• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.181-193
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• 1995

Cuticle micromorphology of four families of Korean gymnosperms, Cycadaceae, Ginkgoaceae, Taxaceae, and Cephalotaxaceae, were studied with scanning electron microscopy. The outer and inner features of abaxial and adaxial cuticles were described in details; the absent or present of Florin ring, orifice, trichome, and plug and their shape, the shape and periclinal and anticlinal wall sculpture of epidermal cells, the shape of cuticular flange of epidermal cell, guard cell, and subsidiary cell, the number of stomatal bands and rows, and stomatal apparatus including the shape of polar extension, number of subsidiary cells, the sculpture of guard cell and subsidiary cell. Most of these features have not been sufficiently substantiated by the previous reprots. Furthermore, all the species investigated showed distinctive cuticle morphology with morphological and taxonomical informations.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.321-341
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• 2001

Phytoliths of leaf blades of Oryza were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to assign the diagnostic character and taxonomic key for the genus. Some phytoliths such as stomatal apparatus, long-cell and short-cell, existing at the same position on the abaxial side of leaf blade, were intensively investigated because of their various forms documented in a previous study. These characters have value either for testing infrageneric classification or for identifying taxa within the genus. Stomatal phytolith is formed by integration of several kinds of sources, such as the guard and subsidiary cell and the papillae. The stomatal phytolith, characterized by not only the absence and presence of phytolith originated by the papillae developed on the guard and subsidiary cell but also their pattern of arrangement, shows various morphologies, and these features have congruent with the infrageneric classification such as section and/or series. Long-cell phytolith is characterized by the absence/presence, arrangement and morphology of phytoliths originated by the papillae on the cell surface. These features may hardly have any systematic relevance within the genus, but contain some informations for identifying of species. All of short-cell phytoliths found are silica body. They form various shapes like cross, bilobate, saddlelike and trilobate, and these features are consistent with infrageneric classification such as section and/or series. Also, some characters, the absence/presence of band of short cell phytolith within costal strip, the absence/presence of saddlelike phytolith within intercostal strip and the number of band of short cell phytolith within costal strip are various according to taxa, but these features do not fall into infrageneric classification. Some taxonomic keys on the phytoliths of stomatal, long-cell and short-cell were developed by their features, and the agreement between these characters and infrageneric classifications was also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2001

One-year-old cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) clones, which were classified as sensitive or tolerant, were exposed to 150 n1/1 ozone (O$_3$) over 8 days for 8 hours each day under glass chamber conditions with natural sunlight. The leaves of the sensitive clone had black stipple and bifacial necrosis after $O_3$ treatment. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured before, during, and after the $O_3$ treatment. The photosynthetic rates due to $O_3$ treatment were decreased 51 percent and 34 percent on the sensitive and tolerant clone, respectively. The stomatal conductance of the sensitive clone was more than 40 percent higher than that of the tolerant clone regardless of the $O_3$ treatment. As light intensity increased, the $O_3$ effect on photosynthesis was clear. Compared to the previous growth chamber studies, our natural light exposure system was able to maintain a stable photosynthetic responses of the control treatment throughout the fumigation period. In addition, changes in assimilation versus intercellular $CO_2$ concentration (A/C curves) showed that $O_3$ decreased the slope and asymptote of the curves for the sensitive clone. This indicates that $O_3$ decreases the biochemical capacity of photosynthesis on the sensitive clone. Chlorophyll contents and fluorescence of the two clones were analyzed to examine the $O_3$ effects on photosystem 11, but $O_3$ did not impact these variables on either clone. Although the tolerant clone did not show any foliar injury, we could not find any ecophysiological defensive responses to $O_3$ treated. Stomatal conductance of the tolerant clone was originally much lower than that of the sensitive one. Thus, the mechanisms of the tolerant clone in this system are to narrowly open stomata and efficiently maintain photosynthesis with a more durable biochemical apparatus of photosynthesis under $O_3$ stress. The sensitive clone has higher photosynthetic capacity and more efficient light reaction activity than the tolerant one under charcoal filtered condition, but is not as resilient under stress.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

