• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2004

Objectives: Cancer lethality is usually the result of local invasion and metastasis of neoplastic cell from the primary tumor. Because of their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been implicated in the breakdown of basement membrane and underlying stroma, thereby facilitating tumor growth and invasion. It has been well established that MMPs and bFGF expression correlate with cervical lymph node metastasis, but studies on expression in the metastatic cervical lymph node itself are not enough. We have analyzed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and metastatic cervical lymph node, and evaluated their relationship and clinicophathologic significance. Material and Methods: 20 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were entered on the study of immunohistochemical stains for MMP-9 and bFGF in the obtained tissue from primary tumor and metastatic cervical lymph node. We analyzed the relationship between MMP-9, bFGF expression of the primary tumor and metastatic node with age, sex, T-stage, N-stage, histologic grade, pathologic stage and disease free survival. Results: Expression of MMP-9 and bFGF in cancer cell and metastatic lymph node was higher than that in normal cell and lymph node. According to histologic differentiation, expression of MMP-9 of the metastatic cervical lymph node was higher than primary tumor. Considering to other clinicopathologic factor, no statistical significance was seen in MMP-9 and bFGF. Conclusion: We found that expression of MMP-9 is higher in the metastatic lymph node than primary tumor in the poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. But we don't find out the statistical significance in relation between bFGF and clinical factors. So we guess that some different mechanism of MMP-9 and bFGF in Head & Neck squamous cell carcinoma exist. Further studies will be necessary to establish their pathogenesis in the Head and Neck cancer.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.142-146
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• 2004

Bizzare parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation is a rare lesion, tends to frequently recur. It was first described in 1983, when Nora and his colleagues reported 35 examples of a proliferative lesion involving small bones of the hand and the feet. It was regarded as occurring only in the small bones of the hand and the feet initially, but from then on, other authors have been reported cases including those involving long bones, skull and maxilla. We experienced a case of bizzare parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation which affects the humeral shaft in a 14-year-old male patient. Radiographs showed calcified mass measuring $4{\times}3$ cm in size and attached to the underlying cortex, which had a broad stalk base. Histologically, it showed hypercellular cartilage maturation to the trabecular bone and plump amount of fibrous stroma in the spaces around the bony trabeculae. Bizzare parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation is a relatively rare lesion, but has a recurrent behavior and histologically tends to be mistaken for malignancy. It can be treated by excision.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.281-285
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the gross anatomical features and microscopical structures of the hemal nodes and the hemolymph nodes in the sheep. The hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes were observed mainly in periphery of the thoracic and abdominal aortae of the animals. The size of hemal nodes was generally smaller than that of the hemolymph nodes, and the shape of the both organs was spherical or ovoid. The color of the hemal nodes was red, while that of the hemolymph nodes was grary with red bands. The hemal nodes were surrounded by a relatively thick connective tissue capsule and there were extensive subcapsular sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes. Although a few number of lymphatic nodules and small areas of diffuse lymphatic tissues were observed in the parenchyma, no typical cortex and medulla were defined in the hemal node. Small numbers of blood vessels were found at the connective tissue capsule but lymph vessel was not observed microscopically in this organ. The hemolymph nodes were covered by a relatively thick connective tissue capsule and there was a hilus in each node. The parenchyma was divided into cortex and medulla. The cortex was composed of a few numbers of lymphatic nodules and some diffuse lymphatic tissues. The medulla comprised medullary sinuses and cords. Afferent and efferent lymph vessels were observed at the periphery of the capsule adn the hilus, respectively. The subcapsular and medullary sinuses were not extensive but filled with small numbers of erythrocytes. The stroma of hemal node and hemolymph node was composed of reticular cells and fibers, and the capsule and trabecula consisted of collagenous fibers with smooth muscle fibers.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-28
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• 1982

Cyclical changes in the fine structures of the surface epithelial, stroma and glandular cells of guinea pig endometrium during the estrous cycle were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Cytochemical studies were made in order to investigate the ultrastructural localization of the acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and ATPase in these cells. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The endometrial surface epithelium was pseudostratified columnar during estrus and meterstrus, and simple columnar during proestrus and diestrus. The characteristic features observed in these cells include increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio at proestrus, elongated shapes of both the nucleus and the entire cell, increased volume of the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic bulding into the lumen during estrus, and smaller surface epithelial cells during metestrus. 2. In the cytoplasm of surface epithelial cells, the numbers of mitochondria and free ribosomes were increased, and rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex appeared during estrus, and the degenerated cells, lipid droplets, multilamellated bodies and lysosomes appeared during diestrus. 3. During estrus, scanning electron microscopic observations of endometrial surface showed a regular arrangement with polygonal outlines of epithelial cells, distinct intercellular border, and bulged surface into the lumen, whereas flat surface and indistinct cell border were characteristic during meterstrus and diestrus. 4. Microvilli which aligned on the surface were longer and most abundant during estrus while short and aparse during other phases. 5. Cytochemical studies indicated that during metestrus acid phosphatase activities were localized in the microvilli and vacuoles, and alkaline phosphatase activities were significant around luminal surface and lateral cell membrane in the surface epithelial cells. ATPase activities were present on the microvilli and cell membrane during proestrus and estrus.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.520-530
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• 2006

