• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7923-7927
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• 2015

Background: The Cox PH model is one of the most significant statistical models in studying survival of patients. But, in the case of patients with long-term survival, it may not be the most appropriate. In such cases, a cure rate model seems more suitable. The purpose of this study was to determine clinical factors associated with cure rate of patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In order to find factors affecting cure rate (response), a non-mixed cure rate model with negative binomial distribution for latent variable was used. Variables selected were recurrence cancer, status for HER2, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), size of tumor, grade of cancer, stage of cancer, type of surgery, age at the diagnosis time and number of removed positive lymph nodes. All analyses were performed using PROC MCMC processes in the SAS 9.2 program. Results: The mean (SD) age of patients was equal to 48.9 (11.1) months. For these patients, 1, 5 and 10-year survival rates were 95, 79 and 50 percent respectively. All of the mentioned variables were effective in cure fraction. Kaplan-Meier curve showed cure model's use competence. Conclusions: Unlike other variables, existence of ER and PR positivity will increase probability of cure in patients. In the present study, Weibull distribution was used for the purpose of analysing survival times. Model fitness with other distributions such as log-N and log-logistic and other distributions for latent variable is recommended.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7665-7671
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• 2014

Objectives: The association between body mass index (BMI) and ovarian cancer risk is unclear and requires further investigation. The present meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of overweight and obesity on ovarian cancer risk in the premenopausal and postmenopausal periods. Data sources: Major electronic databases were searched until February 2014 including Medline and Scopus. Reference lists and relevant conference databases were searched and the authors were contacted for additional unpublished references. Review Methods: All cohort and case-control studies addressing the effect of BMI on ovarian cancer were included, irrespective of publication date and language. The effect measure of choice was risk ratio (RR) for cohort studies and odds ratio (OR) for case-control studies. The results were reported using a random effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of 3,776 retrieved studies, 19 were ultimately analyzed including 10 cohort studies involving 29,237,219 person-years and 9 case-control studies involving 96,965 people. The results of both cohort and case-control studies showed being overweight and obesity increased the risk of ovarian cancer compared to women with normal weight during both premenopausal and postmenopausal periods: RR=1.08 (95%CI: 0.97, 1.19) and OR=1.26 (95%CI: 0.97, 1.63) for overweight and RR=1.27 (95%CI: 1.16, 1.38) and OR=1.26 (95%CI: 1.06, 1.50) for obesity. Conclusions: There is sufficient evidence that an increase in BMI can increase the risk of ovarian cancer regardless of the menopausal status, mimicking a dose-response relationship although the association is not very strong.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.298-311
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe levels of multiple stress factors and depression, and to examine the effects of the stress factors on depression among female marriage immigrants in Korea. Methods: Participants were 322 female marriage immigrants currently residing in Korea, who migrated from China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other Asian countries. Stress of female marriage immigrants was measured on the SMFMI (Stress Measure of Female Marriage Immigrants in Korea), consisting of 21 items in four factors (cultural, household economic, emotional, and parenting and discrimination stress). CES-D was used to assess depression among marriage immigrants. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with Scheffe's post hoc tests, and multiple regressions were performed for data analyses. Results: The average score for stress was 1.34 (SD=.98, theoretical range: 0-4) and the average score for depression was 17.07 (SD=10.09) in these female marriage immigrants. Adjusting for household income, employment status, duration since immigration, and Korean language proficiency, household economic stress (p<.001) was identified as the strongest predictor in explaining depression of female marriage immigrants (Adjusted $R^2=.331$). Conclusion: Health care professionals should prioritize intervention strategies to alleviate household economic stress for mental health promotion in female marriage immigrants in Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.13
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• pp.5243-5251
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• 2015

Background: To assess women's awareness from diverse sections of society in Delhi regarding various aspects of breast cancer (BC) - perceptions, signs and symptoms, risk factors, prevention, screening and treatment. Materials and Methods: Community-level survey was undertaken in association with the Indian Cancer Society (ICS), Delhi during May 2013-March 2014. Women attending BC awareness workshops by ICS were given self-administered questionnaires before the workshop in the local language to assess BC literacy. Information provided by 2017 women was converted into awareness scores (aware=1) for analysis using SPSS. Awareness scores were dichotomized with median score=19 as cut off, create more aware and less aware categories. Bivariate and multivariate analysis provided P-values, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Broadly, 53.4% women were aware about various aspects of BC. Notably, 49.1% women believed that BC was incurable and 73.9% women believed pain to be an initial BC symptom. Only 34.9% women performed breast self-examination (BSE) and 6.9% women had undergone clinical breast-examination/mammography. 40.5% women had higher awareness (awareness score > median score of 19), which was associated with education [graduates (OR=2.31; 95%CI=1.78, 3.16), post-graduates (OR=7.06; 95%CI=4.14, 12.05) compared to ${\leq}$ high school] and socio-economic status (SES) [low-middle (OR=4.20; 95%CI=2.72, 6.49), middle (OR=6.00; 95%CI=3.82, 9.42) and upper (OR=6.97; 95%CI=4.10, 11.84) compared to low SES]. Conclusions: BC awareness of women in Delhi was suboptimal and was associated with low SES and education. Awareness must be drastically increased via community outreach and use of media as a first step in the fight against BC.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.800-810
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• 2014