Deicing salt is used to melt snow and ice on the road for traffic safety during the winter season, which accumulates in the roadside vegetation and induces visible injuries. The damage may accelerate particularly when it coincides with early spring leaf out. In order to better understand the response mechanisms, C. kousa (3-year-old) was irrigated twice prior to leaf bud in a rhizosphere with solutions of 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) concentration, that were made by using an industrial $CaCl_2$ reagent practical deicing material in Seoul. Physiological traits of the mature leaves were progressively reduced by $CaCl_2$ treatment, resulting in reductions of total chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll a:b, photosynthetic rate, quantum yield, stomatal conductance, $F_V/F_M$, and NPQ. On the contrary, light compensation point and dark respiration were increased at high $CaCl_2$ concentration. A decrease in intercellular $CO_2$ concentration by stomatal closure first resulted in a reduced photosynthetic rate and then was accompanied by low substance metabolic rates and photochemical damage. Based on the reduction of physiological activities at all treatments ($CaCl_2$ 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0%), C. kousa was determined as one of the sensitive species to $CaCl_2$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.199-215
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• 2009

Phytoliths formed on the leaf-blades of the seventeen Oryza species were examined using back-scattered electron imaging. The resulting descriptions of the phytoliths became the basis for a new key to the species of the genus. This key includes features useful for specific identification related to the silica bodies originating from epidermal cells upon both the mid-vein and bulliform cell, as well as of phytoliths originating from papillae, prickle hairs, large and small trichomes, and stomatal apparatus. These detailed phytolith descriptions, back-scattered electron images, and keys to both adaxial and abaxial sides of leaves, can now be used in identifying phytoliths from archaeological samples as well as extant species of Oryza.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

Plant tissue culture techniques offer quick methods of regeneration of plants of medicinal importance but the survival chances of such plants are always questionable when shifted to the in vivo conditions. The present study enumerates the micromorphological developments in the leaves of in vitro regenerated and field transferred plantlets of Oldenlandia umbellata. The leaves developed in vitro after $4^{th}$ subcultures of multiplication phase and after 6 weeks of field transferred plants were used. Statistically significant differences in the number of stomata, veins, raphides, crystals and trichome density per square mm were observed. The improvements in stomatal apparatus and density (decreased from 41.85 to 32.20), developments in leaf architectural parameters and emergence of defense mechanism through increased numbers of raphides (8 to 15), crystals and trichomes (13.5 to 18.2) proved acclimation of tissue culture raised plantlets from in vitro to the in vivo environments lead to 100 % success in field establishment of the plantlets. The in vitro induced foliar abnormalities (changes in stomata, venation pattern, vein density, trichomes, crystals etc.) were repaired while hardening of plantlets in the greenhouse and finally in the field. The observed micromorphological response of leaves under altered environmental conditions could help in determination of proper stage of field transfer and prediction of survival percentage of in vitro regenerated O. umbellata plantlets.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.97-118
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• 2004

A comparative anatomical and ultrastructural study was undertaken to investigare on the leaf epidermis by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the basis of results from this study, it was grasped major characters of taxa and variation range of each character on the level of species, section and subgenus respectively. The shape of leaf epidermal cell was oblong to linear, which was varied by each taxon. Epidermal cell of taxa in sects. Microscordum, Anguinum, and Rhizirideum, which had wide leaf blade, oblong instead of linear shape in others examined taxa in this study. The leaf of taxa in sect. Anguinum was hypostomatic, while the rest of taxa had amphistomatic leaf. This was also one of characters which could discriminate taxa of sect. Anguinum from others. The guard cell in investigated taxa had not so much variation in the respect of its size. The number of stomata per unit area reduced by increasing size of epidermal cell, the fewest number of stomata per unit area was found in the taxa of sect. Anguinum. The type of stomatal apparatus of observed all taxa was anomocytic. It was found to know ultrastructural variation in the epidermal cell, like as patterns of sculpture on the cell wall, and features of deposition of wax by SEM. There were no depositions of wax in the taxa of sect. Microscordum and Anguinum, but fine thread-like structures which were parallel or cross to axis was found on the surface of epidermal cell respectively. The patterns of sculpture on the cell were prominent straight in sects. Recticulato-bulbosa and Rhizirideum, discontinuous line in the sect. Oreiprason. The epicuticular wax had been deposited on the surface of its epidermal cell in all taxa except sects. Microscordum and Anguinum.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.192-199
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• 2012

