore, in this study, we looked at the economic and environmental effects of introducing this type of upstream carbon tax and carbon border adjustment in Korea. If an upstream carbon tax of KRW 30,000 per ton of CO₂ is applied to the net supply of domestic fossil energy, the expected carbon tax revenue is approximately KRW 22.9961 trillion, equivalent to about 5.7% of the total revenue of the Korean government of KRW 402 trillion in 2019. In addition, the carbon dioxide content of the steel sector, calculated based on the energy supply and demand status of the steel sector, which emits the most greenhouse gas emissions in Korea and has a considerable amount of overseas exports, was 106.22 million tons of CO₂. On the other hand, assuming that the upstream carbon tax of 30,000 won per ton of CO₂ embodied is directly passed on to the production cost of the steel sector, the carbon tax burden in the steel sector is estimated to reach approximately KRW 3.1865 trillion. Even after deducting KRW 1.1599 trillion in export refunds estimated by using the share of exports of steel products, the net carbon tax burden on steel products for domestic demand amounts to KRW 2.0266 trillion, which is analyzed to act as a factor in increasing the price of steel products.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.923-931
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• 2022

An increasing global population requires a greater food supply, and accordingly there is demand for enhanced production of rice, as a major crop plant that covers half of the world's population. Rice production in arid area is extremely difficult due to poor soil fertility, salinity, deficit of irrigation water, and weather conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine whether various fertilization recipes could provide a countermeasure to allow rice production while also providing soil amendment such as soil pH adjustment. The study was conducted at an experimental field of the United Arab-Emirates (UAE) from January to April, 2022. Rice seedlings (cv. Asemi, alkaline-resistant) were transplanted in plastic containers, and different types of water and nutrient managements were employed as follows: water management (flooding and aerobic for NPKs treatment group) and nutrient management (NPKs, slow release fertilizers [SRFs] and SRFs + NPK-1 treatment groups with flooding). Water and nutrient management did not show any effect on soil pH adjustment. Rice growth was significantly enhanced in the flooding compared to the aerobic condition, whereas the effect of nutrient management clearly differed among the treatment groups, with SRFs + NPK-1 showing the best results followed by SRFs and NPKs. Most of the fertilization groups markedly accumulated soluble sugars in the shoots and grains of rice plants, but concomitantly a decrease in the roots. Overall, the level of starch showed a tendency of relatively slight perturbation by fertilization. Taken together, the results indicate that soil physical structure should be preferentially amended to find the key for suitable rice production.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.363-382
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• 2023

This study aims to discern the determinants influencing the perception of workability among the elderly population and delineate an appropriate retirement age within the labor market context. Employing binary logistic regression, this research utilizes data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study (2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020) provided by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Welfare. The findings indicate that key factors shaping the elderly's perception of workability encompass familial responsibilities (household and marital status) and their levels of physical and mental well-being. Econometric analysis suggests an anticipated retirement age for the elderly population ranging between 67 and 69 years. In addressing labor market demands and informing policymakers, the study proposes deliberations on extending the retirement age for individuals aged 60 to 65. This range serves as a compromise between the identified retirement age of 67 to 69 and the current average retirement age for elderly labor market participants. Bridging the disparity between the perceived workability age and the prevailing labor market baseline is crucial for achieving social consensus. Therefore, any extension of the retirement age should carefully consider both the demand and supply perspectives within the labor market. The study's contribution lies in two main aspects: firstly, presenting a retirement age framework for the labor market that integrates the workability of the elderly population, and secondly, providing evidence-based research outcomes to guide informed labor policies.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.167-178
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• 2022

Purpose: South Korea has expanded its accelerated second-degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing program to resolve its supply-demand imbalance in nursing, although how these students are adapting to and performing in college after admission remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct an in-depth exploration of how Korean accelerated second-degree Bachelor of Science nursing students interact with society and adapt to college life for establishing further supportive educational policies and programs. Methods: Participants comprised 20 South Korean accelerated second-degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing students. The data were collected via online or offline in-depth interviews and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory and by applying a constant comparative method to achieve theoretical saturation. Results: The core category, derived using open, axial, and selective coding, was "process of the uncharted journey toward a new dream." The participants' college adaptation processes were found to involve three phases: trial and error, adjustment, and acceptance and integration. Conclusion: These findings can be used to develop, apply, test, and improve various support programs for accelerated second-degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing students and to advance the nursing profession by nurturing a workforce with diverse academic backgrounds and faster college life adaptation.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

This study forecasted the manpower demand of eco-friendly smart shipbuilding, whose importance and weight are increasing according to the environmental regulations of the IMO and the spread of the 4th industrial revolution technology. It predicted the shipbuilding industry manpower by applying various models of trend analysis and time series analysis based on data from 2000 to 2020 of Statistics Korea. It was found that the prediction applying geometric mean had the smallest gap among the trend and time series analysis methods in comparing between forecast results and actual data for the past 5 years. Therefore, the demand for manpower in the shipbuilding industry was predicted by using the geometric mean method. In addition, the manpower demand of smart eco-friendly ships wast forecasted by using the 2018 and 2020 manpower survey results of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and reflecting the trend of manpower increase in the shipbuilding industry. The result of forecasting showed that 62,001 person in 2025 and 85,035 people in 2030. This study is expected to contribute to the adjustment of manpower supply and demand and the training professional manpower in the future by increasing the accuracy of forecasting for high value-added eco-friendly smart ships.