Description of the phytoliths of the genus Oryza, with a key to species

벼속(Oryza) 식물규소체 검색표와 기재

  • Whang, Sung Soo (Division of Science Education, Chonbuk National University)
  • 황성수 (전북대학교 과학교육학부)
  • Published : 2009.09.30

Abstract

Phytoliths formed on the leaf-blades of the seventeen Oryza species were examined using back-scattered electron imaging. The resulting descriptions of the phytoliths became the basis for a new key to the species of the genus. This key includes features useful for specific identification related to the silica bodies originating from epidermal cells upon both the mid-vein and bulliform cell, as well as of phytoliths originating from papillae, prickle hairs, large and small trichomes, and stomatal apparatus. These detailed phytolith descriptions, back-scattered electron images, and keys to both adaxial and abaxial sides of leaves, can now be used in identifying phytoliths from archaeological samples as well as extant species of Oryza.

벼속 17 분류군 엽신의 식물규소체에 대해 주사전자현미경의 후반사전자상을 사용하여 조사하고 검색표와 기재를 실시하였다. 검색표는 향축면 및 배축면에 대해 중륵위와 수적세포 규소괴, 유두상돌기, 유혁모, 대모, 미모, 기공장치 등 유래의 식물규소체의 특징에 따라 작성되었으며, 종 수준의 동정이 가능하였다. 본 속 식물의 상세한 규소체 기재와 함께 제공된 후반사전자상 사진 그리고 검색표는 식물의 동정과 고고학적 잔존물에서 출토된 식물규소체를 동정하는데 대조 자료로 사용될 것으로 평가된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aggarwal, R. K., D. S. Brar, S. Nandi, N. Huang and G. S. Khush. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among Oryza species revealed by AFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 1320-1328 https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051198
  2. Baker, G. 1959. Opal phytoliths in some Victorian soils and ‘‘Red Rain’’ residues, Aust. J. Bot. 7: 64-87
  3. Baker, G. 1960. Fossil opal-phytoliths. Micropaleontology 6: 79-85 https://doi.org/10.2307/1484318
  4. Bombin, M. 1984. On phytoliths, late quatrnary ecology of Beringia, and information evolutionary theory. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta
  5. Bukry, D. 1980. Opal phytoliths from the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, deep sea drilling project leg 54. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Rosendahl B. R. and R. Hekinian (eds.), Vol LIV, Pp. 575-589
  6. handler, V. L. and S. Wessler. 2001. Grasses. A collective model genetic system. Plant Physiol. 125: 1155-1156 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.125.3.1155
  7. Ellis, R. P. 1979. A procedure for standardizing comparative leaf anatomy in the Poaceae. II. The epidermis as seen in surface view. Bothalia 21: 641-676
  8. Fujiwara, H. and A. Sasaki. 1978. Fundamental studies of plant opal analysis. (2) The shape of the silica bodies of Oryza. Archaeol. & Sci. 11: 9-20
  9. Ge, S., T. Sang, B. R. Lu and D. Y. Hong. 1999. Phylogeny of rice genomes with emphasis on origins of allotetraploid species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14400-14405 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.25.14400
  10. Ge, S., T. Sang, B. R., Lu and D. Y. Hong. 2001. Phylogeny of the genus Oryza as revealed by molecular approaches. In Rice Genetics IV Proceedings of the Fourth International Rice Genetics Symposium: 25 Octo, 2000. Khush, G. S., D. S. Brar and B. Hardy (eds), Los Banos, Philippines, International Rice Research Institute. Pp. 89-105
  11. Goff, S. A., D. Ricke, T-H. Lan, G. Presting, R. Wang, M. Dunn, J. Glazebrook, A. Sessions, P. Oeller, H. Varma, D. Hadley, D. Hutchison, C. Martin, F. Katagiri, B. M. Lange, T. Moughamer, Y. Xia, P. Budworth, J. Zhong, T. Miguel, U. Paszkowski, S. Zhang, M. Colbert, W. L. Sun, L. Chen, B. Cooper, S. Park, T. C. Wood, L. Mao, P. Quail, R. Wing, R. Dean, Y. Yu, A. Zharkikh, R. Shen, S. Sahasrabudhe, A. Thomas, R. Cannings, A. Gutin, D. Pruss, J. Reid, S. Tavtigian, J. Mitchell, G. Eldredge, R. Scholl, R. M. Miller, S. Bhatnagar, N. Adey, T. Rubano, N. Tusneem, R. Robinson, J. Feldhaus, T. Macalma, A. Oliphant and S. Briggs S. 2002. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Science 296: 92-100 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1068275
  12. Guo, Y. L. and S. Ge. 2005. Molecular Phylogeny of Oryzaeae (Poaceae) based on DNA sequences from chloroplast, mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Am. J. Bot. 92: 1548-1558 https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.9.1548
