• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2022

Background: Stunting is affected by various factors from mother and child. Previous studies assessed only one or more influencing variables. Unfortunately, nor the significant influence of maternal and child factors nor the indicators contributing to maternal and child factors that affect the stunting incidence have ever been analyzed. Purpose: This study analyzed the effect of maternal and child factors on stunting and the significant indicators that shape the maternal and child factors that impact stunting. Methods: This was a case-control study. Overall, 132 stunted children and 132 nonstunted children in Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province, participated in the research. Direct interviews and medical record reviews were conducted to assess the studied variables. The research data were tested using the partial least squares structural equation with a formative model. Results: Maternal factors directly affected the occurrence of stunting (t=3.527, P<0.001) with an effect of 30.3%. Maternal factors also contributed a significant indirect effect on stunting through child factors (t=4.762, P<0.001) with an effect of 28.2%. Child factors affected the occurrence of stunting (t=5.749, P<0.001) with an effect of 49.8%. The child factor was influenced by maternal factor with an effect of 56.7% (t=10.014, P<0.001). The moderation analysis results demonstrated that maternal and child factors were moderate predictive variables of stunting occurrence. Conclusion: Child factors have more significant and direct effects on stunting than maternal factors but are greatly affected by them.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.309-316
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined stunting at birth and its associations with physical factors of parents and children in Indonesia. Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from the national cross-sectional Indonesian Basic Health Survey 2018, conducted across 34 provinces and 514 districts/cities. Birth length data were available for 756 newborns. Univariable, bivariable, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine associations between the physical factors of parents and children and stunting at birth. Results: In total, 10.2% of children aged 0 months were stunted at birth (10.7% of males and 9.5% of females). Stunting at birth was associated with the mother's age at first pregnancy, parity, parents' heights, parents' ages, and gestational age. Children from mothers with short statures (height <145.0 cm) and fathers with short statures (height <161.9 cm) had an almost 6 times higher likelihood of being stunted at birth (adjusted odds ratio, 5.93; 95% confidence interval, 5.53 to 6.36). A higher maternal age at first pregnancy had a protective effect against stunting. However, other variables (firstborn child, preterm birth, and both parents' ages being <20 or >35 years) corresponded to a 2-fold higher likelihood of stunting at birth compared to the reference. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that interventions to reduce stunting aimed at pregnant females should also consider the parents' stature, age, and parity, particularly if it is the first pregnancy and if the parents are short in stature or young. Robust programs to support pregnant females and monitor children's heights from birth will help prevent intergenerational stunting.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.487-491
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although globally the numbers of children diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT) have decreased, FTT is still a serious pediatric problem. We aimed to investigate the effects of zinc supplementation for 6 months on growth parameters of infants and children with FTT. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this retrospective study, of the 114 participants aged between 4 months and 6 years, 89 were included in the zinc supplementation group and were provided with nutrition counseling plus an oral zinc supplement for 6 months. The caregivers of the 25 participants in the control group received nutrition counseling alone. Medical data of these children, including sex, age, height, weight, serum zinc level, and serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) level were analyzed. RESULTS: Zinc supplementation for 6 months increased weight-for-age Z-score and serum zinc levels (5.5%) in the zinc supplementation group of underweight category children. As for stunting category, height-for-age Z-score of the participants in the zinc supplementation group increased when compared with the baseline, and serum zinc levels increased in the normal or mild stunting group. Serum IGF1 levels did not change significantly in any group. Thus, zinc supplementation was more effective in children in the underweight category than those in the stunted category; this effect differed according to the degree of the FTT. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that zinc supplementation may have beneficial effects for growth of infants and children with FTT, and zinc supplementation would be required according to degree of FTT.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted with pot trial to evaluate effects of pretilachlor [2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N(n-propoxythyl) acetanilide], pyrazoxyfen [ 1,3-dimethyl-4-(2,4-dichloro benzoyl)-5-phenacyloxy-pyrazole], pyrazolate (4-(2,4-dichloro benzoyl)-1,3-dimethyl-pyrazol-5-yl-p-toluenesulphonate] and their combinations on Echinochloa crew-galli. Herbicides were treated with different dosages under 3 cm water depth at 1st and 2nd leaf stages of E. crus-galli. E. crus-galli showed stunted symptom by treatment of pretilachlor and etiolation by treatment of pyrazoxyfen or pyrazolate after 4 days from treatment. Stunting and chlorosis degrees of E. crusgalli increased with high dosage of all herbicides at lst and 2nd leaf stage. Combination of pyrazoxyfen+pretilachlor (6+1.5)G or pyrazolate+pretilachlor (6+1.5)G showed positive synergistic effect of herbicidal action on E. crus-galli, therefore these combinations can control E. crux galli in paddy field with lower dosage than each single treatment of herbicides. Herbicidal effect of pyrazoxyfen on E. crus-galli was similar to pyrazolate in single treatment and combination with pretilachlor.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2001

The paper presented the effect of Surveillance and Improvement of Children's Nutritional Status in China The survery was conducted in 101 relatively poor counties in 27 provinces in 199-, 1993 and 1995 respectively. Physical measurement and blood biochemisty was take for 86, 397 children aged under five years. The intervention activities were carried out for 5 year in those 101 counties, e. g. nutrition education promotion of food production family poultry and livestock raising soybean production and utilization home gardening, nutrition food development for children Having the above mentioned measures the prevalence of stunting dropped by 21% wasting decreased by 25% and anemia lowered by 49% during 5 years It is suggested that it should be carried out continuously and promotion efforts should be intensified so as to reach the goal of improving children's nutritional status.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.471-476
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• 1996