Undifferentiated mesencymal stem cells(UMSCs) have been thought to be multipotent cells that can replicate as undifferentiated cells and that have the potential to differentiate into lineages of mesenchymal tissue including the bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and marrow stroma. It can be used to sinus lifting, Guided bone regeneration, other bone graft in dental part. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of mesencymal stem cells on sinus augmentation with autogenous bone, fibrin glue mixture in a rabbit model. 8 New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups based on their time of sacrifice(1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks). First, undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from iliac crest marrow of rabbits and expanded in vitro. cell culture was performed in accordance with the technique described by Tsutsumi et al. In the present study, The animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation, and the bone formation ability of each sides was evaluated clinically, radiologically, histologically and histomorphologically. According to the histological observations, Stem cell group showed integrated graft bone with host bone from sinus wall. At 2 and 4weeks, It showed active newly formed bone and neovascularization. At 8 weeks, lamella bone was observed in sinus graft material area. Radiologically, autobone with stem cell showed more radiopaque than autobone without stemcell. there were significant differences in bone volume between 2 and 4 weeks (p<0.05). In summary, the autobone with stem cells had well-formed, newly formed bone and neovasculization, compared with the autobone without stem cells (esp. 2 weeks and 4 weeks) The findings of this experimental study indicate that the use of a mixture of mesenchymal stem cell yielded good results in osteogenesis and bone volume comparable with that achieved by autogenous bone. Therefore, this application of this promising new sinus floor elevation method for implants with tissue engineering technology deserves further study.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to investigate the structural changes in rat cornes. Sixty eyes from one-day-old uneyed rats, fourty eyes from 10-weeks-old adult rats were used. With the increase of age, the epithelial layer was thickened by the addition of new successive cellular layers. Then, the new-born rat's epithelial cells formed a pentagonal shape, and the quality of decidual cells showed a high electron-density, although the boundary between cells was distinctive. The newly produced cells showed a low electron-density so that there was the distinctive difference between light and darkness. In Bowman's layer, collagen fibrils demonstrate a regularly arranged structure along with the age. In stroma's layer, the density of keratocytes was decreased and thereby progressively flattened during the development. The collagenous layer of the adult rats was more distinctive than that of the new-born rats in a form of vertical and horizontal parallel alignment running vertically and horizontally. Descemet's membrane changed its structure significantly along with the age. It changed the shape from "banded-layer" to "non-banded layer" gradually. The thickness was also increased along with the age. Regardless of developmental stages, the endothelium is usually monolayer. During the developmental process, endothelial cells disappeared, so the density of endothelium was also decreased. The empty spaces were replaced by the expansion of adjacent cells.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1981

Protein compositions of filefish (Navoden modestus) skeletal muscle and their changes in postmortem with reference to freshness kept at $0^{\circ}C$ were investigated. The muscle protein was approximately composed of $31\%\;sarcoplasmic,\;55\%$ myofibrillar, $10\%$residual intracellular, and $4\%$stroma protein. The sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein decreased while the residual intracellular protein increased with the decline of freshness during post-mortem lapse. In the analysis of electrophoretograms and its densitograms, the myofibrillar protein resembled to other fishes in protein composition: $70\%$ actin and myosin, $20\%$ regulatory proteins, and $10\%$ unknown proteins. And most of the residual intracellular protein was estimated as myofibrillar protein. Troponin T, troponin C and myosin light chain 2 of the myofibrillar protein constituents were decreased during storage. Amino acid composition of the protein from the at-death muscla was similar to those of other fishes except that tryptophan and sulfur-containing amino acids were scant. Proline and cysteine were remarkably decreased whereas leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine were slightly increased in the protein from the muscle lapsed of 18 days. In free amino acid composition, alanine, glycine, lysine, and especially taurine were rich in the at-death muscle. The muscle lapsed of 18 days showed an increase of taurine, histidine, valine and methionine, and a decrease of lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, leucine, and isoleucine.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2015