In this study, the current status of product information of functional outdoor jackets in the hang-tags was investigated in perspective of consumer protection. Effectiveness and preferred alternatives to hang-tag information were also investigated. For the market survey, 1560 hang-tags from 676 functional outdoor jackets were investigated. For the effectiveness and preferred alternatives, 472 adults in their 20-60's were surveyed. The average number of hang-tags was 2.3 but 5.9% did not provide any product information. The contents included functional property of fabric; quality guarantee; brand introduction; product characteristics; instructions for care/usage; subsidiary material information, and they were different depending on end-use of jackets. Consumers strongly wanted explanations of the terms used in the hang-tag and could not accurately figure out the functions of the products from hang-tag information regardless of expression methods. The percentage of incorrect answer of 'figure/foreign language' method was extremely high. It is a noticeable feature of graph method that customers perceived that the graph was difficult to understand, but the percentage of correct answers was much higher than other methods, implying that graph method was possibly more useful at delivering accurate information to the customers who pursuit information. Customers strongly agreed to need of alternative methods and preferred an unified performance grade from selected functions based on the end-use of products. Customers also wanted to include the information of performance change after laundering. The results could provide practical insights to the consumers, companies, and the government to prepare proper guideline/policies for consumer protection.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.417-428
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• 2002

XML(extensible Markup Language) is effective to information retrieval and sharing but has defects related to the data security. And, as a solution of this problem, the current XML security researches such as XML digital signature, XML data encryption, and XML access control exclude the validation property of XML document. The validation of XML should be considered for the secure information sharing in the XML-based environment. In this paper, we design and implement the system to support both security and validation to XML document. Our system performs data encryption and maintenance of valid status of XML document by referencing new XML schema namespace. In addition, it also provides the XML schema security function through the XML schema digital signature. During generating XML schema digital signature, DOMHash method which has the advantage of the faster speed than canonical XML method is applied to XML schema. In conclusion, our system shows the improved functions in flexibility, scalability, and reliability compared with the existing XML security researches.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.637-644
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• 2004

This paper proposes an expert system with the knowledge learning capability which can enhance the safety and effectiveness of substation operation in the automated substation as well as existing substation by inferring multiple events such as main transformer fault, busbar fault and main transformer work schedule under multiple inference mode and multiple objective mode and by considering totally the switch status and the main transformer operating constraints. Especially inference mode includes the local minimum tree search method and pattern recognition method to enhance the performance of real-time bus reconfiguration strategy. The inference engine of the expert system consists of intuitive inferencing part and logical inferencing part. The intuitive inferencing part offers the control strategy corresponding to the event which is most similar to the real event by searching based on a minimum distance classification method of pattern recognition methods. On the other hand, logical inferencing part makes real-time control strategy using real-time mode(best-first search method) when the intuitive inferencing is failed. Also, it builds up a knowledge base or appends a new knowledge to the knowledge base using pattern learning function. The expert system has main transformer fault, main transformer maintenance work and bus fault processing function. It is implemented as computer language, Visual C++ which has a dynamic programming function for implementing of inference engine and a MFC function for implementing of MMI. Finally, it's accuracy and effectiveness is proved by several event simulation works for a typical substation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.144-150
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• 2020

This study examined the current status of ATE in the development stage of the domestic guided weapons field, including the re-establishment of automatic test equipment (ATE), and attempted to develop methods to verify the validity of ATE in the defense sector. This study includes methods for confirming the repeatability and reproducibility of newly manufactured or replaced ATE. An error injection test is required for validation in the development phase. And pre-inspection steps are required for validation. When developing ATE, the use of an international standard testing script language ensures efficient validation and SW reliability. This ensures interoperability between the main and test equipment, and the tester can secure a test system platform that supports standardized testing methods, which is considered to be effective in validating specific ATE for each weapon system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.593-602
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• 2019

The healthcare industry, a high-value-added business, continues to grow with the aging of the population and the development of convergence medical technology. In particular, the medical tourism industry is being pushed by advanced countries. Korea is also actively supporting projects to attract international patients. However, there is a lack of prior research on Korea's medical interpreter policy. This study analyzes the current status and problems of medical interpreter policy for international patients, and presents the task. Problems include insufficient policy control towers, lack of links with local governments, lack of expertise of medical interpreters, poor quality of medical interpreting services, and poor treatment of medical interpreters. As improvement measures, it is proposed to establish a policy control tower, strengthen the link with local governments, switch to a medical interpreter system, diversify the language of medical interpreting qualification test, improve the quality of medical interpreting service, internalize the training process for medical interpreter, give preferential treatment to medical interpreters, utilize the nurse, and train multicultural medical personnel. I hope that this study will contribute to the development of the medical tourism industry.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.67-76
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was intended to provide the base of developing countries' Health Partnership Strategy by investigating the Paraguay's awareness level of health and analyzing the actual state. Methods: The data was collected from 11 government employees, 20 hospital staffs, 26 local residents on Asunci$\acute{o} $n, Paraguay in February, 2012. The method of the study was the questionnaires consisting of 62 questions including 7 questions of general features, 3 questions of awareness on maternal health care, child health care, planned parenthood program, 52 questions of awareness on health. The questionnaires was translated into Spanish which is local language in Paraguay. Results: The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1) The most important awareness on maternal healthcare, child healthcare, planned parenthood program was providing child health care. 2) The most important awareness to prevent non-health behavior was sufficient nutrition. The most important awareness to reduce the rate of chronic disease was diabetes. The most important awareness to eradicate communicable disease was HIV/AIDS. 3) The most important awareness to provide healthcare service was vaccination. 4) The most important awareness on healthcare delivery system was policy. The most important awareness on health education was student's health education. 5) The most important awareness to strength healthcare capacity was developing domestic economy. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that awareness levels on health are high against low health behavior status in Paraguay. But awareness on health can lead to health behavior by healthcare system. Therefore, it has to induce the healthcare network and system by injecting public health funds, infrastructure, human resources on prevention of disease and healthcare management.