Blood biochemical and histopathological changes in vital organs of rabbits were studied after 19 wk of feeding composite diets (75 concentrate : 25 roughage) incorporating either urea (2%, wt/wt) ammoniated or alkali (1.5%, wt/wt) treated neem kernel meal (NKM) replacing peanut meal protein of control diet by either 50 or 100%. The blood biochemical constituents (Haemoglobin, Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate amino transferase, Total protein, Blood urea nitrogen &Cholesterol) in rabbits fed on processed NKM diet at either levels, were comparable to the values of thos on control diet except a lowered (p < 0.05) blood glucose concentration in processed NKM fed rabbits as compared to that in control diet fed ones. Histological examination revealed increased goblet cell activity, stunting of jejunal villi, mild tubular degeneration in kidney and hepatic fibro-cellular reaction in rabbits fed on urea ammoniated and alkali treated NKM diets with less marked changes in the latter. Testicular changes with variable degree of disorganization and vacuolation of spermatogonial cells were noticed in rabbits fed higher levels of urea-ammoniated and alkali treated NKM. Thus, alkali treatment and urea-ammoniation were effective in detoxification of meal, but the processing technology is to be further perfected to prevent cumulative effect of residual neem bitters in long term feeding.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.112-115
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• 2010

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy proved conservative and effective in treating tumors. However, both the cancer therapies will also have aberrant effects on developing maxillofacial and dental organs of children. The purpose of this report is to describe the clinical cases of Disturbances of maxillofacial and dental development after Cancer therapy. The first case reported a 7-year-old female patient diagnosed at age 2 years with bilateral retinoblastoma, receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. She had agenesis of premolar, microdontia, short tapered teeth in lower anterior area and generalized root stunting. The second case presented a 12-year-old female patient treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for neuroblastoma in her early childhood. She presented with a class III malocclusion on a skeletal III base due to maxillary retrognathism. Contemporay oncology had improved survival of children with malignant disease. It will be needed prevention of these side effect after cancer therapy to improve the quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 1996

Tetrapion(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate sodium) has commonly been used for reed(Phragmites communis Trin.) control in uncultivated areas, especially in Japan. As an attempt to establish the screening system for selective herbicide controlling reed, tetrapion was tested as a standard herbicide to various weeds and crops including rice in a greenhouse. Symptoms of yellowing, twisting, stunting, and necrosis were observed in the herbicide-treated plants. The herbicide caused a severe damage on all crops examined, except cotton. Both direct seeded and transplanted rice were also sensitive to the herbicide. Its herbicidal activity was generally higher on grass weeds than on broadleaf weeds. It had a higher herbicidal activity with preemergence treatment than with postemergence treatment. In addition, field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the effect of the herbicide on reed control. Its effect varied with the soil type of the treated field and the growth stage of reed. A relatively high dosage of the herbicide was required to control reed. It had an almost same effect on fairygrass(Miscanthus sinensis Anderss) as on reed. However, reed grown in a greenhouse was effectively controlled by the herbicide, having more effect with preemergence treatment than with postemergence treatment as observed in other plants treated with the herbicide. In conclusion, tetrapion has a great potential as a standard herbicide during the herbicide screening for selective reed control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects on the over-growth inhibition of fruit vegetables (tomato, cucumber, and hot pepper) seedling by the treatment of triazole-typechemicals and to select the most effective chemicals for the over-growth inhibition, and to investigate suitabla concentration treatment and times of the newly selected chemical. The triazole-type chemicals inhibited stem height more, the more the concentration is increased in any crops. The diniconazole showed the highest dwarfing ration, and the tebuconazole and hexaconazole are also good for dwarfing ratio. The diniconazole decreased the plant height of cucumber, tomato, and hot pepper as the concentration is increased. In cucumber, thc dwarfing ratio was 30% in the 5 mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment, and was 60% in thc l00 mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. In tomato and hot pepper, the dwarfing ratio was 30% in the 25 mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment in any times. In diniconazole treatment, the cucumber and tomato should have 5 mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ at the lst growth stage and the hot pepper should have 5 mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ at the 2nd growth stage to obtain good seedlings.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2004

Aphis gossypii Glover(Homoptera: Aphididae) is an serious pest on various crops. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of A. gossypii Glover on the growth of oriental melon and the plant recovery after removing A. gossypii. Visible damage symptom caused by A. gossypii feeding to oriental melon was leaf distortion and stunting. A. gossypii feeding for 20 days on oriental melon significantly reduced the growth of oriental melon with increasing A. gossypii density level. Plant growth was decreased by 63${\sim}$69%, 62${\sim}$88% and 49${\sim}$70% in plant height, leaf area and dry weight, respectively. During 10 day after aphids removal, the infested leaves remained stunt, however, new shoot and leaf recovered gradually. By 20 day, plant height, leaf area and dry weight substantially increased in 5 aphid per plant. Plant recovered rapidly with day and among aphid density level, 5 aphid per plant showed rapid recovery. When plant were infested with several density of aphid per plant, sugar contents of total leaves were not significantly different between aphid density level. Whereas, sugar contents of lear infested with aphid per leaf were decreased with increasing cumulative aphid-days.