Prostate ultrasound is used to diagnose prostate cancer, BPH, prostatitis and biopsy of prostate cancer to determine the size of prostate. BPH is one of the common disease in elderly men. Prostate is divided into 4 blocks, peripheral zone, central zone, transition zone, anterior fibromuscular stroma. BPH is histologically transition zone urethra accompanying excessive nodular hyperplasia causes a lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) caused by urethral closure as causing the hyperplastic nodule characterized finding progressive ambient. Therefore, in this study normal transition zone image for hyperplasia prostate and normal transition zone image is analyzed quantitatively using a computer algorithm. We applied texture features of GLCM to set normal tissue 60 cases and BPH tissue 60cases setting analysis area $50{\times}50pixels$ which was analyzed by comparing the six parameters for each partial image. Consequently, Disease recognition detection efficiency of Autocorrelation, Cluster prominence, entropy, Sum average, parameter were high as 92~98%.This could be confirmed by quantitative image analysis to nodular hyperplasia change transition zone of the prostate. This is expected secondary means to diagnose BPH and the data base will be considered in various prostate examination.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.414-434
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• 1997

Though many genetic and epigenetic alterations have been identified in hamster oral carcinogenesis model, there is no information about the possible role of transforming growth factor related with oral cancer. The purpose of this paper was to find the expression patterns of transforming growth factor alpha and beta during the stages of complete oral carcinogenesis model in hamster. 0.5% 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene(DMBA) in mineral oil was topically applied to the buccal pouch of 75 hamster three times a week during the experimental periods. The experimental animals were subdivided into two groups of control and experiment. Only the mineral oil was applied to the control group. 0.5% DMBA in mineral oil was applied to the experimental groups of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 weeks. The expression of the $TGF-{\alpha}$ and $TGF-{\beta}$ protein were evaluated by the distribution and intensity of positive cells during the carcinogenesis using the immunohistochemical study. The following results were obtained ; 1. The buccal pouch epithelium of hamster was histologically changed to the dysplasia at 6, 8, 10 weeks, carcinoma in situ at 12 weeks, and squamous cell carcinoma at 14 weeks. 2. The expression of the $TGF-{\alpha}$ was restricted to the parabasal and basal layers of the normal and dysplastic mucosa, but those positive cells were extended to the spinous layers of the epithelium in the carcinoma. 3. The degree of $TGF-{\alpha}$ expression was markedly decreased in the carcinoma at 16, 18, 20. The strong positive staining in the center of cancer islands and weak positive staining in periphery of tumor were seen at the stage of squamous cell carcinoma. 4. The positive index of the $TGF-{\alpha}$ had a tendency to increase with DMBA- applied time. There was a statistically significant difference between 12, 18, 20 experimental group and control group (p<0.05). 5. The expression of the $TGF-{\beta}$ was shown at the cytoplasm of all control and experimental groups, and the parabasal and basal layers of the normal and dyslastic mucosa, but it was shown at the basal layers of the epithelium in the carcinoma. 6. $TGF-{\beta}$ was expressed diffusely at 16, 18, 20 experimental group. The strong positive staining in the center of cancer islands and positive staining in periphery of tumor were seen at the stage of squamous cell carcinoma. From the above findings, the expression of $TGF-{\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ in oral carcinogenesis model seems to have two formal stages, the first being an overexpression step as reaction to uncontrolled growth and the second being one in which external protein accumulate in the surrounding stroma and intracytoplasm. Overexpression of $TGF-{\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ may have important cooperative roles for the promotion of cancer and factor of prognosis.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2004

Pilomatricoma is a benign soft tissue tumor of hair follicle origin. They occur most commonly in the head and neck region and are usually found in girls during the first two decades of life. Although malignant transformation has been described, it is exceedingly rare. The clinical presentation is typically that of an asymptomatic, superfical, solitary, firm mass that is often accompanied by a reddish-blue discoloration of the overlying skin. Histopathologically pilomatricoma are seen as epithelial islands embedded in a cellular stroma. The epithelial component consist of two main cell types : basaloid cells and ghost cells. Intracellular and stromal calcification is reported in many cases. Diagnosis is usually suspected based on palpation of a superficial, rock-hard mass and confirmed by histopathologic examination. Surgical excision is both curative and the treatment of choice. Recurrence is rare. In this case, the radiographs showed a dense calcification, measuring about 1cm diameter. So simple excision was peformed intraorally, and resultantly the lesion was proved to be a pilomatricoma by histological examination.