  13. International Rice Genome Sequencing Project. 2005. The map-based sequence of the rice genome. Nature 436: 793-800 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03895
  14. Jones, R. L. 1964. Notes on occurrence of opal phytoliths in some Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. J. Paleonto. 38: 773-775
  15. Jones, L. P. H. and A. S. Milne. 1963. Studies of silica in the oat plant. I. Chemical and physical properties of the silica. Plant and Soil 18: 207-220 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01347875
  16. Kaufman, P. B., P. Dayanandan, Y. Takeoka, W.C. Bigelow, J.D. Jones and R. Iler. 1981. Silica in shoots of higher plants. In Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems (ed. T.L. Simpson and B.E. Volcani), Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp 383-407
  17. Kim, K. and S. S. Whang. 1992. Nature of Phytoliths and their applications in Botany. Kor. J. Bot. 35: 283-305
  18. Krishnan, S., P. Ravichandran, d. Narasimhan, P. Dayanandan. 2000. Phytoliths of Indian grasses and their potential use in identification. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 132: 241-252 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01529.x
  19. Kunoh, H. and S. Akai. 1977. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of dumbbell-shaped bodies in rice lamina epidermis. Bull Torrey Bot. Club 104: 309-313 https://doi.org/10.2307/2484774
  20. Kurmann, M. H. 1981. An Opal Phytolith and Palynomorph Study of Extant and Fossil Soils in Kansas. M.S. thesis, Kansas State University
  21. Lu, B. R. 1999. Taxonomy of the genus Oryza (Poaceae): histological perspective and current status. Int. Rice Res. Not. 24: 4-8
  22. Lu, B. R., K. L. Zheng, H. R. Qian and J. Y. Zhuang. 2002. Genetic differentiation of wild relatives of rice as assessed by RFLP analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106: 101-106
  23. Metcalfe, C. R. 1960. Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. I. Gramineae. London: Oxford University Press
  24. Metcalfe, C. R. 1971. Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. V. Cyperaceae. London: Oxford University Press
  25. Mulholland, S. C., G. Rapp, Jr. and A. L. Ollendorf. 1988. Variation on phytoliths from corn leaves. Can. J. Bot. 66: 2001-2008
  26. Palmer P. G. and S. Gerbeth-Jones. 1986. A Scanning Electron Microscope Survey of the Epidermis of East African Grasses: IV. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, No. 55, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C
  27. Pearsall, D. M. 1982. Phytolith analysis: Applications of a new paleoethnobotanical techique in archaeology. Amer. Anthropologist 84: 862-871 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1982.84.4.02a00100
  28. Pearsall, D. M. 1989. Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures. Academic Press, New York
  29. Pease, D. S. and J. U. Anderson. 1969. Opal phytoliths in Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. roots and soils. Soil. Soc. Amer. Proc. 33: 321-322 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020043x
  30. Piperno, D. R. 1984. A comparison and differentiation of phytoliths from maize and wild grasses: Use of morphological criteria. Amer. Antiquity 49: 361-383 https://doi.org/10.2307/280024
  31. Piperno, D. R. 1985. Phytolith analysis and tropical paleo-ecology: Production and taxonomic significance of siliceous forms in new world plant domesticates and wild species. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 45: 185-228 https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(85)90002-8
  32. Piperno, D. R. 1988. Phytolith Analysis: An Archaeological and Geological perspective. San Diego
  33. Rovner, I. 1971. Potential of opal phytoliths for use in paleoecological reconstruction. Quaternary Res. 1: 343-359 https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(71)90070-6
  34. Schreve-Brinkman, E. J. 1978. A palynological study of the upper Quaternary sequence in the El Abra Corridor and rock shelters (Colombia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 25: 1-109 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(78)90074-3