This study was to evaluate the application of microhistological analysis to collect information on food materials of korean water deer from september to October 2006. For microhistological analysis we extracted type-materials of 4 plant species ($Ipomoea$ $batatas$, $Rubus$ $coreanus$, $Glycine$ $max$, and $Pueraria$ $thunbergiana$) from fecal pellets of korean water deer ($Hydropotes$ $inermis$) and then made preparations of the fecal materials for microscopic analysis. The fecal preparations were compared with reference preparation under the microscope. In microscopic analysis of fecal preparations, we could identify the four plant species by the followings: tip shape and morphology of trichomes, epidermal cell, morphological composition and shape of stomatal apparatus, arrangement of long-cell, and distribution of crystals in cells. According to the comparisons of the preparations, the morphology of trichome, epidermal cell and stomata are similar between both preparations of the fecal pellets and the references, respectively. This methodology will contribute to understanding feeding behavior and behavioural ecology by climate change of other hervibores as well as korean water deers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 2005

We investigated changes in photosynthetic characteristics of P. davidiana in order to understand damage patterns to photosynthetic apparatus under drought stress. Root sprout saplings of P. davildiana were treated with $0\%,\;2\%,\;5\%,\;and\;10\%$ of 300ml polyethylene glycol (PEG) once a weer far one month. After one month, we measured photosynthetic parameters and analyzed the photochemical and $CO_2$ fixation systems. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and respiration rate in the leaves of P. davildiana decreased according to increasing stress strength. In the photochemical system, quantum yield of PSII was reduced by the increment of PEG concentration, The decrease of apparent quantum yield was related to reduction of electron transport. Respiration rate decreased with an increase in PEG concentration, whereas photorespiration rate in the $CO_2$ fixation system increased. In conclusion, photosynthesis of P. davidiana responded sensitively under drought stress, and the sensitivity depended upon the strength of water stress. P. davidiana exhibited an increase of water use efficiency under water stress.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-187
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• 2006

Taxonomic studies were conducted to evaluate the interspecific relationships in Viola albida var. albida and its related taxa using seven populations for morphology, palynology and anatomy. Molecular phylogenetic studies were also examined in 28 populations including 19 Korean, four Chinese, two Japanese, one American population and two outgroups using nrITS, and 27 populations except V pinnata for trnL-F region of chloroplast DNA. Morphological differences was observed among seven populations of three species in leaf shape, but characters such as serrate number of leaf margins, petal size, pistil shape were showed overlap between populations. Pollen shape of seven populations was monad and grain shape on the polar axis was semi-angular. Morphology of aperture was tri-colporate, and the surface sculpturing was scabrate in rugulate. The grain shape of equatorial view of five populations was prolate whereas V albida var. taknhashii type 1 and V albida var. chaerophylloides type 3 were subprolate. The anatomical characters of rnidvein of leaf, petiole, peduncle, root were also described for the species. The stomatal apparatus of the leaves was observed only in abaxial surface, and the number of stoma per unit ($mm^2$) were abundant in incised than lobate or cleft margin of the leaves. The nrITS analysis shows that V. pinnata and V. dissecta was monophyletic and occupied a basal position in the V. albida var. albida and its related taxa. The other clade including infraspecific populations of V. albida, and V. eizanensis was paraphyletic. The trnL-F noncoding region analysis was similar to the ITS tree. According to the above observations in morphology, palynology, anatomy, and molecular phylogenetic analysis, the significant differences were not found except for leaf shape in Viola albida var. albida and its related taxa, therefore V. albida var. takanhashii and V. albida var. chaerophylloides were considered to be an infraspecific taxa of V. albida var. albida rather than an independent species, subvariety or variety of V. pinnata and V. dissecta.