  35. Smiley, C. and I. M. Huggin. 1981. Pseudofagus Idaharensis N.Gen. et Sp. (Fagaceae) from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 741-761 https://doi.org/10.2307/2443179
  36. Smithson, E. 1958. Grass opal in British soils. J. Soil Sci. 9: 148 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1958.tb01907.x
  37. Soni, S. L., P. B. Kaufman, W. C. Bigelow. 1972. Electron probe analysis of silicon and other elements in leaf epidermal cells of the rice plant (Oryza sativa L.). Amer. J. Bot. 59: 38-42 https://doi.org/10.2307/2441228
  38. Tateoka, T. 1963. Taxonmic studies of Oryza III. Key to the species and their enumeration. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 76: 165-173
  39. Thomasson, J. R. 1984. Miocene grass (Gramineae: Arundinoideae) leaves showing external micromorphological and internal anatomical features. Bot. Gaz. 145: 204-209 https://doi.org/10.1086/337447
  40. Twiss, P. C., E. Suess and R.M. Smith. 1969. Morphological classification of grass phytoliths. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 33: 109-115 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300010030x
  41. Vaughan, D. A. 1989. The genus Oryza L. current status of taxonomy. IRRI Reserch Paper Ser. No 138: 1-21
  42. Vaughan, D. A. and H. Morishima. 2003. Biosystematics of the genus Oryza. In Rice: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. Smith, C. W. and R. H. Dilday (eds.), J. Wiley and Sons, New York, Pp. 27-65
  43. Vaughan, D. A., H. Morishima, K. Kadowaki. 2003. Diversity in the Oryza genus. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 6: 139-146 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00009-8
  44. Whang, S. S. 1993. Phytolith morphology and its taxonomic signification in the genus Oryza. Ph.D dissertation, Chonbuk National University, Korea
  45. Whang, S. S. and R. S. Hill. 1996. Phytolith analysis in leaves of extant and fossil populations of Nothofagus subgenus Lophozonia. Aust. Syst. Bot. 8: 1055-1065 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB9951055
  46. Whang, S. S. and K. Kim. 1994. Phytolith morphology of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Plant Biol. 37: 53-67
  47. Whang, S. S. and K. Kim. 2001. Some opal phytoliths diagnostic characters of Oryza leaves. Korean. J. Pl. Taxon. 31: 321-341
  48. Whang, S. S., K. Kim and W. M. Hess. 1998. Variation of silica bodies in leaf epidermal long cells within and among seventeen species of Oryza (Poaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 461-466 https://doi.org/10.2307/2446428
  49. Whang, S. S., K. Kim, W. M. Hess, and B. Y. Sun. 1996. Phytolith morphology of leaf epidermal cells of Oryza L. J. Plant Biol. 39: 237-242
  50. Wilding, L. P. 1967. Radiocarbon dating of biogenetic opal. Science 184: 899-901
  51. Yu, J., S. Hu, J. Wang, G. K. Wong, S. Li, B. Liu, Y. Deng, L. Dai, Y. Zhou, X. Zhang, M. Cao, J. Liu, J. Sun, J. Tang, Y. Chen, X. Huang, W. Lin, C. Ye, W. Tong, L. Cong, J. Geng, Y. Han, L. Li, W. Li, G. Hu, X. Huang, W. Li, J. Li, Z. Liu, L. Li, J. Liu, Q. Qi, J. Liu, L. Li, T. Li, X. Wang, H. Lu, T. Wu, M. Zhu, P. Ni, H. Han, W. Dong, X. Ren, X. Feng, P. Cui, X. Li, H. Wang, X. Xu, W. Zhai, Z. Xu, J. Zhang, S. He, J. Zhang, J. Xu, K. Zhang, X. Zheng, J. Dong, W. Zeng, L. Tao, J. Ye, J. Tan, X. Ren, X. Chen, J. He, D. Liu, W. Tian, C. Tian, H. Xia, Q. Bao, G. Li, H. Gao, T. Cao, J. Wang, W. Zhao, P. Li, W. Chen, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Hu, J. Wang, S. Liu, J. Yang, G. Zhang, Y. Xiong, Z. Li, L. Mao, C. Zhou, Z. Zhu, R. Chen, B. Hao, W. Zheng, S. Chen, W. Guo, G. Li, S. Liu, M. Tao, J. Wang, L. Zhu, L. Yuan and H. Yang. 2002. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science 296: 79-92 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1068037
  52. Zhu, X.-Y., D.-T. Cai, Y. Ding. 2008. Molecular and cytological characterization of 5S rDNA in Oryza species: genomic organization and phylogenetic implications. Genome 51: 332-340 https://doi.org/10.1139/G08-016
  53. Zou, X.H., F.M. Zhang, J.G. Zhang, L.L. Zang, L. Tang, J. Wang, T. Sang and S. Ge. 2008. Analysis of 142 genes resolves the rapid diversification of the rice genus. Genome Biol. 9: R49 https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2008-9-3-r49